GPS RESEARCH LIBRARY: Adverse childhood experiences and trauma among people in prison: what has been measured, how it compares, and what Georgia knows ============================================================ Georgia Prisoners' Speak — gps.press Generated: 2026-10-24 16:38:47 EDT Research Date: 2026-10-23 JSON: https://gps.press/research-data/adverse-childhood-experiences-and-trauma-among-people-in-prison-what-has-been-measured-how-it-compares-and-what-georgia-knows/?format=json SUMMARY ---------------------------------------- This collection sets out facts from public sources on the subject in its title, drawn from Georgia, federal sources, California, Florida, Indiana, Kentucky, Minnesota, Missouri, New York, Oklahoma, Vermont, national and multi-state sources and other sources. Each entry gives a short statement, the exact passage from the source that supports it, and the source's title, web address and the date it was retrieved. Searches of a source that found no match are listed too, with the wordings that were tried. The entries record what each source said when it was retrieved. They aren't a complete account of the subject, and they don't add analysis or conclusions. STATISTICS (202) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Florida juvenile offender males with 5+ ACEs In Baglivio et al.'s Florida juvenile offender ACE study, 27.4% of males reported five or more ACEs. Value: 27.4 % Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Ojjdp (ojp.gov) - [reported] Welsh male prisoners with ≥4 ACEs had 7.98 adjusted odds ratio for suicide attempt in prison Among male Welsh prisoners, those with ≥4 ACEs had an adjusted odds ratio of 7.98 (CI 1.85-34.42, P=0.005) for suicide attempt while in prison compared with those with no ACEs. Value: 7.98 adjusted odds ratio Tags: mental_health,suicide,drugs Sources: Adverse childhood experiences: a retrospective study to understand their associations with lifetime mental health diagnosis, self-harm or suicide attempt, and current low mental wellbeing in a male We - [reported] Pooled cumulative ACE prevalence in youth offenders (Astridge et al. meta-analysis) In Astridge et al.'s meta-analysis, the pooled prevalence of cumulative ACEs in youth offenders was 39.6%, estimated across eight studies. Value: 39.6 % Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: (PDF) A systematic review and meta-analysis on adverse childhood experiences: Prevalence in youth offenders and their effects on youth recidivism - [reported] Childhood physical trauma prevalence among incarcerated men In Wolff & Shi's study of 3,895 male inmates, 44.7% reported physical trauma as a minor (age under 18). Value: 44.7 % Tags: mental_health,conditions Sources: Childhood and Adult Trauma Experiences of Incarcerated Persons and Their Relationship to Adult Behavioral Health Problems and Treatment - PMC - [reported] BJS: Abuse rates by family incarceration history among State inmates BJS report sidebar table shows 20.2% of male and 63.9% of female State inmates with a family member incarcerated reported abuse, versus 12.3% male and 46.9% female with no family member incarcerated. Value: 20.2 percent (vs. 12.3 male inmates without family member incarcerated) Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Prior Abuse Reported by Inmates and Probationers (NCJ 172879), Harlow CW, Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, April 1999 - [reported] Federal inmates reporting prior physical or sexual abuse BJS's report found that 9.5% of Federal prison inmates reported ever having been physically or sexually abused before admission. Value: 9.5 percent Tags: medical,conditions,demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, parip [7] - [reported] Florida juvenile offender male subsample with at least one ACE In Baglivio et al.'s Florida juvenile offender ACE study, the male subsample who reported at least one ACE indicator numbered 48,844. Value: 48844.0 people Tags: demographics Sources: Ojjdp (ojp.gov) - [reported] Pooled prevalence range for individual ACE items in youth offenders Fourteen studies in Astridge et al.'s meta-analysis reported prevalence of the 10 individual ACE items, with pooled prevalence ranging between 13.5% and 52.3%. Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: (PDF) A systematic review and meta-analysis on adverse childhood experiences: Prevalence in youth offenders and their effects on youth recidivism - [reported] Childhood sexual trauma prevalence among incarcerated men In Wolff & Shi's study of 3,895 male inmates, 10.9% reported sexual trauma as a minor (age under 18). Value: 10.9 % Tags: mental_health,conditions Sources: Childhood and Adult Trauma Experiences of Incarcerated Persons and Their Relationship to Adult Behavioral Health Problems and Treatment - PMC - [reported] Canada CSC: Majority of offenders experienced at least one ACE Correctional Service of Canada research report found 80% of men and 86% of women offenders experienced at least one adverse childhood experience. Value: 80.0 percent (vs. 86 women offenders) Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: The adverse childhood experiences of Canadian federal offenders: Available information and correctional outcomes - Canada.ca - [reported] Jail inmates reporting prior physical or sexual abuse BJS's report found that 16.4% of jail inmates reported ever having been physically or sexually abused before admission. Value: 16.4 percent Tags: medical,conditions,demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, parip [7] - [reported] Florida juvenile offender males with 2+ ACEs In Baglivio et al.'s Florida juvenile offender ACE study, among males who reported at least one ACE indicator, 89% reported two or more. Value: 89.0 % Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Ojjdp (ojp.gov) - [reported] One in six male inmates reported childhood physical and sexual abuse National survey data found one in six male prison inmates reported physical and sexual abuse in childhood, and over half (56%) reported physical trauma during childhood (Wolff & Shi, 2012). Value: 56.0 percent Date: 2012-01-01 Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: What Trauma Looks Like for Incarcerated Men - [reported] ACE prevalence range among 64,329 juvenile offenders (Baglivio & Epps) In Baglivio and Epps's study examining interrelatedness of ACEs among 64,329 juvenile offenders, prevalence ranged from 12% to 82% for each individual ACE. Date: 2016-01-01 Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: The Interrelatedness of Adverse Childhood Experiences Among High-Risk Juvenile Offenders - Michael T. Baglivio, Nathan Epps, 2016 - [reported] 18% of Georgia adults report 4+ ACEs Georgia's donut chart of ACEs in Georgia's adult population shows 18% of adults with 4+ ACEs. Value: 18.0 percent Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Preventing (dfcs.georgia.gov) - [reported] Odds ratio for depression treatment from childhood physical trauma Among incarcerated men, childhood physical trauma before age 18 was associated with an odds ratio of 1.40 for depression treatment. Value: 1.4 odds ratio Tags: mental_health Sources: Childhood and Adult Trauma Experiences of Incarcerated Persons and Their Relationship to Adult Behavioral Health Problems and Treatment - PMC - [reported] 46% of Welsh prisoners reported 4 or more ACEs Nearly half (46%) of prisoners in the Welsh Prisoner ACE Survey had 4 or more ACEs. Value: 46.0 percent Date: 2018-01-01 Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Understanding the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in a male offender population in Wales: The Prisoner ACE Survey - [reported] NSCH 2016-17 Georgia: 23.7% of children had 2+ ACEs In a National Survey of Children's Health query for Georgia (2016-17), 55.4% of children had no adverse childhood experiences, 20.9% had one ACE, and 23.7% had two or more ACEs. Value: 23.7 percent (vs. 55.4 percent with no ACEs) Tags: demographics,mental_health Sources: NSCH 2016 17: Adverse childhood experiences, Georgia - [reported] BJS: Foster care history among jail inmates 2002 vs 1996 BJS Profile of Jail Inmates Table 15 shows 11.5% in 2002 and 13.6% in 1996 ever lived in a foster home, agency, or institution while growing up. Value: 11.5 percent (vs. 13.6 1996 rate) Date: 2002-01-01 Tags: demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice Revised, 10/12/04 th - [reported] Prior abuse among state prisoners raised in foster/institutional care Harlow's BJS report found that among State prison inmates who had grown up in foster care, agency, or other institutional care, 43.6% of men and 86.7% of women reported prior abuse. Value: 43.6 percent (men) (vs. 86.7 percent (women)) Tags: medical,conditions,demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, parip [7] - [reported] Florida juvenile offender female subsample with one or more ACEs In Baglivio et al.'s Florida juvenile offender ACE study, the female subsample with one or more ACE indicators numbered 13,692. Value: 13692.0 people Tags: demographics Sources: Ojjdp (ojp.gov) - [reported] Up to 90% of justice-involved youth report traumatic event exposure Dierkhising et al.'s study states that up to 90% of justice-involved youth report exposure to some type of traumatic event, and approximately 30% of youth meet criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Value: 90.0 percent (vs. 30 PTSD prevalence) Tags: mental_health Sources: Trauma histories among justice-involved youth: findings from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network - PMC, PMC3714673 [1] - [disputed] Compassion Prison Project claim: 98% of prison population has at least one ACE The Compassion Prison Project's website states that 98% of the prison population has at least one ACE, attributing the figure to the organization itself rather than to an external peer-reviewed study. Value: 98.0 % Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Childhood Trauma Statistics - Compassion Prison Project - [reported] Georgia ACE respondents reporting ACEs n=11,581 This Georgia report's ACE data came from respondents reporting ACEs totaling n=11,581. Value: 11581.0 respondents Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Preventing (dfcs.georgia.gov) - [reported] Odds ratio for anxiety treatment from childhood physical trauma Among incarcerated men, childhood physical trauma before age 18 was associated with an odds ratio of 1.42 for anxiety treatment. Value: 1.42 odds ratio Tags: mental_health Sources: Childhood and Adult Trauma Experiences of Incarcerated Persons and Their Relationship to Adult Behavioral Health Problems and Treatment - PMC - [reported] 16% of Welsh prisoners reported 0 ACEs In the Welsh Prisoner ACE Survey, 16% of prisoners reported 0 ACEs. Value: 16.0 percent Date: 2018-01-01 Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Understanding the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in a male offender population in Wales: The Prisoner ACE Survey - [reported] BJS: Family member incarceration among jail inmates 2002 vs 1996 BJS Profile of Jail Inmates Table 15 shows 46.3% in 2002 and 46.1% in 1996 reported a family member had ever been incarcerated. Value: 46.3 percent (vs. 46.1 1996 rate) Date: 2002-01-01 Tags: demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice Revised, 10/12/04 th - [reported] Prior abuse among state prisoners whose parent abused alcohol/drugs Harlow's BJS report found that among State prison inmates whose parent abused alcohol or drugs while they were growing up, 29.4% of men and 75.7% of women reported prior abuse. Value: 29.4 percent (men) (vs. 75.7 percent (women)) Tags: medical,conditions,drugs,demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, parip [7] - [reported] Florida juvenile offender females with 2+ ACEs In Baglivio et al.'s Florida juvenile offender ACE study, among females with one or more ACE indicators, 92% reported at least two ACEs. Value: 92.0 % Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Ojjdp (ojp.gov) - [reported] 62% of justice-involved youth had trauma onset within first 5 years of life In Dierkhising et al.'s study sample of justice-involved adolescents, age of onset of trauma exposure was within the first 5 years of life for 62% of youth, and 23.6% of youth met criteria for PTSD and 66.1% were in the clinical range for externalizing problems. Value: 62.0 percent Tags: mental_health Sources: Trauma histories among justice-involved youth: findings from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network - PMC, PMC3714673 [1] - [reported] Prevalence of individual ACE types among Georgia respondents This Georgia ACE report lists prevalence of individual ACE types among respondents reporting ACEs as: Divorce 33%, Substance Abuse 25.9%, Emotional Abuse 25.2%, Domestic Violence 18.6%, Physical Abuse 16.3%, Mental Illness 15.2%, Sexual Abuse 12.9%, and Incarceration 9.5%. Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Preventing (dfcs.georgia.gov) - [reported] Odds ratio for substance abuse treatment from childhood sexual trauma Among incarcerated men, childhood sexual trauma before age 18 was associated with an odds ratio of 1.41 for substance abuse treatment. Value: 1.41 odds ratio Tags: mental_health,drugs Sources: Childhood and Adult Trauma Experiences of Incarcerated Persons and Their Relationship to Adult Behavioral Health Problems and Treatment - PMC - [reported] 18% of Welsh prisoners reported 1 ACE In the Welsh Prisoner ACE Survey, 18% of prisoners reported 1 ACE. Value: 18.0 percent Date: 2018-01-01 Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Understanding the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in a male offender population in Wales: The Prisoner ACE Survey - [reported] BJS: Physical/sexual abuse before age 18 among jail inmates BJS Profile of Jail Inmates Table 17 shows 10.9% in 2002 and 11.6% in 1996 reported physical or sexual abuse before age 18; by sex, 9.7% male (10.6% in 1996) and 20.3% female (20.8% in 1996) in 2002. Value: 10.9 percent (vs. 11.6 1996 rate) Date: 2002-01-01 Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice Revised, 10/12/04 th - [reported] Prior abuse among state prisoners with incarcerated family member Harlow's BJS report found that among State prison inmates who had a family member ever incarcerated, 20.2% of men and 63.9% of women reported prior abuse. Value: 20.2 percent (men) (vs. 63.9 percent (women)) Tags: medical,conditions,demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, parip [7] - [reported] Physical neglect and violent felony arrest odds in Florida juvenile cohort In a Florida juvenile justice cohort, physical neglect was independently associated with increased odds of a violent felony arrest (OR = 1.51, p = .022) when modeling individual trauma items. Value: 1.51 odds ratio Tags: mental_health,violence Sources: Trauma, Race, and Risk for Violent Felony Arrests Among Florida Juvenile Offenders - PMC - [reported] Bedford Hills female prisoners childhood abuse prevalence A 1999 study of female prisoners at Bedford Hills Correctional facility in New York found over 80% had a childhood history of physical and sexual abuse, and more than 90% had experienced physical or sexual assault during their lifetime. Value: 80.0 percent Date: 1999-01-01 Tags: mental_health,demographics,facilities Sources: Words From Prison – Did You Know…? | American Civil Liberties Union - [reported] 92% of justice-involved youth reported at least one trauma type (Abram et al.) Dierkhising et al. cites Abram and colleagues for the finding that 92% of justice-involved youth reported exposure to at least one type of trauma, with exposure to multiple traumas being the norm. Value: 92.0 percent Tags: mental_health Sources: Trauma histories among justice-involved youth: findings from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network - PMC, PMC3714673 [1] - [reported] Australian incarcerated women: 94% reported at least one childhood adversity In Fischer et al. (Criminal Justice and Behavior), among 153 incarcerated women in Australia who completed the ACE questionnaire, 94% (n=144) reported experiencing at least one childhood adversity. Value: 94.0 % Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Exposure to Childhood Adversity and Intimate Partner Violence in a Sample of Incarcerated Women in Australia - PMC - [reported] Odds ratio for depression treatment from childhood sexual trauma Among incarcerated men, childhood sexual trauma before age 18 was associated with an odds ratio of 2.06 for depression treatment. Value: 2.06 odds ratio Tags: mental_health Sources: Childhood and Adult Trauma Experiences of Incarcerated Persons and Their Relationship to Adult Behavioral Health Problems and Treatment - PMC - [reported] 21% of Welsh prisoners reported 2-3 ACEs In the Welsh Prisoner ACE Survey, 21% of prisoners reported 2-3 ACEs. Value: 21.0 percent Date: 2018-01-01 Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Understanding the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in a male offender population in Wales: The Prisoner ACE Survey - [reported] Combined Georgia BRFSS 2016-2023: 20.2% unadjusted, 18.9% adjusted report 4+ ACEs Combining the Georgia BRFSS ACE module surveys from 2016, 2018, 2020, and 2023, the adjusted percentage of Georgia respondents reporting 4 or more ACEs was 18.9% (95% CI 18.3-19.5), with an unadjusted percentage of 20.2% (95% CI 19.6-20.9). The most reported ACEs were parents insulting/swearing at the respondent (32.6%) and divorced parents (32.5%). Value: 20.2 percent (vs. 18.9 adjusted percent) Tags: demographics,mental_health Sources: Essentials for Childhood: Preventing Adverse Childhood Experiences Through Data to Action | Emory University | Atlanta GA - [reported] BJS: Parent/guardian alcohol abuse among jail inmates BJS Profile of Jail Inmates Table 15 shows 19.9% in 2002 vs 23.1% in 1996 specified alcohol as substance abused by parent/guardian. Value: 19.9 percent (vs. 23.1 1996 rate) Date: 2002-01-01 Tags: drugs,demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice Revised, 10/12/04 th - [reported] State prisoners reporting prior physical or sexual abuse In surveys completed by BJS, 18.7% of State prison inmates reported ever having been physically or sexually abused before admission (16.1% of men, 57.2% of women), and separately, 14.4% of male and 36.7% of female State prison inmates reported abuse before age 18. Value: 18.7 percent Tags: medical,conditions,demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, parip [7] - [reported] Each additional childhood trauma type increases violent felony arrest likelihood by 11% In a longitudinal study of Florida juvenile justice-involved youth, each additional type of childhood trauma was associated with an 11% increase in the likelihood of a subsequent violent felony arrest. Value: 11.0 % Tags: mental_health,violence Sources: Trauma, Race, and Risk for Violent Felony Arrests Among Florida Juvenile Offenders - PMC - [reported] Oklahoma women prisoners ACE distribution In a sample of 355 Oklahoma women prisoners, Melissa Jones' dissertation found 38.0% had 4 or fewer cumulative ACEs (Low ACEs) and 62.0% had 5 or more cumulative ACEs (High ACEs). Value: 62.0 percent (vs. 38.0 percent with 4 or fewer ACEs) Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: University of Oklahoma - [reported] 46% of Welsh prisoners reported 4 or more ACEs In the Prisoner ACE Survey of adults in a Welsh prison, 16% reported 0 ACEs, 18% reported 1 ACE, 21% reported 2-3 ACEs, and 46% reported 4 or more ACEs, described as 'over 8 in 10 prisoners reported at least 1 ACE, and nearly half had 4 or more ACEs.' Value: 46.0 percent Tags: mental_health Sources: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) - [reported] Sexual abuse and documented abuse histories among girls in out-of-home placements The NCTSN fact sheet states that in a sample of girls court-mandated to out-of-home placements, 76% reported experiencing sexual abuse and 93% had documented histories of physical or sexual abuse (citing Smith et al. 2006). Value: 76.0 % (vs. 93 % with documented histories of physical or sexual abuse) Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Among Girls in the Juvenile - [reported] 40% appears next to 0 ACEs label in Georgia ACE-count chart In this Georgia report's ACE-count chart (respondents reporting ACEs), "40%" appears positioned next to the "0 ACEs" label. Value: 40.0 percent Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Preventing (dfcs.georgia.gov) - [reported] Trauma prevalence among juvenile detainees Abram et al. found that 92.5% of juvenile detainees had experienced 1 or more traumas. Value: 92.5 % Tags: mental_health,conditions Sources: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Trauma in Youth in Juvenile Detention | Adolescent Medicine | JAMA Psychiatry | JAMA Network - [reported] 1991 BJS survey: physical and sexual abuse among state prisoners In BJS's 1991 Survey of State Prison Inmates, 11.3% of all State prison inmates reported being physically abused (33.5% of females, 10.0% of males), and 6.8% reported being sexually abused (33.9% of females, 5.3% of males). Value: 11.3 percent (physical abuse) (vs. 6.8 percent (sexual abuse)) Date: 1991-01-01 Tags: medical,conditions,demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, WOPRIS - [reported] Oklahoma women in custody average ACEs A study of women under correctional custody in Oklahoma (N=544) found participants reported an average of 4.94 childhood adversities (SD 2.94). Value: 4.94 average ACEs Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Exploring Age and Race Differences in the Report of Adverse Childhood Experiences Among Women Aging in Custody - Pmc - [reported] Depression treatment rates by childhood sexual trauma among incarcerated men Among incarcerated men, depression treatment in prison was 32.1% among those with childhood (minor, age under 18) sexual trauma, compared with 13.7% among those with no reported trauma. Value: 32.1 % (vs. 13.7 % depression treatment among those with no reported trauma) Tags: mental_health,medical Sources: Childhood and Adult Trauma Experiences of Incarcerated Persons and Their Relationship to Adult Behavioral Health Problems and Treatment - [reported] 8% appears adjacent to 3 ACEs label in Georgia ACE-count chart In this Georgia report's ACE-count chart (respondents reporting ACEs), the label "3 ACEs" appears directly adjacent to "8%" in the extracted text. Value: 8.0 percent Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Preventing (dfcs.georgia.gov) - [reported] PTSD prevalence among juvenile detainees In Abram et al.'s study, 11.2% of the juvenile detainee sample met criteria for PTSD in the past year. Value: 11.2 % Tags: mental_health Sources: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Trauma in Youth in Juvenile Detention | Adolescent Medicine | JAMA Psychiatry | JAMA Network - [reported] CDC MMWR: 60.9% of adults in 25-state study had at least one ACE; 15.6% had 4+ A CDC MMWR study using BRFSS data from 25 states (2015-2017) found that 60.9% of adults in the study population experienced at least one type of adverse childhood experience, and 15.6% experienced four or more types. Value: 60.9 percent (vs. 15.6 percent with 4+ ACEs) Tags: demographics,mental_health Sources: Vital Signs: Estimated Proportion of Adult Health Problems Attributable to Adverse Childhood Experiences and Implications for Prevention — 25 States, 2015–2017 | MMWR - [reported] Northwestern Juvenile Project: Trauma exposure prevalence 92.5% of youth experienced at least one trauma, 84% experienced more than one trauma, and 56.8% were exposed to trauma six or more times. Value: 92.5 percent (vs. 84 more than one trauma) Tags: mental_health Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, 239603 - [reported] 1991 BJS survey: ever abused before incarceration In BJS's 1991 Survey of State Prison Inmates, 13.9% of all State prison inmates reported ever being physically or sexually abused before their current incarceration, compared with 43.2% of female and 12.2% of male inmates. Value: 13.9 percent Date: 1991-01-01 Tags: medical,conditions,demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, WOPRIS - [reported] Two ACEs increase SVC offender likelihood by 70% In a study of juvenile offenders, children with two ACEs were 70% more likely to be SVC offenders; four ACEs increased a child's SVC risk by 140%. Value: 70.0 % Tags: mental_health,violence Sources: (PDF) Trauma changes everything: Examining the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and serious, violent and chronic juvenile offenders - [reported] Reavis et al. male offenders 4+ ACEs vs normative sample In Reavis et al., among 151 male offenders who completed the ACE Questionnaire, 48.3% scored 4 or more ACEs, compared with 12.5% in the CDC/Felitti male normative sample (N=7,970). Value: 48.3 percent (vs. 12.5 percent in normative sample) Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Original RESEARCH & CONTRIBUTIONS - [reported] Lifetime PTSD 17.8% for incarcerated men, 40.4% for women vs 3.9% general population An ISTSS fact sheet states that in a meta-analysis of 56 samples comprising 21,099 incarcerated people across 20 countries, lifetime PTSD estimates were 17.8% for men and 40.4% for women, substantially higher than the 3.9% lifetime PTSD prevalence estimated for the general population internationally. Value: 17.8 percent (vs. 40.4 women lifetime PTSD) Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Incarceration and Traumatic Stress - [reported] 40% of male and 35% of female GDC inmates assessed high-risk/high-need due to past trauma GDC's Inmate Services Impact Report for Fiscal Year 2019 reported that 40% of male inmates and 35% of female inmates had been assessed as high-risk and high-need due to past trauma and in need of trauma related programming, under a Trauma Informed Program using Seeking Safety. Value: 40.0 percent (vs. 35 female inmates) Tags: mental_health,medical,policy Sources: Georgia Department (gdc.georgia.gov) - [reported] MMWR 2015-2017 ACE study sample sizes by ACE score (total 144,017) In the MMWR BRFSS ACE study (25 states, 2015-2017), the unweighted sample by ACE score was 63,365 adults reporting 0 ACEs (39.0%), 33,160 reporting 1 ACE (23.4%), 29,142 reporting 2-3 ACEs (21.9%), and 18,350 reporting 4 or more ACEs (15.6%), totaling 144,017. Value: 144017.0 adults Tags: demographics,methodology Sources: Vital Signs: Estimated Proportion of Adult Health Problems Attributable to Adverse Childhood Experiences and Implications for Prevention — 25 States, 2015–2017 | MMWR - [reported] 1991 BJS survey: abuse before age 18 In BJS's 1991 Survey of State Prison Inmates, 11.9% of all State prison inmates reported abuse before age 18 (31.7% of females, 10.7% of males). Value: 11.9 percent Date: 1991-01-01 Tags: medical,conditions,demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, WOPRIS - [reported] Each ACE increases SVC offender risk by more than 35% Among juvenile offenders in Florida, each ACE a child experienced increased the risk of being a serious, violent, and chronic offender by more than 35%, even when controlling for other known risk factors for criminal behavior. Value: 35.0 % Tags: mental_health,violence Sources: (PDF) Trauma changes everything: Examining the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and serious, violent and chronic juvenile offenders - [reported] Reavis et al. male offenders 0 ACEs vs normative sample In Reavis et al., among 151 male offenders who completed the ACE Questionnaire, 9.3% scored 0 ACEs, compared with 38.0% scoring 0 in the CDC/Felitti male normative sample (N=7,970). Value: 9.3 percent (vs. 38.0 percent in normative sample) Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Original RESEARCH & CONTRIBUTIONS - [reported] Childhood sexual abuse associated with 2.68 pooled odds ratio for suicide attempts in prisoners A meta-analytic review found sexual abuse in childhood was associated with suicide attempts in prisoners with a pooled odds ratio of 2.68 (95% CI 1.86-3.86, k=16 studies, N=9835). Value: 2.68 pooled odds ratio Tags: mental_health,suicide Sources: Childhood maltreatment and suicide attempts in prisoners: a systematic meta-analytic review - PMC - [reported] Pessoa & Almeida review: 29,244 inmates across studies Pessoa and Almeida's systematic review on ACEs and mental health in offenders found that the included studies comprised a total of 29,244 inmates. Value: 29244.0 inmates Date: 2026-01-01 Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: The Link Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Mental Health in Offenders: A Systematic Review - Telma M. G. Pessoa, Telma Catarina Almeida, 2026, 00111287241242478 [1] - [reported] Norwegian women prisoners ACE prevalence In a study of 141 women inmates in Norway, 17% reported having experienced no ACEs, while 34% reported having experienced more than five ACEs. Value: 34.0 % Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Adverse childhood experiences among women prisoners: Relationships to suicide attempts and drug abuse - Christine Friestad, Rustad Åse-Bente, Ellen Kjelsberg, 2014 - [reported] BJS: Parental substance abuse by mental health status (Federal prisoners) 33% of Federal prisoners with mental health problem vs 20% without reported parent/guardian abused alcohol/drugs while growing up. Value: 33.0 percent (vs. 20 without mental health problem) Tags: mental_health,drugs Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, mhppji - [reported] 1991 BJS survey: abuse after age 18 In BJS's 1991 Survey of State Prison Inmates, 4.2% of all State prison inmates reported abuse after age 18 (24.5% of females, 3.0% of males). Value: 4.2 percent Date: 1991-01-01 Tags: medical,conditions,demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, WOPRIS - [reported] Fox et al. Florida DJJ cohort size and composition Fox et al.'s Florida DJJ cohort consists of 22,575 unique offenders, of which 10,714 are SVC (serious, violent, chronic) offenders and 11,861 are O&D (one-and-done) offenders. Value: 22575.0 people Tags: demographics Sources: (PDF) Trauma changes everything: Examining the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and serious, violent and chronic juvenile offenders - [reported] Combined childhood maltreatment associated with 3.09 pooled odds ratio for suicide attempts in prisoners A meta-analytic review found that combined/multiple forms of childhood maltreatment were associated with suicide attempts in prisoners with a pooled odds ratio of 3.09 (95% CI 2.14-4.45, k=13 studies, N=10219). Value: 3.09 pooled odds ratio Tags: mental_health,suicide Sources: Childhood maltreatment and suicide attempts in prisoners: a systematic meta-analytic review - PMC - [reported] Average number of trauma types among justice-involved youth In Dierkhising et al.'s study of justice-involved youth in the NCTSN Core Data Set, the average number of different trauma types experienced among adolescents in the sample is 4.9. Value: 4.9 trauma types Tags: mental_health Sources: Trauma histories among justice-involved youth: findings from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network - PMC, PMC3714673 [2] - [reported] CDC MMWR 2011-2020: 63.9% of U.S. adults had at least one ACE; 17.3% had 4+ A CDC MMWR study of BRFSS data (2011-2020) found that nearly two thirds of U.S. adults (63.9%) experienced one or more ACE: 23.1% reported one; 23.5% reported two to three; and 17.3% reported four or more ACEs. Value: 63.9 percent (vs. 17.3 percent with 4+ ACEs) Tags: demographics,mental_health Sources: Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences Among U.S. Adults — Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2011–2020 | MMWR - [reported] BJS: Parental substance abuse by mental health status (Jail inmates) 37% of jail inmates with mental health problem vs 19% without reported parent abused alcohol/drugs while growing up. Value: 37.0 percent (vs. 19 without mental health problem) Tags: mental_health,drugs Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, mhppji - [reported] SVC offenders with 4+ ACEs double the proportion of O&D offenders In Fox et al.'s Florida DJJ study, SVC (serious, violent, chronic) offenders with 4 or more ACEs were more than double the proportion of O&D offenders (33% vs. 14%). Value: 33.0 % (vs. 14 O&D offenders with 4+ ACEs) Tags: mental_health,violence Sources: (PDF) Trauma changes everything: Examining the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and serious, violent and chronic juvenile offenders - [reported] Reavis et al. average ACE categories In Reavis et al.'s Permanente Journal study, on average the offender sample reported 3.73 (standard deviation, 2.69) categories of ACE, with a modal value of 3. Value: 3.73 average ACE categories Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Original RESEARCH & CONTRIBUTIONS - [reported] Physical abuse, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect pooled odds ratios for suicide attempts A meta-analytic review found physical abuse was associated with suicide attempts in prisoners with a pooled odds ratio of 2.16 (95% CI 1.60-2.91, k=11 studies, N=5572), emotional abuse with a pooled odds ratio of 2.70 (95% CI 1.92-3.79, k=9 studies, N=5258), emotional neglect with a pooled odds ratio of 2.29 (95% CI 1.69-3.10, k=7 studies, N=3123), and physical neglect with a pooled odds ratio of 1.57 (95% CI 1.27-1.94, k=7 studies, N=3049). Value: 2.16 pooled odds ratio (vs. 1.57 physical neglect odds ratio) Tags: mental_health,suicide Sources: Childhood maltreatment and suicide attempts in prisoners: a systematic meta-analytic review - PMC - [reported] U.S. adult ACE prevalence, 2019-2020 modeled estimates In 2019-2020, an estimated 62.8% of U.S. adults had past exposure to one or more ACEs (range 54.9% in Connecticut to 72.5% in Maine), including 22.4% exposed to four or more ACEs (range 11.9% in Connecticut to 32.8% in Nevada), based on modeled BRFSS estimates. Value: 62.8 % (vs. 22.4 % of U.S. adults exposed to 4+ ACEs) Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Adults’ exposure to adverse childhood experiences in the United States nationwide and in each state: modeled estimates from 2019-2020 - PMC - [reported] 39% of DJJ secure facility youth mental health diagnoses are Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders In Georgia DJJ's FY2024 Annual Report, 39% of youth's mental health diagnoses in RYDCs and YDCs (secure facilities) were Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders. Value: 39.0 percent Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: FY2024 (djj.georgia.gov) - [reported] Early childhood trauma onset among justice-involved youth In Dierkhising et al.'s study, 62.14% of justice-involved youth experienced trauma in the first 5 years of life. Value: 62.14 % Tags: mental_health Sources: Trauma histories among justice-involved youth: findings from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network - PMC, PMC3714673 [2] - [reported] BJS: Family incarceration by mental health status 52% of prison and jail inmates with mental health problem reported family member incarcerated, vs 41% State inmates and 36% jail inmates without mental health problem. Value: 52.0 percent (vs. 41 State inmates without mental health problem) Tags: mental_health Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, mhppji - [reported] Family incarceration among female vs male state prisoners BJS's Women in Prison report found that women in prison were more likely than men to have had at least one member of their immediate family who had been incarcerated: 47% of female inmates and 37% of male inmates. Value: 47.0 percent (women) (vs. 37 percent (men)) Tags: demographics,conditions Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, WOPRIS - [reported] Fewer than 70% of O&D offenders experienced 1+ ACEs In Fox et al.'s Florida DJJ study, fewer than 70% of the O&D offenders experienced 1 or more ACEs. Value: 70.0 % Tags: mental_health Sources: (PDF) Trauma changes everything: Examining the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and serious, violent and chronic juvenile offenders - [reported] Browne, Miller, Maguin New York female prisoners violence prevalence Bloom, Owen & Covington's NIC report states that Browne, Miller, and Maguin found 70 percent of incarcerated women interviewed in a New York maximum security prison reported physical violence, and nearly 60 percent reported sexual abuse. Value: 70.0 percent Tags: mental_health,violence,demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, 018017 - [reported] Urban Institute: 61% general population vs 97% of people in prison have at least one ACE The Urban Institute's Urban Wire article states that research shows around 61 percent of the general population has had at least one adverse childhood experience (ACE), and that number is closer to 97 percent for people in prison, with only the 61 percent figure linked to a citation (CDC) and no citation link attached to the 97 percent prison figure. Value: 97.0 percent (vs. 61 general population with at least one ACE) Tags: mental_health Sources: To Improve Safety, Understanding and Addressing the Link between Childhood Trauma and Crime Is Key | Urban Institute - [reported] Norwegian women prisoners: 17% no ACEs, 34% more than five ACEs In Friestad, Rustad & Kjelsberg (International Journal of Social Psychiatry), among women inmates interviewed in Norway, 17% reported experiencing none of the assessed ACEs, while 34% reported more than five ACEs. Value: 34.0 % (vs. 17 % reporting no ACEs) Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Adverse childhood experiences among women prisoners: Relationships to suicide attempts and drug abuse - [reported] DJJ FY2024 diagnosis table: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders 39% Georgia DJJ's FY2024 Annual Report, in a diagnosis table from its Office of Behavioral Health Services for Secure Facilities, lists 'Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders' at 39%. Value: 39.0 percent Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: FY2024 (djj.georgia.gov) - [reported] Mean ACE score among incarcerated men in Portugal In a sample of 283 incarcerated men from seven prisons in Northern Portugal, the mean total ACEs score was 2.65 (SD = 2.50). Value: 2.65 mean ACE score Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Adverse and Positive Childhood Experiences and Emotional Regulation Difficulties in a Sample of Incarcerated Men - PMC - [reported] Georgia 2020 BRFSS ACE module: response rate 39.1%, n=6,595, individual ACE prevalences Georgia fielded the BRFSS ACE module in 2020 with a survey response rate of 39.1% and total unweighted sample of 6,595. Weighted prevalences by ACE category included emotional abuse 32.3%, physical abuse 22.2%, sexual abuse 13.2%, witnessed intimate partner violence 16.7%, household substance use 24.9%, and household mental illness 15.1%. Value: 6595.0 respondents (vs. 39.1 survey response rate (percent)) Date: 2020-01-01 Tags: demographics,mental_health Sources: Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences Among U.S. Adults — Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2011–2020 | MMWR - [reported] BJS: Abuse history by mental health status (State prisoners) 27% of State prisoners with mental health problem vs 10% without reported physical or sexual abuse in past. Value: 27.0 percent (vs. 10 without mental health problem) Tags: mental_health Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, mhppji - [reported] Female state prisoners who lived in foster/institutional care BJS's Women in Prison report found that about 17% of female State prison inmates had lived in a foster home, agency, or other institution at some time while they were growing up. Value: 17.0 percent Tags: demographics,conditions Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, WOPRIS - [reported] More than 90% of SVC offenders experienced at least one traumatic event In Fox et al.'s Florida DJJ study, SVC offenders were more than triple the rate of the O&Ds (10% vs. 3%), and more than 90% of SVC offenders experienced at least one traumatic event in childhood. Value: 90.0 % Tags: mental_health Sources: (PDF) Trauma changes everything: Examining the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and serious, violent and chronic juvenile offenders - [reported] Male and female offender childhood abuse prevalence ranges Bloom, Owen & Covington's NIC report states that between 7 and 16 percent of male offenders and between 40 and 57 percent of female offenders reported being physically or sexually abused before age 18. Value: 7.0 percent lower bound male (vs. 57 percent upper bound female) Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, 018017 - [reported] Original ACE Study: 52% experienced one or more ACE categories, 6.2% four or more The original CDC-Kaiser Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study found that more than half of respondents (52%) experienced one or more categories of adverse childhood exposure, and 6.2% reported four or more exposures. Value: 52.0 percent (vs. 6.2 four or more ACEs) Tags: mental_health Sources: Research Article (americanspcc.org) - [reported] Prevalence of four or more ACEs among incarcerated men in Portugal In the Portuguese sample of 283 incarcerated men, 32.9% (n=93) reported four or more ACEs. Value: 32.9 % Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Adverse and Positive Childhood Experiences and Emotional Regulation Difficulties in a Sample of Incarcerated Men - PMC - [reported] Georgia 2020 BRFSS ACE score distribution: 16.7% report 4+ ACEs Among Georgia adults surveyed on BRFSS (unweighted n=6,595), the weighted ACE score distribution was 35.3% with 0 ACEs, 24.6% with 1 ACE, 23.4% with 2-3 ACEs, and 16.7% with 4 or more ACEs. Value: 16.7 percent (vs. 35.3 percent with 0 ACEs) Date: 2020-01-01 Tags: demographics,mental_health Sources: Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences Among U.S. Adults — Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2011–2020 | MMWR - [reported] BJS: Abuse history by mental health status (Jail inmates) 24% of jail inmates with mental health problem vs 8% without reported physical or sexual abuse in past. Value: 24.0 percent (vs. 8 without mental health problem) Tags: mental_health Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, mhppji - [reported] Foster/institutional care by race among female state prisoners BJS's Women in Prison report found that 21.1% of white female inmates, 14.1% of black female inmates, and 14.4% of Hispanic female inmates reported having ever lived in a foster home, agency, or institution while growing up. Value: 21.1 percent (white women) (vs. 14.1 percent (black women)) Tags: demographics,conditions Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, WOPRIS - [reported] Florida juvenile offenders 13 times less likely to report zero ACEs than Kaiser population In a study of Florida juvenile offenders, juvenile offenders were 13 times less likely to report zero ACEs (2.8% compared to 36%) and four times more likely to report four or more ACEs (50% compared to 13%) than Felitti and Anda's Kaiser Permanente-insured population used in the original ACE study. Value: 2.8 % (vs. 36 Kaiser Permanente population with zero ACEs) Tags: mental_health Sources: The Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) in the Lives of Juvenile Offenders, Baglivio MT, Epps N, Swartz K, Huq MS, Sheer A, Hardt NS, Journal of Juvenile Justice 3(2), 2014 - [reported] Browne et al. New York female prisoners lifetime attack prevalence In Browne et al.'s examination of women incarcerated in New York prisons, a substantial majority reported sexual molestation or severe violence in childhood and adolescence, and only 6 percent of the 150 respondents did not report at least one physical or sexual attack during their lifetime. Value: 6.0 percent Tags: mental_health,violence,demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, 018017 - [reported] Approximately 50% of DJJ youth referred for further assessment DJJ's own website states that within two hours of admission to a DJJ facility, each youth is screened for mental health issues, traumatic experiences, substance use, and suicide/self-harm risk, and that approximately 50% of youth are referred for further assessment. Value: 50.0 percent Tags: mental_health,policy Sources: Mental Health Programming | Department of Juvenile Justice - [reported] ACEs predicting alcohol use in justice-involved youth Among first-time justice-involved youth, each additional ACE resulted in a 1.21 increased relative risk of alcohol use at 12-month follow-up. Value: 1.21 relative risk Tags: mental_health,drugs Sources: The Prospective Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Justice-Involved Youth’s Psychiatric Symptoms and Substance Use - PMC - [reported] James and Glaze: Abuse before admission by mental health status 27.0% of State prisoners with mental health problem vs 10.5% without reported ever being physically or sexually abused before admission. Value: 27.0 percent (vs. 10.5 without mental health problem) Tags: mental_health Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, mhppji - [reported] 90% of US juvenile offenders experience traumatic event in childhood Fox et al. cite research showing 90% of juvenile offenders in the United States experience some sort of traumatic event in childhood, and up to 30% of justice-involved American youth meet the criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder due to childhood trauma. Value: 90.0 % Tags: mental_health Sources: G Model (myfloridalegal.com) - [reported] Owen and Bloom California female prisoners abuse prevalence Bloom, Owen & Covington's NIC report states that Owen and Bloom found 80 percent of their sample of incarcerated women in California had been physically and/or sexually abused prior to incarceration. Value: 80.0 percent Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, 018017 - [reported] Benda (2005) odds ratios for childhood abuse and reoffending by sex In a systematic review of childhood abuse and adult reoffending, one included study (Benda 2005) found odds ratios for childhood physical abuse and reoffending of 1.56 for women and 1.31 for men, and for childhood sexual abuse and reoffending of 1.77 for women and 1.37 for men. Value: 1.56 odds ratio (vs. 1.31 odds ratio for childhood physical abuse and reoffending, men) Date: 2005-01-01 Tags: reentry Sources: Doctor of Philosophy - [reported] Odds ratio for substance use disorder by high adversity typology In a study of adversity typologies among incarcerated people in the US, members of the Class 4 (high adversity exposure) typology had an odds ratio of 2.18 for substance use disorder compared with the low-adversity reference group. Value: 2.18 odds ratio Tags: mental_health,drugs Sources: Adversity, Mental Health, and Substance Use Disorders As Predictors and Mediators of Rule Violations in U.S. Prisons - Pmc - [reported] James and Glaze: Foster care history by mental health status 18.5% of State prisoners with mental health problem vs 9.5% without reported ever living in foster home, agency, or institution while growing up. Value: 18.5 percent (vs. 9.5 without mental health problem) Tags: mental_health Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, mhppji - [reported] Incarcerated household member most prevalent ACE for SVC and O&D offenders Fox et al. found that having an incarcerated household member was the most prevalent single ACE item for both groups: 80.0% of serious/violent/chronic (SVC) juvenile offenders had an incarcerated household member, compared with 49.7% of other/delinquent (O&D) offenders. Value: 80.0 % (vs. 49.7 O&D offenders with incarcerated household member) Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: G Model (myfloridalegal.com) - [reported] Youth in juvenile justice system trauma prevalence Justice Policy Institute's report 'Healing Invisible Wounds' states that between 75 and 93 percent of youth entering the juvenile justice system annually in the US are estimated to have experienced some degree of trauma, compared to up to 34 percent of children in the United States experiencing at least one traumatic event. Value: 75.0 percent lower bound (vs. 93 percent upper bound) Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Healing Invisible Wounds - [reported] ACE Study distribution: 49.5% zero, 24.9% one, 12.5% two, 6.9% three, 6.2% four categories In the original Felitti et al. CDC-Kaiser ACE Study (Table 3, 'All participants', N=8,056), 49.5% had 0 categories of childhood exposure, 24.9% had 1, 12.5% had 2, 6.9% had 3, and 6.2% had 4 categories of adverse childhood exposure. Value: 49.5 percent Tags: mental_health Sources: Research Article (americanspcc.org) - [reported] Odds ratio for mental health disorder by high adversity typology In the same study, members of the Class 4 (high adversity exposure) typology had an odds ratio of 3.57 for mental health disorder compared with the low-adversity reference group. Value: 3.57 odds ratio Tags: mental_health Sources: Adversity, Mental Health, and Substance Use Disorders As Predictors and Mediators of Rule Violations in U.S. Prisons - Pmc - [reported] DJJ FY2012: 17% of youth in ongoing MH services had Anxiety and Trauma diagnosis; 12% abuse/neglect victim Georgia DJJ's presentation reports that among youth receiving ongoing mental health services in FY-2012, 17% had an 'Anxiety and Trauma' diagnostic characteristic and 12% had 'Abuse or Neglect - Victim' as a diagnostic characteristic. Value: 17.0 percent (vs. 12 percent abuse/neglect victim) Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: An Overview of Mental Health - [reported] James and Glaze: Family incarceration by mental health status 51.7% of State prisoners with mental health problem vs 41.3% without reported family member ever incarcerated. Value: 51.7 percent (vs. 41.3 without mental health problem) Tags: mental_health Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, mhppji - [reported] Childhood traumatic event distribution in FOTEP women In Messina & Grella, a study in the American Journal of Public Health on childhood trauma and women's health outcomes in a California prison population, among women in the Female Offender Treatment and Employment Program (FOTEP) evaluation, 15.7% reported no childhood traumatic events (out of 8 types assessed), while more than 20% reported 5 or more, with 7 being the maximum reported. Value: 15.7 percent (no events) Tags: mental_health,conditions,demographics Sources: Childhood Trauma and Women’s Health Outcomes in a California Prison Population - PMC, PMC1586137 [1] - [reported] Fox et al. analyzed ACE data on 22,575 Florida DJJ youth Fox et al. analyzed ACE and other risk-factor data on 22,575 delinquent youth referred to the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice. Value: 22575.0 people Tags: demographics Sources: G Model (myfloridalegal.com) - [reported] BRFSS 25-state ACE prevalence 60.9% of adults in a multi-state BRFSS study population experienced at least one type of adverse childhood experience, and 15.6% experienced four or more types. Value: 60.9 percent (vs. 15.6 percent with 4+ ACEs) Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Vital Signs: Estimated Proportion of Adult Health Problems Attributable to Adverse Childhood Experiences and Implications for Prevention — 25 States, 2015–2017 - PMC - [reported] Trauma prevalence as high as 98% among incarcerated women, 62.4-87% among men (CSG Justice Center) The Council of State Governments Justice Center report states that prevalence rates of trauma among incarcerated women have been shown to be as high as 98 percent, and rates of trauma exposure among incarcerated men are between 62.4 and 87 percent. Value: 98.0 percent (vs. 62.4 lower bound for men) Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: August 2022 (csgjusticecenter.org) - [reported] Tikkanen et al. (2010): childhood physical abuse linked to 2.6-5.3x violent reoffending In a systematic review of childhood abuse and reoffending, one included study (Tikkanen et al., 2010) found that childhood physical abuse was related to an increase of 2.6 to 5.3 times in the rates of violent reoffending, depending on the genotype controlled for. Value: 2.6 times increase (lower bound) (vs. 5.3 times increase (upper bound)) Date: 2010-01-01 Tags: reentry,violence Sources: Doctor of Philosophy - [reported] Odds ratio for serious mental illness by high adversity typology In the same study, members of the Class 4 (high adversity exposure) typology had an odds ratio of 4.03 for serious mental illness compared with the low-adversity reference group. Value: 4.03 odds ratio Tags: mental_health Sources: Adversity, Mental Health, and Substance Use Disorders As Predictors and Mediators of Rule Violations in U.S. Prisons - Pmc - [reported] James and Glaze: Parental substance abuse by mental health status 39.3% of State prisoners with mental health problem vs 25.1% without reported parents/guardians abused alcohol or drugs. Value: 39.3 percent (vs. 25.1 without mental health problem) Tags: mental_health,drugs Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, mhppji - [reported] 85% of women in correctional settings have early physical/sexual abuse experience An Indiana state document adapted from SAMHSA and Policy Research Associates trauma-informed-justice materials states it is estimated that 85 percent of women in correctional settings have an early experience of physical and/or sexual abuse. Value: 85.0 % Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Working with Justice - [reported] BRFSS 2011-2020 ACE prevalence distribution Among U.S. adults surveyed by BRFSS, 63.9% experienced one or more ACE: 23.1% reported one; 23.5% reported two to three; and 17.3% reported four or more ACEs. Value: 63.9 percent Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences Among U.S. Adults — Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2011–2020 - PMC - [reported] Wolff & Caravaca Sánchez sample: 943 incarcerated men A study by Wolff and Caravaca Sánchez examined psychological distress, childhood adversity, substance use, social support and resilience in a correctional sample of 943 men. Value: 943.0 men Tags: mental_health,drugs Sources: Associations among psychological distress, adverse childhood experiences, social support, and resilience in incarcerate men | Bloustein Center for Survey Research - [reported] Total inmates in ACE systematic review Pessoa & Almeida's systematic review on ACEs and mental health in offenders included studies that comprised a total of 29,244 inmates. Value: 29244.0 inmates Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: The Link Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Mental Health in Offenders: A Systematic Review - Telma M. G. Pessoa, Telma Catarina Almeida, 2026, 00111287241242478 [2] - [reported] America's Health Rankings: Georgia 15.8% of children 0-17 with 2+ ACEs America's Health Rankings reports a Georgia value of 15.8% for the percentage of children ages 0-17 who have ever experienced two or more adverse childhood experiences. Value: 15.8 percent Tags: demographics,mental_health Sources: Explore Adverse Childhood Experiences in Georgia | AHR - [reported] James and Glaze: Living arrangement by mental health status 43.8% of State prisoners with mental health problem vs 40.8% without lived most of time with one parent while growing up. Value: 43.8 percent (vs. 40.8 without mental health problem) Tags: mental_health Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, mhppji - [reported] Childhood trauma and odds of adult mental health treatment Among incarcerated women in the Messina & Grella study, exposure to 7 childhood traumatic events (versus none) was associated with a 980% increase in the odds of having received mental health treatment as an adult. Value: 980.0 percent increase in odds Tags: mental_health,conditions Sources: Childhood Trauma and Women's Health Outcomes in a California Prison Population, Messina N, Grella C, American Journal of Public Health 96(10):1842-1848, October 2006 - [reported] 50-90% of adults and children exposed to traumatic event The Indiana trauma-informed-care training document states that fifty to ninety percent of all adults and children are exposed to a psychologically traumatic event such as a life-threatening assault or accident. Value: 50.0 % (vs. 90 upper bound of exposure range) Tags: mental_health Sources: Working with Justice - [reported] ACEs and juvenile recidivism meta-analysis: 4.4% increase in odds per ACE A systematic review and meta-analysis of 14 studies (26 effect sizes) found that a higher number of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) was associated with a 4.4% increase in the odds of juvenile recidivism (OR = 1.044; 95% CI 1.029-1.059, p < .001). Value: 4.4 percent increase in odds Tags: reentry,mental_health Sources: Review Manuscripts (prohic.nl) - [reported] 80.1% of incarcerated men screening sample reported any childhood trauma In Wolff et al.'s study of incarcerated men, 80.1% of the total screening sample (N=592) reported any childhood trauma, defined as trauma experienced prior to age 18. Value: 80.1 % Tags: mental_health Sources: Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Incarcerated Men - PMC - [reported] Pooled prevalence of cumulative ACEs among youth offenders In Astridge, Li, McDermott & Longhitano's systematic review and meta-analysis, the pooled prevalence of cumulative ACEs among youth offenders was 39.4% (95% CI [0.227, 0.590]). Value: 39.4 % Tags: mental_health Sources: Child Abuse & Neglect 140 (2023) 106055 - [reported] Childhood trauma and alcohol problems in incarcerated women In the Messina & Grella study of incarcerated women, for each one-unit increase in childhood traumatic events, the odds of having an alcohol problem increased, with 21% of women reporting no childhood traumatic events reporting alcohol problems compared with 44% of women who had more than 5 childhood traumatic events. Value: 21.0 percent (no events) (vs. 44 percent (>5 events)) Tags: mental_health,drugs,conditions Sources: Childhood Trauma and Women's Health Outcomes in a California Prison Population, Messina N, Grella C, American Journal of Public Health 96(10):1842-1848, October 2006 - [reported] Kentucky jail sample of incarcerated women with OUD Incarcerated women (N=500) were randomly selected from eight Kentucky jails, screened for opioid use disorder (OUD), and interviewed by research staff. Value: 500.0 people Tags: drugs,demographics Sources: Adverse Childhood Experiences and Mental Health among Incarcerated Women: Self-Esteem as a Mediating Mechanism - PMC - [reported] 98.9% of incarcerated men screening sample reported any lifetime violent/injury/shocking trauma In Wolff et al.'s study, 98.9% of the total screening sample of incarcerated men (N=592) reported any lifetime trauma that was violent, involved injury, or was a shocking event. Value: 98.9 % Tags: mental_health,violence Sources: Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Incarcerated Men - PMC - [reported] Claim that 75% of prison population has 4+ ACEs A Thomas Jefferson University MPH capstone scoping review abstract states that 75% of the prison population has experienced 4 or more ACEs, citing Anda et al., 2022. Value: 75.0 % Tags: mental_health Sources: "A Scoping Review Examining the Effectiveness of Trauma Interventions i" by Faith Hughes - [reported] BJS: 19% of state prisoners, 10% federal, 16% jail/probation report abuse before sentence A BJS report found 19% of State prison inmates, 10% of Federal inmates, and 16% of those in local jails or on active probation reported being physically or sexually abused before their current sentence. Value: 19.0 percent (vs. 10 percent federal inmates) Tags: demographics,mental_health Sources: Prior Abuse Reported by Inmates and Probationers (NCJ 172879), Harlow CW, Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, April 1999 - [reported] BJS: Parental incarceration among federal prisoners 2016 23% of federal prisoners reported a parent had ever been incarcerated: 17% father, 3% mother, 4% both parents. Value: 23.0 percent Date: 2016-01-01 Tags: demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, ppi16 - [reported] Per-event odds increases for mental health outcomes Among incarcerated women in a substance abuse treatment evaluation, for each one-unit increase in childhood traumatic events, the odds of having received mental health treatment as an adult increased by 40% (P < .001), the odds of taking psychotropic medication increased by 27% (P < .001), and the odds of a positive GSI (psychological distress) score increased by 35% (P < .001). Value: 40.0 percent increase in odds (mental health treatment) (vs. 27 percent increase in odds (psychotropic medication)) Tags: mental_health,conditions Sources: Childhood Trauma and Women's Health Outcomes in a California Prison Population, Messina N, Grella C, American Journal of Public Health 96(10):1842-1848, October 2006 - [reported] Welsh male prisoners mental illness by ACE count Among male prisoners in Wales, lifetime mental illness diagnosis prevalence rose from 35.1% among those with no ACEs to 64.3% among those with 4 or more ACEs, an association significant at p Value: 64.3 percent (vs. 35.1 percent with no ACEs) Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Adverse childhood experiences: a retrospective study to understand their associations with lifetime mental health diagnosis, self-harm or suicide attempt, and current low mental wellbeing in a male We - [reported] Pooled cumulative ACE prevalence 39.4% in youth offenders (Astridge et al.) In Astridge et al.'s systematic review and meta-analysis of ACEs in youth offenders, the pooled prevalence of cumulative ACEs was 39.4%, and the pooled prevalence of individual ACEs ranged between 13.7% and 51.4%. Value: 39.4 percent Tags: mental_health Sources: (PDF) A systematic review and meta-analysis on adverse childhood experiences: Prevalence in youth offenders and their effects on youth recidivism - [reported] Canadian prisons: 65.7% summary prevalence of any childhood abuse among women Bodkin et al.'s systematic review and meta-analysis found the summary prevalence of any type of childhood abuse among women in Canadian prisons was 65.7% (95% CI 52.6-77.7; range 56.2% to 75.0%), while only one study reported prevalence among men, at 35.5%. Value: 65.7 % (vs. 35.5 % among men (single study)) Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: History of Childhood Abuse in Populations Incarcerated in Canada: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - PMC - [reported] BJS: Living arrangements among state prisoners 2016 47% of state prisoners lived primarily with one parent, 35% with both parents, and 18% spent some time in foster homes or institutions while growing up. Value: 47.0 percent (vs. 35 both parents) Date: 2016-01-01 Tags: demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, ppi16 - [reported] Per-event odds increase for mental health treatment Among incarcerated women in a substance abuse treatment program, for an increase of 1 childhood traumatic event, the odds of having received mental health treatment increased by 40% (P < .001). Value: 40.0 percent increase in odds Tags: mental_health,conditions Sources: Childhood Trauma and Women's Health Outcomes in a California Prison Population, Messina N, Grella C, American Journal of Public Health 96(10):1842-1848, October 2006 - [reported] Mean ACEs score among Kentucky incarcerated women In the descriptive profile table of the Kentucky jail sample of incarcerated women (N=488), the mean ACEs score (range 0-10) was 5.0 with a standard deviation of 3.0. Value: 5.0 mean ACEs score Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Adverse Childhood Experiences and Mental Health among Incarcerated Women: Self-Esteem as a Mediating Mechanism - PMC - [reported] Welsh male prisoners self-harm in prison by ACE count Among male prisoners in Wales, lifetime self-harm in prison increased from 2.7% among those with no ACEs to 31.0% among those with 4 or more ACEs. Value: 31.0 percent (vs. 2.7 percent with no ACEs) Tags: mental_health,self-harm Sources: Adverse childhood experiences: a retrospective study to understand their associations with lifetime mental health diagnosis, self-harm or suicide attempt, and current low mental wellbeing in a male We - [reported] BJS state prison inmates: 18.7% ever abused, 14.4% male / 36.7% female abused before 18 A BJS table on prior abuse of correctional populations gives, for State prison inmates, 18.7% total / 16.1% male / 57.2% female ever abused before admission, and 14.4% male / 36.7% female abused before age 18. Value: 18.7 percent (vs. 57.2 percent female ever abused) Tags: demographics,mental_health Sources: Prior Abuse Reported by Inmates and Probationers (NCJ 172879), Harlow CW, Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, April 1999 - [reported] BJS: Living arrangements among federal prisoners 2016 42% of federal prisoners lived primarily with one parent, 40% with both parents, and nearly 10% spent some time in foster homes or institutions. Value: 42.0 percent (vs. 40 both parents) Date: 2016-01-01 Tags: demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, ppi16 - [reported] Per-event odds increase for psychotropic medication Among the same sample of incarcerated women, for an increase of 1 childhood traumatic event, the odds of taking psychotropic medication increased by 27% (P < .001). Value: 27.0 percent increase in odds Tags: mental_health,conditions Sources: Childhood Trauma and Women's Health Outcomes in a California Prison Population, Messina N, Grella C, American Journal of Public Health 96(10):1842-1848, October 2006 - [reported] Final Kentucky sample size after excluding missing data Of the 500 incarcerated women with OUDs who participated in the baseline interview prior to January 2023, 12 women were excluded for missing data, resulting in a final sample of N=488. Value: 488.0 people Tags: drugs,demographics Sources: Adverse Childhood Experiences and Mental Health among Incarcerated Women: Self-Esteem as a Mediating Mechanism - PMC - [reported] Skarupski et al. sample: 192 male inmates in maximum security prison Study participants in Skarupski et al.'s Aging & Mental Health study were 192 male inmates in a maximum security prison who completed measures of ACEs related to death, trauma, and abuse. Value: 192.0 male inmates Tags: mental_health,facilities Sources: The association of adverse childhood experiences with mid-life depressive symptoms and quality of life among incarcerated males: exploring multiple mediation: Aging & Mental Health: Vol 20, No 6 - [reported] BJS federal prison inmates: 9.5% ever abused, 5.8% male / 23.0% female abused before 18 A BJS table gives, for Federal prison inmates, 9.5% total / 7.2% male / 39.9% female ever abused before admission, and 5.8% male / 23.0% female abused before age 18. Value: 9.5 percent (vs. 39.9 percent female ever abused) Tags: demographics,mental_health Sources: Prior Abuse Reported by Inmates and Probationers (NCJ 172879), Harlow CW, Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, April 1999 - [reported] BJS: Foster care history among prisoners 2016 17.1% of all prisoners, 9.5% of federal prisoners, and 18.1% of state prisoners reported ever living in foster home, agency, or institution while growing up. Value: 17.1 percent (vs. 18.1 state prisoners) Date: 2016-01-01 Tags: demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, ppi16 - [reported] FOTEP women reporting 4 or more childhood traumatic events In the same FOTEP sample (n=491), 10.6% reported 4 childhood traumatic events and 21.2% reported 5 or more, for a combined 31.8% reporting 4 or more childhood traumatic events. Value: 31.8 percent Tags: mental_health,conditions,demographics Sources: Childhood Trauma and Women’s Health Outcomes in a California Prison Population | AJPH | Vol. 96 Issue 10 - [reported] Minnesota incarcerated persons ACE distribution In Clark and Duwe's Minnesota Department of Corrections sample, 15% of incarcerated persons did not experience any of the 10 included ACEs, 37% reported one to three ACEs, and 48% reported four or more ACEs. Value: 48.0 % Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Sex Differences in the Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Institutional Misconduct among Adults in Prison - Valerie A. Clark, Grant Duwe, 2025 - [reported] Welsh male prisoners ACE prevalence In a survey of adult male prisoners at HMP Parc in Wales, 84.2% had suffered at least one adverse childhood experience (ACE) and 45.5% had suffered 4 or more ACEs. Value: 84.2 percent (vs. 45.5 percent with 4+ ACEs) Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Adverse childhood experiences: a retrospective study to understand their associations with lifetime mental health diagnosis, self-harm or suicide attempt, and current low mental wellbeing in a male We - [reported] Prisoner ACE Survey (Wales): 468 adults interviewed 2018 The Prisoner ACE Survey (Ford et al., Public Health Wales/Bangor University) interviewed 468 adults aged 18-69 in a Welsh prison between February and June 2018, asking about exposure to 11 ACEs in childhood. Value: 468.0 adults Date: 2018-01-01 Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: phwwhocc.co.uk: PHW Prisoner ACE Survey Report E - [reported] BJS jail inmates: 16.4% ever abused, 11.9% male / 36.6% female abused before 18 A BJS table gives, for jail inmates, 16.4% total / 12.9% male / 47.6% female ever abused before admission, and 11.9% male / 36.6% female abused before age 18. Value: 16.4 percent (vs. 47.6 percent female ever abused) Tags: demographics,mental_health Sources: Prior Abuse Reported by Inmates and Probationers (NCJ 172879), Harlow CW, Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, April 1999 - [reported] BJS: Family incarceration among prisoners 2016 58.8% of all prisoners, 50.3% of federal prisoners, and 59.9% of state prisoners reported a family member had ever been incarcerated. Value: 58.8 percent (vs. 59.9 state prisoners) Date: 2016-01-01 Tags: demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, ppi16 - [reported] FOTEP distribution of childhood traumatic events In the FOTEP sample (n=491), the shares reporting 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5+ childhood traumatic events were 16.7%, 21.8%, 14%, 10.6%, and 21.2% respectively, summing to 84.3% reporting at least 1 childhood traumatic event. Value: 84.3 percent (at least 1 event) Tags: mental_health,conditions,demographics Sources: Childhood Trauma and Women’s Health Outcomes in a California Prison Population | AJPH | Vol. 96 Issue 10 - [reported] Welsh male prisoners adjusted odds ratios for ACEs 4+ In adjusted logistic regression among male Welsh prisoners, compared with those reporting no ACEs, those with 4 or more ACEs had adjusted odds ratios of 3.96 for lifetime mental illness diagnosis, 10.69 for lifetime self-harm, 15.08 for lifetime self-harm in prison, 4.36 for lifetime suicide attempt, and 7.98 for lifetime suicide attempt in prison (all p Value: 3.96 adjusted odds ratio Tags: mental_health,self-harm Sources: Adverse childhood experiences: a retrospective study to understand their associations with lifetime mental health diagnosis, self-harm or suicide attempt, and current low mental wellbeing in a male We - [reported] BJS probationers: 15.7% ever abused, 8.8% male / 28.2% female abused before 18 A BJS table gives, for probationers, 15.7% total / 9.3% male / 40.4% female ever abused before admission, and 8.8% male / 28.2% female abused before age 18. Value: 15.7 percent (vs. 40.4 percent female ever abused) Tags: demographics,mental_health Sources: Prior Abuse Reported by Inmates and Probationers (NCJ 172879), Harlow CW, Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, April 1999 - [reported] BJS: Sibling incarceration among prisoners 2016 37.4% of all prisoners reported a sibling had been incarcerated. Value: 37.4 percent Date: 2016-01-01 Tags: demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, ppi16 - [reported] Minnesota DOC ACE assessment pilot sample In the Minnesota DOC study (Clark & Duwe), the ACEs assessment was piloted in the spring of 2021 at Minnesota's 10 all-male prisons; of 3,335 male and 400 female incarcerated persons invited to participate, 1,774 males and 337 females completed the assessment, resulting in a total sample of 2,100. Value: 2100.0 people Date: 2021-01-01 Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: mn.gov: ACEs Discipline Study Final March 2024 tcm1089 615740 - [reported] Welsh male prisoners low mental wellbeing odds ratio Among male Welsh prisoners, individuals with ≥4 ACEs were four times (AOR 4.35, p Value: 4.35 adjusted odds ratio Tags: mental_health Sources: Adverse childhood experiences: a retrospective study to understand their associations with lifetime mental health diagnosis, self-harm or suicide attempt, and current low mental wellbeing in a male We - [reported] Prisoner ACE Survey: 84.1% at least one ACE, 45.5% four or more In the Prisoner ACE Survey, 84.1% of participants reported experiencing at least one ACE, with 45.5% reporting exposure to four or more ACEs. Value: 84.1 % (vs. 45.5 % reporting four or more ACEs) Date: 2018-01-01 Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: phwwhocc.co.uk: PHW Prisoner ACE Survey Report E - [reported] Merrick et al. JAMA Pediatrics: 38.45% reported 0 ACEs, 15.81% reported 4+ ACEs In a Merrick et al. JAMA Pediatrics report using multi-state BRFSS data, 38.45% of respondents reported experiencing 0 ACEs; 23.53% reported 1 ACE; 13.38% reported 2 ACEs; 8.83% reported 3 ACEs; and 15.81% reported 4 or more ACEs. Value: 15.81 percent (vs. 38.45 0 ACEs) Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Research (learningcommunityds.org) - [reported] BJS state inmates: abuse by childhood living arrangement (both parents 14.0% M / 54.7% F; foster 43.6% M / 86.7% F) A BJS sidebar table 'Percent of State inmates reporting abuse' gives, by childhood living arrangement: both parents 14.0% male / 54.7% female; one parent 16.4% male / 57.3% female; foster/agency/other 43.6% male / 86.7% female. Value: 43.6 percent (vs. 14.0 percent male with both parents) Tags: demographics,mental_health Sources: Prior Abuse Reported by Inmates and Probationers (NCJ 172879), Harlow CW, Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, April 1999 - [reported] BJS: Living with parents among prisoners 2016 34.8% of state prisoners and 40.4% of federal prisoners lived most of time with both parents; 47.4% of state and 42.4% of federal lived with one parent. Value: 34.8 percent (vs. 40.4 federal prisoners both parents) Date: 2016-01-01 Tags: demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, ppi16 - [reported] Minnesota DOC ACE distribution by sex In the Minnesota Department of Corrections sample of incarcerated women (n=328), 14% had 0 ACEs, 29% had 1 to 3 ACEs, and 57% had 4 or more ACEs. Value: 57.0 % Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: mn.gov: ACEs Discipline Study Final March 2024 tcm1089 615740 - [reported] Welsh male prisoners lifetime mental illness AOR Among male Welsh prisoners, those with ≥4 ACEs had an adjusted odds ratio of 3.96 (CI 2.20-7.11, P Value: 3.96 adjusted odds ratio Tags: mental_health Sources: Adverse childhood experiences: a retrospective study to understand their associations with lifetime mental health diagnosis, self-harm or suicide attempt, and current low mental wellbeing in a male We - [reported] Merrick et al. sample: 61.55% had at least 1 ACE, 24.64% reported 3+ ACEs Of the respondents included in a Merrick et al. JAMA Pediatrics BRFSS sample (51.51% female), 61.55% had at least 1 and 24.64% reported 3 or more ACEs. Value: 61.55 percent (vs. 24.64 3+ ACEs) Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Research (learningcommunityds.org) - [reported] BJS state inmates: parental substance abuse linked to higher abuse rates (29.4% M / 75.7% F vs 10.0% / 45.9%) A BJS sidebar table gives, by whether a parent abused alcohol or drugs while the inmate was growing up: 29.4% of male and 75.7% of female State inmates whose parent abused alcohol or drugs reported abuse, versus 10.0% male and 45.9% female whose parent did not abuse. Value: 29.4 percent (vs. 10.0 percent male with no parental abuse) Tags: demographics,mental_health,drugs Sources: Prior Abuse Reported by Inmates and Probationers (NCJ 172879), Harlow CW, Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, April 1999 - [reported] Minnesota incarcerated males with 4+ ACEs vs CDC-Kaiser In the Minnesota DOC study (Clark & Duwe), forty-six percent of incarcerated males reported experiencing four or more ACEs, compared to 9 percent of males in the CDC-Kaiser sample. Value: 46.0 % (vs. 9 CDC-Kaiser males with 4+ ACEs) Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: mn.gov: ACEs Discipline Study Final March 2024 tcm1089 615740 - [reported] Welsh male prisoners lifetime self-harm AOR Among male Welsh prisoners, those with ≥4 ACEs had an adjusted odds ratio of 10.69 (CI 4.39-26.04, P Value: 10.69 adjusted odds ratio Tags: mental_health,self-harm Sources: Adverse childhood experiences: a retrospective study to understand their associations with lifetime mental health diagnosis, self-harm or suicide attempt, and current low mental wellbeing in a male We - [reported] Wolff & Shi sample: 3,986 males, mean age 33.3 In Wolff & Shi's study, a total of 3,986 males (mean age = 33.3, SD = 10.1) aged 18 or older participated. Value: 3986.0 males Tags: demographics,mental_health Sources: Childhood and Adult Trauma Experiences of Incarcerated Persons and Their Relationship to Adult Behavioral Health Problems and Treatment - PMC - [reported] BJS: Childhood background of parents in state prison 40% of parents in state prison reported living in household receiving public assistance, 14% in foster home/agency/institution, and 43% living with both parents most of time. Value: 40.0 percent (vs. 14 foster home/agency/institution) Tags: demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, pptmc - [reported] Range of childhood traumatic event types in FOTEP sample In Messina & Grella's AJPH study, Table 1 shows the frequencies of 8 types of childhood traumatic events, ranging from 14.5% of women reporting physical neglect to 47.6% reporting witnessing family violence. Value: 14.5 percent (physical neglect) (vs. 47.6 percent (witnessing family violence)) Tags: mental_health,conditions Sources: Childhood Trauma and Women’s Health Outcomes in a California Prison Population | AJPH | Vol. 96 Issue 10 - [reported] Levenson et al. 2016: 48% of incarcerated male sex offenders reported 4+ ACEs The Minnesota DOC report states that in a non-random sample of 679 incarcerated male sex offenders, Levenson and colleagues (2016) found that 48 percent of the sample reported four or more ACEs, and only 16 percent did not report any of the 10 ACEs included in the CDC-Kaiser study. Value: 48.0 % Date: 2016-01-01 Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: mn.gov: ACEs Discipline Study Final March 2024 tcm1089 615740 - [reported] Welsh male prisoners self-harm in prison AOR Among male Welsh prisoners, those with ≥4 ACEs had an adjusted odds ratio of 15.08 (CI 3.54-64.27, P Value: 15.08 adjusted odds ratio Tags: mental_health,self-harm Sources: Adverse childhood experiences: a retrospective study to understand their associations with lifetime mental health diagnosis, self-harm or suicide attempt, and current low mental wellbeing in a male We - [reported] BJS: Childhood background of parents in federal prison 31% of parents in federal prison reported growing up in household receiving public assistance, 7% in foster home/agency/institution. Value: 31.0 percent (vs. 7 foster home/agency/institution) Tags: demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, pptmc - [reported] Messina et al. 2007: >30% of drug-dependent incarcerated adults reported 4+ ACEs The Minnesota DOC report states that Messina et al. (2007) found that more than 30 percent of the drug-dependent incarcerated adults they interviewed reported four or more of the nine ACEs included in their study. Value: 30.0 % Date: 2007-01-01 Tags: drugs,mental_health Sources: mn.gov: ACEs Discipline Study Final March 2024 tcm1089 615740 - [reported] Welsh male prisoners lifetime suicide attempt AOR Among male Welsh prisoners, those with ≥4 ACEs had an adjusted odds ratio of 4.36 (CI 2.22-8.56, P Value: 4.36 adjusted odds ratio Tags: mental_health,suicide Sources: Adverse childhood experiences: a retrospective study to understand their associations with lifetime mental health diagnosis, self-harm or suicide attempt, and current low mental wellbeing in a male We - [reported] BJS: Parental substance abuse among parents in state prison 43% of mothers vs 33% of fathers in state prison reported parents/guardians abused alcohol or drugs during their youth. Value: 43.0 percent (vs. 33 fathers) Tags: drugs,demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, pptmc - [reported] Juvenile offenders' ACE prevalence vs Kaiser population Juvenile offenders in the study sample were four times more likely to report four or more ACEs (50%) than Felitti and Anda's Kaiser Permanente adult population (13%). Value: 50.0 percent (four or more ACEs) (vs. 13 percent (Kaiser population)) Tags: mental_health,conditions,demographics Sources: Ojjdp (ojp.gov) - [reported] Wolff and Shi 2012: 45% of incarcerated men physically assaulted before age 18 The Minnesota DOC report states that Wolff and Shi (2012) found that 45 percent of men incarcerated in an unnamed state's prison system had been physically assaulted prior to the age of 18, and 11 percent had been sexually assaulted. Value: 45.0 % Date: 2012-01-01 Tags: mental_health,violence Sources: mn.gov: ACEs Discipline Study Final March 2024 tcm1089 615740 - [reported] America's Health Rankings: Georgia rank 28, ACE value 15.8% America's Health Rankings lists Georgia with a rank of 28 and a value of 15.8% for its adverse childhood experiences measure. Value: 15.8 percent Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Explore Adverse Childhood Experiences in the United States | AHR - [reported] BJS: Abuse history among parents in state prison 20% of parents in state prison had a history of physical or sexual abuse. Value: 20.0 percent Tags: mental_health Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, pptmc - [reported] Juvenile offenders less likely to report zero ACEs Florida juvenile offenders were 13 times less likely to report zero ACEs (2.8%) than Felitti and Anda's Kaiser Permanente adult population (36%). Value: 2.8 percent (zero ACEs) (vs. 36 percent (Kaiser population)) Tags: mental_health,conditions,demographics Sources: Ojjdp (ojp.gov) - [reported] Female juvenile offenders with 4+ and 5+ ACEs Of the 13,692 females in the Baglivio study with one or more ACE indicators, 63% reported at least four ACEs and 46% reported five or more. Value: 63.0 percent (four or more ACEs) (vs. 46 percent (five or more ACEs)) Tags: mental_health,conditions,demographics Sources: Ojjdp (ojp.gov) - [reported] America's Health Rankings US ACE value 14.1% America's Health Rankings reports a US Value of 14.1% for its adverse childhood experiences measure. Value: 14.1 percent Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Explore Adverse Childhood Experiences in the United States | AHR - [reported] BJS: Parental substance abuse among parents in federal prison 27% of parents in federal prison reported parent/guardian abused alcohol or drugs during youth. Value: 27.0 percent Tags: drugs Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, pptmc - [reported] Male juvenile offenders with 4+ and 5+ ACEs Of the 48,844 males in the Baglivio study who reported at least one ACE indicator, 48% reported four or more and 28% reported five or more. Value: 48.0 percent (four or more ACEs) (vs. 28 percent (five or more ACEs)) Tags: mental_health,conditions,demographics Sources: Ojjdp (ojp.gov) - [reported] Juvenile offenders reporting no ACEs by sex Only 3.1% of males and 1.8% of females in the Baglivio study reported no ACEs. Value: 3.1 percent (males) (vs. 1.8 percent (females)) Tags: mental_health,conditions,demographics Sources: Ojjdp (ojp.gov) - [reported] BJS: Abuse history among parents in state prison by gender and living arrangement 19.9% of all parents in state prison experienced physical/sexual abuse; 16.1% fathers and 59.7% mothers living with children, 15.7% fathers and 72.4% mothers not living with children. Value: 19.9 percent (vs. 72.4 mothers not living with children) Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, pptmc - [reported] Male juvenile offenders with 5+ ACEs Of the males in the Baglivio study, 27.4% reported five or more ACEs. Value: 27.4 percent Tags: mental_health,conditions,demographics Sources: Ojjdp (ojp.gov) - [reported] BJA: Childhood abuse among women with serious mental illness Women with lifetime SMI reported childhood physical abuse 53% vs 32% without SMI, and childhood sexual abuse 60% vs 37%. Value: 53.0 percent (vs. 32 without SMI physical abuse) Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, WomensPathwaysToJail - [reported] Female juvenile offenders with 5+ ACEs 45.1% of the females in the Baglivio study reported five or more ACEs. Value: 45.1 percent Tags: mental_health,conditions,demographics Sources: Ojjdp (ojp.gov) - [reported] BJS: Abuse rates by parental substance abuse among State inmates 29.4% of men and 75.7% of women whose parent abused alcohol/drugs reported prior abuse, vs 10.0% men and 45.9% women whose parent did not. Value: 29.4 percent (vs. 10.0 men without parental substance abuse) Tags: mental_health,drugs Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, parip [7] - [reported] Average composite ACE score by sex in Florida juvenile offenders In Baglivio et al.'s Florida juvenile offender ACE study, the average composite ACE score for females was 4.29 and for males was 3.48 (difference statistically significant). Value: 4.29 average ACE score (females) (vs. 3.48 average ACE score (males)) Tags: mental_health,conditions,demographics Sources: Ojjdp (ojp.gov) METHODOLOGY NOTES (31) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Minnesota DOC ACE assessment pilot scope The Minnesota DOC needs and responsivity assessment used to measure ACEs was piloted in spring 2021; half of approximately 6,700 male incarcerated persons at 10 all-male prisons were randomly selected, and all 400 women at the only all-female facility were invited to participate. Date: 2021-01-01 Tags: mental_health,methodology,demographics Sources: mn.gov: ACEs Discipline Study Final March 2024 tcm1089 615740 - [reported] Georgia ACE module consists of 11 questions, data collected 2016 and 2018 Georgia's ACEs module, administered as part of the Georgia Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, consists of 11 questions, with data collected in 2016 and 2018. Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Preventing (dfcs.georgia.gov) - [reported] Welsh Prisoner ACE Survey sample size and timeframe The Prisoner ACE Survey interviewed 468 adults aged 18-69 in a Welsh prison between February and June 2018, asking about exposure to 11 ACEs in childhood, offending history, and recent involvement in violence. Date: 2018-01-01 Tags: mental_health,methodology,demographics Sources: Understanding the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in a male offender population in Wales: The Prisoner ACE Survey - [reported] AHR ACE measure definition: children 0-17 with 2+ ACEs America's Health Rankings defines its adverse childhood experiences measure as the percentage of children ages 0-17 who have ever experienced two or more of a list of adverse experiences: parental divorce or separation; household with an alcohol or drug problem; household with mental illness; neighborhood violence victim or witness; domestic violence witness; parent served jail time; and related items. Tags: demographics,methodology Sources: Explore Adverse Childhood Experiences in the United States | AHR - [reported] Georgia ACE study used BRFSS data from 8,227 Georgia respondents A study of adverse childhood experiences in Georgia used Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data, with analyses limited to the 8,227 respondents from Georgia. Tags: demographics,methodology Sources: Association of Social Determinants of Health and Health Equity with Adverse Childhood Experiences in Georgia, USA - [reported] Umpunjun meta-analysis included 50 papers and 48,648 participants A systematic review and meta-analysis by Umpunjun, Webb and Morris on the prevalence of types of adverse childhood experiences in incarcerated males included fifty papers with 48,648 participants, primarily from western countries (86%, k=43), with pooled prevalence estimates calculated using random effect models. Tags: mental_health Sources: Prevalence of types of adverse childhood experiences in incarcerated males: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Request PDF - [reported] Morrison et al. sample methodology The Morrison et al. study analyzed a cross-sectional data set from structured interviews in 2015-2016 of a randomly selected sample of 67 men within six to nine months of release from Missouri state prisons, using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and Trauma History Questionnaire, not the ACE questionnaire. Tags: methodology,reentry Sources: What Trauma Looks Like for Incarcerated Men - [reported] Cross-sectional design limitation in incarcerated men trauma study A study of incarcerated men states that its data on trauma and psychopathology are based on a cross-sectional design and that findings indicate associations only, not causal relationships. Tags: mental_health Sources: Childhood and Adult Trauma Experiences of Incarcerated Persons and Their Relationship to Adult Behavioral Health Problems and Treatment - [reported] Northwestern Juvenile Project: Study design Longitudinal study of 1,829 youth ages 10-18 arrested and detained between November 20, 1995, and June 14, 1998, at Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center. Tags: mental_health Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, 239603 - [reported] Georgia added ACE questions to BRFSS in 2016 The MMWR Vital Signs ACE report lists Georgia among the states that added adverse childhood experience questions to BRFSS in 2016 (alongside Arizona, Arkansas, Louisiana, Michigan, New York, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and Utah). Date: 2016-01-01 Tags: methodology,demographics Sources: Vital Signs: Estimated Proportion of Adult Health Problems Attributable to Adverse Childhood Experiences and Implications for Prevention — 25 States, 2015–2017 | MMWR - [reported] Reavis et al. sample description Reavis et al.'s sample consisted of subjects from 4 different offender groups (N = 151) referred for treatment at an outpatient clinic in San Diego, CA, subsequent to conviction in criminal court, who completed the ACE Questionnaire. Tags: methodology,mental_health Sources: Original RESEARCH & CONTRIBUTIONS - [reported] MMWR 2011-2020 ACE analysis excluded 79,797 for missing data, retained 264,882 In the MMWR BRFSS ACE analysis (2011-2020), participants with missing data for any type of ACE were excluded (79,797), leaving 264,882 participants (72.5% of total). Tags: methodology,demographics Sources: Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences Among U.S. Adults — Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2011–2020 | MMWR - [reported] ACE Study questionnaire response rate 70.5% (9,508 of 13,494) The original ACE Study questionnaire was mailed to 13,494 adults who had completed a standardized medical evaluation at a large HMO, and 9,508 (70.5%) responded. Tags: mental_health Sources: Research Article (americanspcc.org) - [reported] ACE Study assessed seven categories of adverse childhood experiences The ACE Study assessed seven categories of adverse childhood experiences: psychological, physical, or sexual abuse, and household dysfunction. Tags: mental_health Sources: Research Article (americanspcc.org) - [reported] NIC report endnote attribution for trauma-history figure An endnote in the NIC-funded women's correctional facilities report attributes a trauma-history figure to Wright et al. 2012 and Bloom, Owen & Covington 2005. Tags: mental_health,conditions Sources: Using Trauma-Informed Practices to Enhance Safety - [reported] CSG Justice Center report cites Green et al. 2005 and Wolff et al. 2014 for trauma prevalence The Council of State Governments Justice Center report's footnotes identify Bonnie L. Green et al.'s 'Trauma Exposure, Mental Health Functioning, and Program Needs of Women in Jail,' Crime & Delinquency 51, no. 1 (2005), as endnote 2, and Nancy Wolff et al.'s 'Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Incarcerated Men,' J Urban Health 91 no. 4 (2014), as endnote 3. Tags: mental_health Sources: August 2022 (csgjusticecenter.org) - [reported] BRFSS ACE module structure The BRFSS optional ACEs module includes 11 questions to determine exposure to eight types of ACEs: physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, witnessing intimate partner violence, household substance abuse, household mental illness, parental separation or divorce, and incarcerated household member. Tags: methodology,mental_health Sources: Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences Among U.S. Adults — Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2011–2020 - PMC - [reported] Hughes et al. meta-analysis exclusion of prison populations Hughes et al.'s Lancet Public Health systematic review and meta-analysis of multiple adverse childhood experiences excluded studies based on high-risk populations such as the homeless or those in prison because of often few individuals with low ACE exposure in such populations. Tags: methodology,mental_health Sources: Articles (researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk) - [reported] ACEs-recidivism meta-analysis heterogeneity: I-squared 84.79%, 70% between-study A meta-analysis of studies on ACEs and juvenile recidivism found heterogeneity across the pooled effect sizes, with approximately 70.0% of heterogeneity attributable to differences between studies and a total I-squared of 84.79%. Tags: reentry,mental_health Sources: Review Manuscripts (prohic.nl) - [reported] ACEs assessed using 10-item Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire ACEs were assessed using the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (Felitti et al., 1998), the 10-item measure requiring dichotomous yes/no responses. Tags: mental_health Sources: Adverse Childhood Experiences and Mental Health among Incarcerated Women: Self-Esteem as a Mediating Mechanism - PMC - [reported] Astridge et al. meta-analysis included 31 studies and 423,972 participants Astridge et al.'s systematic review and meta-analysis of ACEs in youth offenders was based on 31 studies with a combined sample size of 423,972 participants. Tags: mental_health Sources: (PDF) A systematic review and meta-analysis on adverse childhood experiences: Prevalence in youth offenders and their effects on youth recidivism - [reported] Welsh prison ACE study measurement tools The Welsh prison ACE study used the CDC short ACE tool and the WHO Short Child Maltreatment Questionnaire to measure exposure to 11 categories of adverse childhood experience before age 18. Tags: methodology,mental_health Sources: Adverse childhood experiences: a retrospective study to understand their associations with lifetime mental health diagnosis, self-harm or suicide attempt, and current low mental wellbeing in a male We - [reported] Prisoner ACE Survey final analytic sample: 468 In the Prisoner ACE Survey, the final sample size for analysis was 468, after two individuals were removed due to missing ACE data. Date: 2018-01-01 Tags: mental_health Sources: phwwhocc.co.uk: PHW Prisoner ACE Survey Report E - [reported] ACE study sample more socially integrated than criminal justice population In Messina & Grella's AJPH study, the authors note that ACE studies were conducted with individuals from a large HMO, and that sample comprised individuals more socially integrated than people in the criminal justice system. Tags: mental_health,conditions Sources: Childhood Trauma and Women’s Health Outcomes in a California Prison Population | AJPH | Vol. 96 Issue 10 - [reported] Wolff & Shi study setting: 10 northeast U.S. men's prisons housing ~24,000 In Wolff & Shi's study, the study population was drawn from 10 adult prisons for men operated by a State Department of Corrections in the northeast United States, a system housing approximately 24,000 men in a dozen maximum, medium, and minimum security prisons. Tags: facilities,demographics Sources: Childhood and Adult Trauma Experiences of Incarcerated Persons and Their Relationship to Adult Behavioral Health Problems and Treatment - PMC - [reported] BJS definition of 'while growing up' BJS defines 'while growing up' in Survey of Prison Inmates family-background items as when prisoners were younger than 18. Tags: methodology Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, ppi16 - [reported] ACE measurement instrument in Messina & Grella In Messina & Grella's AJPH study, indicators of childhood traumatic events were based on self-reports of events before the age of 16 years using items from the Life Stressor Checklist-Revised (LSC-R). Tags: mental_health,conditions Sources: Childhood Trauma and Women’s Health Outcomes in a California Prison Population | AJPH | Vol. 96 Issue 10 - [reported] Merrick et al. JAMA Pediatrics study objective and data period This JAMA Pediatrics study's objective was to provide an updated prevalence estimate of adverse childhood experiences in the United States using a sample of adults in 23 states, with data collected through BRFSS from January 1, 2011, through December 31, 2014. Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Research (learningcommunityds.org) - [reported] FOTEP evaluation sample composition The FOTEP evaluation in Messina & Grella's AJPH study included a convenience sample of 500 women eligible for FOTEP participation on parole from 5 California prisons. Tags: mental_health,conditions,demographics Sources: Childhood Trauma and Women’s Health Outcomes in a California Prison Population | AJPH | Vol. 96 Issue 10 - [reported] PACT assessment tool description The PACT (Positive Achievement Change Tool) is a fourth-generation actuarial risk/needs assessment designed to assess a youth's overall risk to reoffend, used by Baglivio et al. to construct ACE composite scores in a juvenile justice population. Tags: mental_health,conditions Sources: Ojjdp (ojp.gov) - [reported] Baglivio study sample size and period Baglivio et al.'s Florida DJJ study assessed 64,329 unduplicated juvenile offenders with the PACT Full Assessment who turned 18 between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2012. Tags: mental_health,conditions,demographics Sources: Ojjdp (ojp.gov) FINDINGS (16) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Violent offenders ACE rate four times general population A study using the ACE Questionnaire found that a sample of violent offenders experienced childhood adversity, on average, at four times the rate of the general population (Reavis, 2013). Date: 2013-01-01 Tags: mental_health,violence Sources: What Trauma Looks Like for Incarcerated Men - [reported] Sexual abuse most studied ACE but lowest pooled prevalence (12%) in incarcerated males In the Umpunjun, Webb and Morris meta-analysis of ACEs in incarcerated males, sexual abuse was the most frequently studied ACE (80%) yet had the lowest pooled prevalence estimate (12%, 95% CI 8-16%), while emotional neglect had the highest pooled prevalence estimate (38%, 95% CI 28-50%), followed by intimate partner violence (36%, 95% CI 28-44%) and parental separation (36%, 95% CI 24). Tags: mental_health,conditions Sources: Prevalence of types of adverse childhood experiences in incarcerated males: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Request PDF - [reported] 62-87% of incarcerated adult males experienced trauma prior to incarceration Prior studies found that between 62-87% of incarcerated adult males have experienced trauma exposure at some point in their lifetime, prior to incarceration (Pettus-Davis, 2014; Wolff et al., 2014). Date: 2014-01-01 Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: What Trauma Looks Like for Incarcerated Men - [reported] Georgia DPH/Georgia Essentials for Childhood headline: 3 in 5 Georgians reported at least one ACE A Georgia Department of Public Health / Georgia Essentials for Childhood report headlines that 3 in 5 Georgians reported at least one ACE. Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Preventing (dfcs.georgia.gov) - [reported] Welsh prisoners with 4+ ACEs 4x more likely to have served in a YOI Prisoners with 4 or more ACEs were 4 times more likely to have ever served a sentence in a young offender institution (YOI) than those with no ACEs. Date: 2018-01-01 Tags: mental_health,reentry Sources: Understanding the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in a male offender population in Wales: The Prisoner ACE Survey - [reported] Florida study of 64,000 adjudicated juvenile offenders links ACEs to chronic offending In a study of 64,000 adjudicated juvenile offenders in Florida, increased exposure to multiple Adverse Childhood Experiences distinguished early-onset and chronic offending from other patterns of offending, net of several controls across demographic, individual risk, familial risk, and personal history domains. Tags: mental_health,violence Sources: Trauma changes everything: Examining the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and serious, violent and chronic juvenile offenders - ScienceDirect - [reported] Nearly 100% of incarcerated people have experienced potentially traumatic events (ISTSS) The ISTSS fact sheet 'Incarceration and Traumatic Stress' states that because so many global studies have shown that nearly 100% of people who are incarcerated have experienced potentially traumatic events, clinicians working in carceral settings can safely assume their clients have experienced trauma. Tags: mental_health Sources: Incarceration and Traumatic Stress - [reported] Universal trauma exposure among incarcerated men Wolff, Huening, Shi & Frueh concluded that trauma was a universal experience among incarcerated men in their study, with virtually all participants reporting at least one lifetime traumatic event that was directly violent and involved injury or shock. Tags: mental_health,conditions Sources: (PDF) Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Incarcerated Men - [reported] More than half of offenders in Pessoa & Almeida review reported at least one ACE Pessoa and Almeida's systematic review found that more than half of study participants reported experiencing at least one ACE. Date: 2026-01-01 Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: The Link Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Mental Health in Offenders: A Systematic Review - Telma M. G. Pessoa, Telma Catarina Almeida, 2026, 00111287241242478 [1] - [reported] Yannon et al. meta-analysis scope: ACEs and recidivism A meta-analysis by Yannon et al. quantitatively synthesizes existing literature to investigate the relationship between aggregations of ACEs and recidivism among court-involved youth and adults. Date: 2024-01-01 Tags: reentry,mental_health Sources: Cumulative Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Recidivism: A Meta-Analysis - Miranda G. Yannon, Romain Decrop, Mytien Le, Sam Beery, Carolyn J. Tompsett, 2024 - [reported] Tentative small-magnitude link between childhood abuse and reoffending A systematic review of childhood physical and sexual abuse as a predictor of reoffending found a tentative suggestion that childhood physical and sexual abuse are related to increases in the odds of reoffending, although of a small magnitude. Tags: reentry Sources: Doctor of Philosophy - [reported] Trauma history rates among women inmates as high as 90% An NIC-funded report on women's correctional facilities states that some studies note rates of trauma histories among women inmates as high as 90%. Tags: mental_health,conditions,demographics Sources: Using Trauma-Informed Practices to Enhance Safety - [reported] Majority of studies found only small-magnitude trauma-reoffending associations In the Dalsklev et al. systematic review of studies predicting reoffending, the majority (n=9) of included studies found only associations of small magnitude between childhood trauma and reoffending, regardless of statistical significance. Tags: reentry Sources: Doctor of Philosophy - [reported] Combined U.S./Wales data: ACE prevalence among incarcerated adults California Surgeon General's justice sector brief states that combined data from the United States and Wales suggest that more than 90% of incarcerated adults have experienced at least one ACE and almost 50% have experienced four or more. Tags: mental_health,conditions Sources: osg.ca.gov: CA OSG Report Justice Sector Brief 12092020 - [reported] FOTEP women had greater ACE exposure than HMO sample In Messina & Grella's AJPH study, the FOTEP sample of drug-dependent female offenders had considerably greater overall exposure to childhood adverse events compared with the HMO sample of women from the ACE studies. Tags: mental_health,conditions,demographics Sources: Childhood Trauma and Women’s Health Outcomes in a California Prison Population | AJPH | Vol. 96 Issue 10 - [reported] CDC lists Georgia collecting BRFSS ACE data in 2016, 2018, and 2020 CDC's own list of states collecting BRFSS ACE data by year shows Georgia among the states collecting in 2016, 2018, and 2020. Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System ACE Data |Violence Prevention|Injury Center|CDC TRENDS (2) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Georgia BRFSS 4+ ACEs rose from 13.2% (2016) to 23.1% (2023) The percentage of Georgia BRFSS respondents reporting 4 or more Adverse Childhood Experiences rose across four survey years: 13.2% in 2016, 14.3% in 2018, 18.0% in 2020, and 23.1% in 2023. Tags: demographics,mental_health,trend Sources: Essentials for Childhood: Preventing Adverse Childhood Experiences Through Data to Action | Emory University | Atlanta GA - [reported] Georgia BRFSS: lived with someone who had been to prison rose 4.8% (2016) to 8.7% (2023) The share of Georgia BRFSS respondents who reported having lived with someone who had been to prison rose from 4.8% in 2016 to 8.7% in 2023 (5.6% in 2018, 7.4% in 2020). Tags: demographics,reentry,trend Sources: Essentials for Childhood: Preventing Adverse Childhood Experiences Through Data to Action | Emory University | Atlanta GA POLICYS (15) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] GDC PREA SOP 208.06 requires sexual victim/aggressor screening within 24 hours and 30 days GDC's PREA policy (SOP 208.06) requires that all offenders be assessed during intake screening and upon transfer for risk of being sexually abused by or sexually abusive toward other offenders, using a Sexual Victim/Sexual Aggressor Classification Screening Instrument within 24 hours of arrival and again within 30 days of arrival, conducted by counseling staff in SCRIBE. Tags: policy,legal,operations,facilities Sources: Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 208.06, Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) Sexually Abusive Behavior Prevention and Intervention Program (passage checked against GPS's copy) - [confirmed] GDC SOP 507.04.19 requires sexual abuse history screening at intake GDC's SOP 507.04.19 "Receiving Screening" requires screening to include a history of sexual abuse, indicating whether there is a history of previous sexual victimization and whether it occurred in an institution or community setting. Tags: policy,mental_health,medical Sources: Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 507.04.19, Receiving Screening (passage checked against GPS's copy) - [confirmed] GDC SOP 507.04.19 requires referral to Medical/Mental Health within 14 days for sexual abuse trauma GDC SOP 507.04.19 (Receiving Screening) requires the receiving health screening to include a history of sexual abuse, indicating whether there is a history of previous sexual victimization and whether it occurred in an institution or community setting, with referral to Medical or Mental Health within fourteen days of intake if there is an indication of trauma related to sexual abuse. Tags: policy,mental_health,medical Sources: Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 507.04.19, Receiving Screening (passage checked against GPS's copy) - [reported] DJJ screens youth within two hours of admission for trauma and suicide risk Georgia DJJ's mental health programming page states that within two hours of admission to a DJJ facility, each youth is screened for mental health issues, traumatic experiences, substance use, and suicide/self-harm risk. Tags: policy,mental_health Sources: Mental Health Programming | Department of Juvenile Justice - [reported] DJJ mental health assessments use MAYSI-2, CAFAS, GAIN-SS Georgia DJJ's presentation states that comprehensive mental health assessments for youth in DJJ secure facilities use instruments including the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument, Second Version (MAYSI-2), the Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale (CAFAS), and the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs Short Screener (GAIN-SS). Tags: mental_health,policy,operations Sources: An Overview of Mental Health - [reported] DJJ uses TARGET trauma treatment model in secure facilities DJJ's website describes TARGET (Trauma Affect Regulation: Guide for Education & Treatment) as a group and individual treatment model used in DJJ secure facilities for youth who have experienced multiple traumatic events. Tags: mental_health,policy Sources: Mental Health Programming | Department of Juvenile Justice - [reported] DJJ assesses trauma history with acute/PTSD symptoms Georgia DJJ's presentation on mental health services describes 'trauma history with symptoms of acute- or post-traumatic stress disorder' as one of the clinical areas assessed in secure facilities. Tags: mental_health,policy Sources: An Overview of Mental Health - [confirmed] GDC SOP 508.14 requires mental health screening at intake including history of abuse GDC's "Mental Health Reception Screen" policy requires that during intake all offenders be interviewed and screened for placement on the mental health caseload or further evaluation based on factors including history of abuse as a victim. Tags: policy,mental_health Sources: Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 508.14, Mental Health Reception Screen (passage checked against GPS's copy) - [confirmed] GDC SOP 508.14 intake screening factors include suicidal ideation, attempts, abuse history GDC's Mental Health Reception Screen SOP requires that during intake, all offenders be interviewed and screened for placement on the mental health caseload based on factors including suicidal ideation, recent suicide attempts, and history of abuse as a victim. Tags: policy,mental_health Sources: Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 508.14, Mental Health Reception Screen (passage checked against GPS's copy) - [confirmed] GDC SOP 508.14 requires Mental Health Evaluation within 14 days for abuse history or head trauma GDC's Mental Health Reception Screen SOP requires a Mental Health Evaluation within fourteen calendar days if there is reason to believe the offender needs mental health services because of head trauma, assaultive or violent behavior, a history of abuse as victim, intellectual or neurodevelopmental disorders, physical disabilities, or a special education history. Tags: policy,mental_health Sources: Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 508.14, Mental Health Reception Screen (passage checked against GPS's copy) - [confirmed] GDC SOP 508.17 requires assessment for physical/sexual abuse victimization history at initial screening GDC's "Identification of Offenders with a History of Physical or Sexual Abuse" policy requires that during the initial screening procedure, offenders be assessed for a history of victimization by physical and/or sexual abuse. Tags: policy,mental_health Sources: Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 508.17, Identification of Offenders with a History of Physical or Sexual Abuse (passage checked against GPS's copy) - [confirmed] GDC SOP 508.17 policy to identify, refer, and treat offenders with abuse history GDC's policy on Identification of Offenders with a History of Physical or Sexual Abuse states it is GDC policy to identify, refer and treat offenders who are in need of mental health services due to a sexual or physical abuse history. Tags: policy,mental_health Sources: Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 508.17, Identification of Offenders with a History of Physical or Sexual Abuse (passage checked against GPS's copy) - [confirmed] GDC SOP 508.17 lists childhood abuse, battered spouses, rape victims as treatment program targets GDC's policy on Identification of Offenders with a History of Physical or Sexual Abuse states that mental health treatment programs should include but not be limited to programs for those impacted by childhood physical or sexual abuse, battered spouses, and rape victims. Tags: policy,mental_health Sources: Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 508.17, Identification of Offenders with a History of Physical or Sexual Abuse (passage checked against GPS's copy) - [confirmed] GDC SOP 220.05 requires victimization risk screening within 24 hours of arrival GDC's "Diagnostic Reception, Orientation, and Processing" policy requires counseling staff to conduct a screening for risk of victimization and abusiveness using the Victim/Aggressor Classification Instrument in SCRIBE within 24 hours of arrival at the facility. Tags: policy,mental_health,violence Sources: Georgia Department of Corrections Standard Operating Procedures - [reported] Georgia DJJ probation youth administered MAYSI-2 at first face-to-face contact JJGPS reports that Georgia requires use of a research-based mental health screening tool, and that youth on DJJ probation are administered the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument, 2nd Edition (MAYSI-2), during their first face-to-face contact with DJJ staff. Tags: policy,mental_health Sources: Juvenile justice services - Georgia DATA GAPS (14) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] No trauma match in 2013 Georgia Juvenile Justice Reforms document A search of the 2013 Juvenile Justice Reforms in Georgia document for 'trauma', 'traumatic', and 'trauma-informed' returned no match. Tags: mental_health,policy,legal Sources: 2013 Juvenile Justice Reforms in Georgia - [reported] No ACE match in Georgia DJJ mental health programming page A search of the Georgia Department of Juvenile Justice Mental Health Programming page for 'adverse childhood experiences', 'ACE score', and 'percent of youth' returned no match. Tags: mental_health,policy Sources: Mental Health Programming | Department of Juvenile Justice - [reported] No ACE threshold match in Canadian federal offenders report A search of 'The adverse childhood experiences of Canadian federal offenders' report for 'four or more', 'all four categories', 'two or more ACEs', and 'multiple ACE categories' returned no match. Tags: mental_health Sources: The adverse childhood experiences of Canadian federal offenders: Available information and correctional outcomes - Canada.ca - [reported] No ACE match in DOJ Women's Pathways to Jail A search of the U.S. Department of Justice Women's Pathways to Jail publication for 'four or more ACEs', 'ACE score', 'adverse childhood experiences', and 'cumulative number of childhood' returned no match. Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, WomensPathwaysToJail - [reported] No abuse-term match in BJS mspi16 A search of the U.S. Department of Justice mspi16 publication for 'abuse', 'abused', 'sexual abuse', and 'physical abuse' returned no match. Tags: mental_health,legal Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, mspi16 - [reported] No abuse-term match in BJS ppi16 (first search) A search of the U.S. Department of Justice ppi16 publication for 'physically or sexually abused', 'sexual abuse', 'abused before', and 'prior abuse' returned no match. Tags: mental_health,legal Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, ppi16 - [reported] No abuse-term match in BJS ppi16 (second search) A second search of the U.S. Department of Justice ppi16 publication for 'abused', 'physically or sexually abused', 'sexual abuse', and 'prior abuse' returned no match. Tags: mental_health,legal Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, ppi16 - [reported] No pooled prevalence calculated in systematic review A systematic review of childhood trauma exposure among adult male prison and forensic populations did not calculate pooled prevalence of childhood trauma/ACEs across included studies. Tags: mental_health Sources: stah.org: 1.Petch Umpunjun SYS ACEs Poster - [confirmed] Data gap: no Georgia-specific ACE or trauma prevalence data in document The document compiles international and non-Georgia research on ACEs and trauma among incarcerated populations but contains no Georgia-specific data on ACE prevalence, trauma exposure, or PTSD among people in Georgia prisons, representing a data gap for GPS research. Tags: mental_health,data_gap Sources: Adverse childhood experiences: a retrospective study to understand their associations with lifetime mental health diagnosis, self-harm or suicide attempt, and current low mental wellbeing in a male We - [reported] Data gap: no Georgia adult prison ACE prevalence measurement identified The document compiles Georgia general-population ACE data (BRFSS, NSCH), juvenile-justice trauma indicators (DJJ), and national correctional abuse data (BJS), but identifies no direct ACE prevalence measurement for Georgia's adult prison population. Georgia-specific ACE figures describe the general adult and child populations, not incarcerated adults. Tags: data_gap,mental_health,demographics Sources: Prior Abuse Reported by Inmates and Probationers (NCJ 172879), Harlow CW, Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, April 1999; Essentials for Childhood: Preventing Adverse Childhood Experiences Through Data to Action | Emory University | Atlanta GA - [reported] Data gap: no Georgia-specific ACE prevalence data among prisoners in reviewed literature The reviewed literature contains no Georgia-specific measurement of ACE prevalence among incarcerated populations; all prevalence figures cited are from other U.S. states, Canada, Australia, Norway, or Wales, leaving Georgia's ACE burden among prisoners unmeasured in this compilation. Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: History of Childhood Abuse in Populations Incarcerated in Canada: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - PMC; phwwhocc.co.uk: PHW Prisoner ACE Survey Report E - [reported] Georgia not listed among states in Merrick et al. 2011-2014 BRFSS ACE analysis The Box listing states with BRFSS ACE items included in this JAMA Pediatrics analysis by year (2011-2014) does not list Georgia among the states for 2011, 2012, 2013, or 2014. Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Research (learningcommunityds.org) - [confirmed] No Georgia-specific ACE or trauma prevalence data identified The document contains no Georgia-specific data on adverse childhood experiences or trauma among incarcerated populations, despite the title's reference to 'what Georgia knows.' All cited studies are from Florida, Indiana, Kentucky, and Minnesota. Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Ojjdp (ojp.gov); Working with Justice; Adverse Childhood Experiences and Mental Health among Incarcerated Women: Self-Esteem as a Mediating Mechanism - PMC; mn.gov: ACEs Discipline Study Final March 2024 tcm1089 615740 - [confirmed] No Georgia-specific ACE data in document The document contains no Georgia-specific data on adverse childhood experiences or trauma among incarcerated populations, despite the title referencing 'what Georgia knows.' All data are federal (BJS), California, or Florida. Tags: mental_health,conditions,demographics Sources: Childhood Trauma and Women's Health Outcomes in a California Prison Population, Messina N, Grella C, American Journal of Public Health 96(10):1842-1848, October 2006; U.S. Department of Justice, parip [7]; U.S. Department of Justice, WOPRIS; Using Trauma-Informed Practices to Enhance Safety; Childhood Trauma and Women’s Health Outcomes in a California Prison Population - PMC, PMC1586137 [1]; osg.ca.gov: CA OSG Report Justice Sector Brief 12092020; Childhood Trauma and Women’s Health Outcomes in a California Prison Population | AJPH | Vol. 96 Issue 10; Ojjdp (ojp.gov) LEGAL FACTS (3) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] O.C.G.A. § 15-11-130.1 requires referral of child trafficking victims to trauma-informed services O.C.G.A. § 15-11-130.1 requires that a child suspected of being a victim of sexual exploitation or trafficking be referred to a certified victim assistance organization that provides comprehensive trauma-informed services. Tags: legal,policy,mental_health Sources: Official Code of Georgia Annotated § 15-11-130.1 (GPS's copy of the Code) - [confirmed] O.C.G.A. § 15-1-23 directs CJCC to establish trauma-informed treatment grant program O.C.G.A. § 15-1-23 directs Georgia's Criminal Justice Coordinating Council, subject to appropriations, to establish a grant program for accountability courts serving the mental health and co-occurring substance use disorder population to facilitate implementation of trauma-informed treatment. Tags: legal,policy,mental_health,budget Sources: Official Code of Georgia Annotated § 15-1-23 (GPS's copy of the Code) - [confirmed] Georgia House Resolution declares youth violence a public health epidemic, supports trauma-informed education A Georgia House Resolution (14 LC 105 0030) resolved that the House of Representatives declares youth violence to be a public health epidemic and supports the establishment of statewide trauma-informed education to enable educators and communities to reduce youth violence. Tags: legal,policy,mental_health Sources: 14 LC 105 0030 CASE DETAILS (1) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Athens-Clarke County Jail reentry program uses 10-question ACE Quiz An Atlanta Journal-Constitution article reports that inmates in a reentry program at the Athens-Clarke County Jail take an 'Adverse Childhood Experiences Quiz' in the second week, ten questions about trauma before age 18 including abuse, neglect, and living with addiction or violence. Tags: reentry,mental_health,program Sources: Inmates at Georgia jail face their past while charting a new future DATASETS (16) ---------------------------------------- # Georgia ACE prevalence by individual ACE type (BRFSS 2016/2018) Prevalence of individual adverse childhood experience types among Georgia BRFSS ACE module respondents reporting ACEs. ACE Type Prevalence ------------------------------- Divorce 33 Substance Abuse 25.9 Emotional Abuse 25.2 Domestic Violence 18.6 Physical Abuse 16.3 Mental Illness 15.2 Sexual Abuse 12.9 Incarceration 9.5 # Georgia BRFSS 4+ ACEs prevalence by survey year (2016-2023) Percentage of Georgia BRFSS respondents reporting 4 or more adverse childhood experiences, by survey year, with 95% confidence intervals. Year Percent 4+ ACEs CI Lower CI Upper ------------------------------------------- 2016 13.2 11.9 14.5 2018 14.3 13.2 15.5 2020 18 16.8 19.2 2023 23.1 21.7 24.5 # Minnesota DOC ACE prevalence by sex Distribution of ACE counts among incarcerated persons in the Minnesota DOC sample, by sex. ACE Category Full Sample (n=2,011) Full Sample % Males (n=1,683) Males % Females (n=328) Females % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 ACEs 298 15 253 15 45 14 1 to 3 ACEs 744 37 650 39 94 29 4+ ACEs 969 48 780 46 192 57 # Reavis et al. ACE score distribution: offenders vs CDC/Felitti normative sample Comparison of ACE score percentages between 151 male offenders and the CDC/Felitti male normative sample (N=7,970). ACE Score Offenders (%) Normative Sample (%) ------------------------------------------------ 0 9.3 38 4+ 48.3 12.5 # ACE distribution in Welsh Prisoner ACE Survey Distribution of adverse childhood experience counts among adults in a Welsh prison ACE Count Percentage ---------------------------- 0 ACEs 16 1 ACE 18 2-3 ACEs 21 4 or more ACEs 46 # Welsh Prisoner ACE Survey: distribution of ACE counts among prisoners Distribution of adverse childhood experience (ACE) counts reported by 468 adults in a Welsh prison, February-June 2018. ACE count category Percent of prisoners ------------------------------------------ 0 ACEs 16 1 ACE 18 2-3 ACEs 21 4 or more ACEs 46 # National ACE count distribution (Merrick et al., JAMA Pediatrics, BRFSS 2011-2014) Distribution of number of ACEs reported among 214,157 respondents in a 23-state BRFSS sample. Number of ACEs Percent ------------------------- 0 ACEs 38.45 1 ACE 23.53 2 ACEs 13.38 3 ACEs 8.83 4+ ACEs 15.81 # Georgia BRFSS: lived with someone who had been to prison, by survey year Percentage of Georgia BRFSS respondents reporting having lived with someone who had been to prison, by survey year, with 95% confidence intervals. Year Percent CI Lower CI Upper ----------------------------------- 2016 4.8 4.1 5.7 2018 5.6 4.9 6.3 2020 7.4 6.6 8.2 2023 8.7 7.7 9.8 # BJS 1991 Survey of State Prison Inmates: prior abuse by sex Percentages of State prison inmates reporting prior physical or sexual abuse, by sex and timing, from the 1991 BJS Survey of State Prison Inmates. Abuse category Total percent Female percent Male percent ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Physically abused 11.3 33.5 10 Sexually abused 6.8 33.9 5.3 Ever abused before incarceration 13.9 43.2 12.2 Abuse before age 18 11.9 31.7 10.7 Abuse after age 18 4.2 24.5 3 # Welsh male prisoners ACE prevalence and outcomes Prevalence of ACEs and associated outcomes among male prisoners at HMP Parc, Wales. ACE Category Prevalence (%) ---------------------------------- At least one ACE 84.2 4 or more ACEs 45.5 # ACE distribution in original CDC-Kaiser ACE Study (N=8,056) Distribution of number of adverse childhood experience categories among all participants in the Felitti et al. ACE Study ACE Categories Percentage ---------------------------- 0 49.5 1 24.9 2 12.5 3 6.9 4 6.2 # DJJ secure facility mental health diagnoses by percentage (FY2024) Diagnosis percentages from DJJ Office of Behavioral Health Services for Secure Facilities, FY2024 Annual Report. Diagnosis Percentage ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders 70 Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders 56 Neurodevelopmental Disorders 53 Depressive Disorders 42 Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention 39 Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders 39 # BJS prior abuse of correctional populations by sex Percent of correctional populations reporting abuse ever before admission and before age 18, by sex, from BJS report table. Population Ever Abused Total Ever Abused Male Ever Abused Female Before 18 Male Before 18 Female ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- State prison inmates 18.7 16.1 57.2 14.4 36.7 Federal prison inmates 9.5 7.2 39.9 5.8 23 Jail inmates 16.4 12.9 47.6 11.9 36.6 Probationers 15.7 9.3 40.4 8.8 28.2 # Welsh male prisoners adjusted odds ratios for outcomes by ACE count (≥4 vs none) Adjusted odds ratios for various outcomes among male Welsh prisoners with ≥4 ACEs compared to those with no ACEs. Outcome Adjusted Odds Ratio 95% CI Lower 95% CI Upper P-value ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Lifetime mental illness diagnosis 3.96 2.2 7.11 <0.001 Lifetime self-harm 10.69 4.39 26.04 <0.001 Lifetime self-harm in prison 15.08 3.54 64.27 <0.001 Lifetime suicide attempt 4.36 2.22 8.56 <0.001 Lifetime suicide attempt in prison 7.98 1.85 34.42 0.005 # BJS state inmates reporting abuse by childhood living arrangement Percent of State inmates reporting abuse, by whether they lived with both parents, one parent, or in foster/agency/other care while growing up, by sex. Living Arrangement Male Female ----------------------------------- Both parents 14 54.7 One parent 16.4 57.3 Foster/agency/other 43.6 86.7 # BJS state inmates reporting abuse by parental alcohol/drug abuse Percent of State inmates reporting abuse, by whether a parent abused alcohol or drugs while the inmate was growing up, by sex. Parental Substance Abuse Male Female ---------------------------------------------- Parent abused alcohol or drugs 29.4 75.7 Parent did not abuse 10 45.9 KEY ENTITIES (54) ---------------------------------------- - America's Health Rankings [organization]: Organization publishing state rankings on health measures including adverse childhood experiences. (aka: AHR) - Astridge et al. meta-analysis [case]: Systematic review and meta-analysis of ACE prevalence in youth offenders, 31 studies, 423,972 participants (aka: A systematic review and meta-analysis on adverse childhood experiences: Prevalence in youth offenders) - Athens-Clarke County Jail [facility]: Georgia county jail operating a reentry program that administers an Adverse Childhood Experiences Quiz. - Baglivio et al. Florida juvenile offender ACE study [case]: Study of adverse childhood experiences among Florida juvenile offenders, reporting ACE prevalence by sex. - Bangor University [organization]: University co-conducting the Prisoner ACE Survey with Public Health Wales. - Bedford Hills Correctional Facility [facility]: Correctional facility in New York served by the South Forty Corporation family service project. (aka: Bedford Hills) - Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System [organization]: State-based telephone survey system that includes an optional ACE module; Georgia fielded it in 2016, 2018, 2020, and 2023. (aka: BRFSS) - Bureau of Justice Assistance [organization]: Federal agency within DOJ that assumed responsibility for DCRA data collection from BJS around 2019, after which data quality and transparency deteriorated significantly. (aka: BJA) - Bureau of Justice Statistics [organization]: Federal statistical agency within DOJ that collected and published mortality in correctional institutions data from approximately 2000 until 2019. (aka: BJS) - California Office of the Surgeon General [organization]: California agency that published a justice sector brief on ACEs among incarcerated adults. (aka: CA OSG) - CDC [organization]: Federal public health agency whose data documents incarcerated people are 6 times more likely to contract foodborne illness than the general public. (aka: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) - Childhood maltreatment and suicide attempts in prisoners meta-analytic review [case]: Systematic meta-analytic review of associations between childhood maltreatment types and suicide attempts in prisoners - Clark and Duwe Minnesota DOC study [case]: Study of ACE prevalence and institutional misconduct among adults in Minnesota prisons, with a sample of 2,100. (aka: Sex Differences in the Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Institutional Misconduct among Adults in Prison) - Compassion Prison Project [organization]: Advocacy organization whose website states 98% of the prison population has at least one ACE, attributing the figure to itself rather than an external peer-reviewed study. - Correctional Service of Canada [organization]: Canadian federal corrections agency (aka: CSC) - Council of State Governments Justice Center [organization]: Organization that documented Georgia's justice reinvestment approach under Governor Deal (aka: CSG Justice Center) - Criminal Justice Coordinating Council [organization]: Georgia state agency administering the Crime Victims Compensation Program (aka: CJCC) - Dierkhising et al. study [case]: Study from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network on trauma histories among justice-involved youth (aka: Trauma histories among justice-involved youth) - Emory University Injury Prevention Research Center [organization]: Emory University center publishing Georgia BRFSS ACE data through its Essentials for Childhood initiative. (aka: Emory IPRCE) - Felitti et al. CDC-Kaiser ACE Study [case]: Original study on adverse childhood experiences and household dysfunction, published 1998 (aka: Adverse Childhood Experiences Study, ACE Study) - Female Offender Treatment and Employment Program [program]: California parole program for drug-dependent female offenders; evaluated in Messina & Grella's study of childhood trauma and health outcomes. (aka: FOTEP) - Florida Department of Juvenile Justice [organization]: State agency whose juvenile offender data were analyzed by Baglivio et al. for ACE prevalence. (aka: Florida DJJ) - Fortune Society [organization]: Organization whose media-center post (reprinted from the Montecito Journal) states 98% of people in prison have at least one ACE and 78% have at least four, without citation. - Fox et al. Florida DJJ study [case]: Study analyzing ACE and risk-factor data on 22,575 delinquent youth referred to the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice, comparing SVC and O&D offenders. (aka: Trauma changes everything) - GDC SOP 208.06 [organization]: GDC standard operating procedure requiring sexual victim/aggressor risk screening at intake and transfer. (aka: PREA Sexually Abusive Behavior Prevention and Intervention Program) - Georgia [organization]: U.S. state that is the subject of this criminal justice data compilation (aka: State of Georgia) - Georgia Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System [program]: State-level surveillance system that included an 11-question ACE module in 2016 and 2018. (aka: GA-BRFSS, BRFSS) - Georgia Criminal Justice Coordinating Council [organization]: State council engaged by the Parole Board as a law enforcement partner during FY2023. - Georgia Department of Corrections [organization]: State agency responsible for operating Georgia's prison system. Subject of federal DOJ investigation in 2022-2023 for constitutional violations including food-related deaths. (aka: GDC) - Georgia Department of Juvenile Justice [organization]: Georgia state agency responsible for juvenile corrections, received portion of VOI/TIS grant funds for bed construction. (aka: DJJ) - Georgia Department of Public Health [organization]: State agency providing drug overdose surveillance data including statewide overdose statistics. (aka: DPH) - Georgia House Resolution 14 LC 105 0030 [legislation]: Georgia House resolution declaring youth violence a public health epidemic and supporting statewide trauma-informed education. - HMP Parc [facility]: Prison in Wales where a study on ACEs among male prisoners was conducted. - ISTSS fact sheet [organization]: Fact sheet 'Incarceration and Traumatic Stress' summarizing global trauma and PTSD prevalence among incarcerated populations (aka: International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies) - JJGPS (Juvenile Justice Geography, Policy, Practice & Statistics) [organization]: Resource reporting on juvenile justice policies and practices by state, including Georgia's mental health screening requirements. (aka: JJGPS) - Kentucky incarcerated women OUD study [case]: Study of 500 incarcerated women with opioid use disorder in eight Kentucky jails, measuring ACEs and mental health. (aka: Adverse Childhood Experiences and Mental Health among Incarcerated Women: Self-Esteem as a Mediating Mechanism) - MAYSI-2 (Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument, 2nd Edition) [program]: Research-based mental health screening tool administered to youth on DJJ probation at first face-to-face contact. (aka: MAYSI-2) - Merrick et al. JAMA Pediatrics ACE study [case]: JAMA Pediatrics study providing updated national ACE prevalence estimates using 23-state BRFSS data from 2011-2014. (aka: Merrick et al.) - Minnesota Department of Corrections [organization]: One of three prison systems that explicitly permit incarcerated representatives on welfare fund governing boards. (aka: Minnesota) - Missouri state prisons [facility]: State prison system in Missouri, source of a sample of 67 men for a trauma study. - National Institute of Corrections [organization]: Federal agency that provides classification resources and standards; states the primary goal of classification is managing inmate risk and ensuring safety. (aka: NIC) - National Survey of Children's Health [organization]: National survey of children's health that includes adverse childhood experience measures. (aka: NSCH) - Northwestern Juvenile Project [case]: Longitudinal study of 1,829 youth detained at Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center (aka: NJP) - O.C.G.A. § 15-1-23 [legislation]: Georgia statute directing the Criminal Justice Coordinating Council to establish a grant program for accountability courts serving mental health and co-occurring substance use disorder populations to implement trauma-informed treatment. - O.C.G.A. § 15-11-130.1 [legislation]: Georgia statute requiring referral of children suspected of sexual exploitation or trafficking to certified victim assistance organizations providing trauma-informed services. - Prison Rape Elimination Act [legislation]: Federal law requiring zero tolerance for sexual abuse and sexual harassment in prisons and mandating specific classification screening to protect vulnerable populations. (aka: PREA, 28 C.F.R. Part 115) - Prisoner ACE Survey [program]: Survey of 468 adults aged 18-69 in a Welsh prison (February-June 2018) measuring exposure to 11 adverse childhood experiences, offending history, and recent violence involvement. (aka: Welsh Prisoner ACE Survey) - Public Health Wales [organization]: Welsh public health body that, with Bangor University, conducted the Prisoner ACE Survey (Ford et al.) in a Welsh prison in 2018. (aka: PHW) - Seeking Safety [program]: Present-focused treatment program for co-occurring trauma/PTSD and substance abuse developed by Lisa Najavits, Ph.D., with 25 topics in four content areas - Target [organization]: Retail chain used as pricing benchmark. Dealworthy brand 2-pack toothbrushes at $0.94 ($0.47/brush). - U.S. Department of Justice [organization]: Federal agency that published October 2024 findings report on unconstitutional conditions in Georgia prisons. (aka: DOJ) - Umpunjun, Webb and Morris meta-analysis [case]: Systematic review and meta-analysis of ACE prevalence in incarcerated males, 50 papers, 48,648 participants (aka: Prevalence of types of adverse childhood experiences in incarcerated males) - Urban Institute [organization]: Research organization that evaluated the VOI/TIS grant program (Sabol et al. 2002) and published 'Stemming the Tide' (2013) on federal prison system costs. - Victim/Aggressor Classification Instrument [program]: Screening tool used by GDC counseling staff in SCRIBE within 24 hours of arrival to assess risk of victimization and abusiveness. SOURCES (107) ---------------------------------------- - "A Scoping Review Examining the Effectiveness of Trauma Interventions i" by Faith Hughes, Thomas Jefferson University by Faith Hughes [academic, tertiary] URL: https://jdc.jefferson.edu/mphcapstone_presentation/499/ - (PDF) A systematic review and meta-analysis on adverse childhood experiences: Prevalence in youth offenders and their effects on youth recidivism, ResearchGate by Astridge et al. [academic, primary] URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370550404_A_systematic_review_and_meta-analysis_on_adverse_childhood_experiences_Prevalence_in_youth_offenders_and_their_effects_on_youth_recidivism - (PDF) Trauma changes everything: Examining the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and serious, violent and chronic juvenile offenders, ResearchGate [academic, primary] URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272524055_Trauma_changes_everything_Examining_the_relationship_between_adverse_childhood_experiences_and_serious_violent_and_chronic_juvenile_offenders - (PDF) Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Incarcerated Men, ResearchGate by Wolff, Huening, Shi & Frueh [academic, primary] URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262695027_Trauma_Exposure_and_Posttraumatic_Stress_Disorder_among_Incarcerated_Men - 14 LC 105 0030, Georgia General Assembly (2014-01-01) [legislation, primary] URL: https://www.legis.ga.gov/api/legislation/document/20132014/137783 - 2013 Juvenile Justice Reforms in Georgia, Georgia Criminal Justice Coordinating Council (2013-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://cjcc.georgia.gov/document/2013-juvenile-justice-reforms-georgia/download - About the CDC-Kaiser ACE Study |Violence Prevention|Injury Center|CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/about.html - ACE Scores, Crime, and a Place for Everybody? | The Fortune Society, Fortune Society (reprinted from Montecito Journal) [press_release, tertiary] URL: https://fortunesociety.org/media_center/ace-scores-crime-and-a-place-for-everybody/ - Addressing the Mental Health Needs of Women Offenders, Prison Policy Initiative (scan) [official_report, secondary] URL: https://www.prisonpolicy.org/scans/FinalAddressingtheMentalHealthNeeds.pdf - Adults’ exposure to adverse childhood experiences in the United States nationwide and in each state: modeled estimates from 2019-2020 - PMC, PubMed Central [academic, primary] URL: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11848652/ - Adverse and Positive Childhood Experiences and Emotional Regulation Difficulties in a Sample of Incarcerated Men - PMC, PMC [academic, primary] URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12190019/ - Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), Public Health Wales [official_report, primary] URL: https://phwwhocc.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/PHW-Prisoner-ACE-Survey-Infographic_ENG.pdf - Adverse childhood experiences among women prisoners: Relationships to suicide attempts and drug abuse, ResearchGate (International Journal of Social Psychiatry) by Friestad, Rustad & Kjelsberg [academic, primary] URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232223508_Adverse_childhood_experiences_among_women_prisoners_Relationships_to_suicide_attempts_and_drug_abuse - Adverse childhood experiences among women prisoners: Relationships to suicide attempts and drug abuse - Christine Friestad, Rustad Åse-Bente, Ellen Kjelsberg, 2014, SAGE Journals by Christine Friestad, Rustad Åse-Bente, Ellen Kjelsberg (2014-01-01) [academic, primary] URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764012461235 - Adverse Childhood Experiences and Mental Health among Incarcerated Women: Self-Esteem as a Mediating Mechanism - PMC, PubMed Central [academic, primary] URL: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10841516/ - Adverse Childhood Experiences in relation to drug and alcohol use in the 30 days prior to incarceration in a county jail - PMC, PMC [academic, primary] URL: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8568314/ - Adverse childhood experiences: a retrospective study to understand their associations with lifetime mental health diagnosis, self-harm or suicide attempt, and current low mental wellbeing in a male We, PMC [academic, primary] URL: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7291757/ - Adversity, Mental Health, and Substance Use Disorders As Predictors and Mediators of Rule Violations in U.S. Prisons - Pmc, PMC [academic, primary] URL: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7039660 - An Overview of Mental Health, Georgia Department of Juvenile Justice / Georgia Courts (2023-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://juveniledata.georgiacourts.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Using-DJJ-Youth-Risk-and-Needs-Data-Webinar-Presentation.pdf - Articles (researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk), Liverpool John Moores University by Hughes et al. [academic, primary] URL: https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/7161/1/1-s2.0-S2468266717301184-main.pdf - Association of Social Determinants of Health and Health Equity with Adverse Childhood Experiences in Georgia, USA, Healthcare (MDPI) (2026-01-01) [academic, primary] URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14050667 - Associations among psychological distress, adverse childhood experiences, social support, and resilience in incarcerate men | Bloustein Center for Survey Research, Rutgers Bloustein Center for Survey Research by Wolff, Caravaca Sánchez [academic, primary] URL: https://bcsr.rutgers.edu/publications/associations-among-psychological-distress-adverse-childhood-experiences-social-support-and-resilience-in-incarcerate-men/ - August 2022 (csgjusticecenter.org), Council of State Governments Justice Center (2022-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://csgjusticecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/CSGJC_Trauma-Informed-Care-Across-the-Sequential-Intercept-Model-AUG2022.pdf - Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System ACE Data |Violence Prevention|Injury Center|CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [data_portal, primary] URL: https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/ace-brfss.html - Child Abuse & Neglect 140 (2023) 106055, Child Abuse & Neglect by Astridge, Li, McDermott & Longhitano (2023-01-01) [academic, secondary] URL: https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/78660/1/Astridge%20Li%20et%20al.%202023%20Systematic%20review%20and%20meta-analysis%20on%20ACE%20and%20youth%20recidivism.pdf - Childhood and Adult Trauma Experiences of Incarcerated Persons and Their Relationship to Adult Behavioral Health Problems and Treatment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (MDPI) [academic, primary] URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/9/5/1908 - Childhood and Adult Trauma Experiences of Incarcerated Persons and Their Relationship to Adult Behavioral Health Problems and Treatment - PMC, PubMed Central by Wolff & Shi [academic, primary] URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3386595/ - Childhood maltreatment and suicide attempts in prisoners: a systematic meta-analytic review - PMC, PMC [academic, primary] URL: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6945324/ - Childhood Trauma and Women's Health Outcomes in a California Prison Population, Messina N, Grella C, American Journal of Public Health 96(10):1842-1848, October 2006, American Journal of Public Health by Messina N, Grella C (2006-10-01) [academic, primary] URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1586137/ - Childhood Trauma and Women’s Health Outcomes in a California Prison Population - PMC, PMC1586137 [1], American Journal of Public Health by Messina & Grella [academic, primary] URL: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1586137/ - Childhood Trauma and Women’s Health Outcomes in a California Prison Population | AJPH | Vol. 96 Issue 10, American Journal of Public Health by Messina & Grella [academic, primary] URL: https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.2005.082016 - Childhood Trauma Statistics - Compassion Prison Project, Compassion Prison Project [press_release, tertiary] URL: https://compassionprisonproject.org/childhood-trauma-statistics/ - Cumulative Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Recidivism: A Meta-Analysis - Miranda G. Yannon, Romain Decrop, Mytien Le, Sam Beery, Carolyn J. Tompsett, 2024, SAGE Journals by Miranda G. Yannon, Romain Decrop, Mytien Le, Sam Beery, Carolyn J. Tompsett (2024-01-01) [academic, primary] URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00938548241267230 - Doctor of Philosophy, Queen's University Belfast [academic, primary] URL: https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/601219553/Childhood_trauma_as_a_predictor_of_reoffending.pdf - Essentials for Childhood: Preventing Adverse Childhood Experiences Through Data to Action | Emory University | Atlanta GA, Emory University Injury Prevention Research Center (2026-01-01) [academic, primary] URL: https://iprce.emory.edu/pace-d2a.html - Explore Adverse Childhood Experiences in Georgia | AHR, America's Health Rankings (2026-01-01) [data_portal, secondary] URL: https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/measures/ACEs_8_overall/GA - Explore Adverse Childhood Experiences in the United States | AHR, America's Health Rankings [data_portal, tertiary] URL: https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/measures/ACEs_8_overall - Exploring Age and Race Differences in the Report of Adverse Childhood Experiences Among Women Aging in Custody - Pmc, PMC [academic, primary] URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9770509/ - Exposure to Childhood Adversity and Intimate Partner Violence in a Sample of Incarcerated Women in Australia - PMC, PubMed Central by Fischer et al. [academic, primary] URL: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12446711/ - FY2024 (djj.georgia.gov), Georgia Department of Juvenile Justice (2024-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://djj.georgia.gov/document/document/2024-djj-factbook/download - G Model (myfloridalegal.com), Florida Attorney General [official_report, primary] URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20251206071433id_/https://www.myfloridalegal.com/files/pdf/page/475DC7F97814DDF6852586B2005679E4/Study+2.pdf - Gender-Responsive Lessons Learned and Policy Implications for Women in Prison - Emily M. Wright, Patricia Van Voorhis, Emily J. Salisbury, Ashley Bauman, 2012, SAGE Journals by Emily M. Wright, Patricia Van Voorhis, Emily J. Salisbury, Ashley Bauman (2012-01-01) [academic, secondary] URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0093854812451088 - Georgia Department (gdc.georgia.gov), Georgia Department of Corrections (2019-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/document/inmate-services-impact-report/inmate-services-impact-report-2019/download - Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 208.06, Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) Sexually Abusive Behavior Prevention and Intervention Program (passage checked against GPS's copy), Georgia Department of Corrections (2026-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://public.powerdms.com/GADOC/documents/105640 - Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 507.04.19, Receiving Screening (passage checked against GPS's copy), Georgia Department of Corrections [legal_document, primary] URL: https://public.powerdms.com/GADOC/documents/106355 - Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 508.14, Mental Health Reception Screen (passage checked against GPS's copy), Georgia Department of Corrections [legal_document, primary] URL: https://public.powerdms.com/GADOC/documents/106276 - Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 508.17, Identification of Offenders with a History of Physical or Sexual Abuse (passage checked against GPS's copy), Georgia Department of Corrections [legal_document, primary] URL: https://public.powerdms.com/GADOC/documents/106279 - Georgia Department of Corrections Standard Operating Procedures, Georgia Department of Corrections [official_report, primary] URL: https://public.powerdms.com/GADOC/documents/105818 - Healing Invisible Wounds, Justice Policy Institute [official_report, secondary] URL: https://justicepolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/justicepolicy/documents/10-07_rep_healinginvisiblewounds_jj-ps.pdf - History of Childhood Abuse in Populations Incarcerated in Canada: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - PMC, PubMed Central by Bodkin et al. [academic, primary] URL: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6366501/ - Incarceration and Traumatic Stress, International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (2024-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://istss.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Fact-Sheet-Incarceration-Traumatic-Stress-FINAL.pdf - Inmates at Georgia jail face their past while charting a new future, Atlanta Journal-Constitution (2025-01-01) [journalism, secondary] URL: https://www.ajc.com/news/2025/07/crayons-chess-freedom-inmates-face-past-chart-new-path-in-georgia-jail/ - Juvenile justice services - Georgia, JJGPS [data_portal, secondary] URL: http://www.jjgps.org/juvenile-justice-services/georgia - Mental Health Programming | Department of Juvenile Justice, Georgia Department of Juvenile Justice [official_report, primary] URL: https://djj.georgia.gov/programs-and-services/mental-health-programming - mn.gov: ACEs Discipline Study Final March 2024 tcm1089 615740, Minnesota Department of Corrections (2024-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://mn.gov/doc/assets/ACEs%20Discipline%20Study%20-%20Final%20-%20March%202024_tcm1089-615740.pdf - NSCH 2016 17: Adverse childhood experiences, Georgia, National Survey of Children's Health Data Resource Center [data_portal, primary] URL: https://nschdata.org/browse/survey/results?q=5545&r=12 - Official Code of Georgia Annotated § 15-1-23 (GPS's copy of the Code), Georgia General Assembly [legislation, primary] URL: https://gps.press/ocga/15-1-23/ - Official Code of Georgia Annotated § 15-11-130.1 (GPS's copy of the Code), Georgia General Assembly [legislation, primary] URL: https://gps.press/ocga/15-11-130.1/ - Ojjdp (ojp.gov), Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention by Baglivio et al. [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles/246951.pdf - Original RESEARCH & CONTRIBUTIONS, Vermont Legislature by Reavis et al. (2019-01-01) [academic, primary] URL: https://legislature.vermont.gov/Documents/2020/WorkGroups/Justice%20Oversight/Incarceration%20Issues/W~Susan%20Lawrence~ACE's%20and%20Adult%20Criminality~7-18-2019.pdf - osg.ca.gov: CA OSG Report Justice Sector Brief 12092020, California Office of the Surgeon General (2020-12-09) [official_report, primary] URL: https://osg.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/266/2020/12/CA_OSG-Report_Justice-Sector-Brief_12092020.pdf - phwwhocc.co.uk: PHW Prisoner ACE Survey Report E, Public Health Wales by Ford et al. (2018-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://phwwhocc.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/PHW-Prisoner-ACE-Survey-Report-E.pdf - Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Trauma in Youth in Juvenile Detention | Adolescent Medicine | JAMA Psychiatry | JAMA Network, JAMA Psychiatry by Abram et al. [academic, primary] URL: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/481985 - Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences Among U.S. Adults — Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2011–2020 - PMC, PMC [academic, primary] URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10328489/ - Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences Among U.S. Adults — Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2011–2020 | MMWR, CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (2023-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7226a2.htm - Prevalence of types of adverse childhood experiences in forensic male patient populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis - ScienceDirect, ScienceDirect [academic, secondary] URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0145213425002583 - Prevalence of types of adverse childhood experiences in incarcerated males: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Request PDF, ResearchGate by Umpunjun, Webb and Morris [academic, primary] URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379803011_Prevalence_of_types_of_adverse_childhood_experiences_in_incarcerated_males_a_systematic_review_and_meta-analysis - Preventing (dfcs.georgia.gov), Georgia Department of Human Services / Division of Family and Children Services [official_report, primary] URL: https://dfcs.georgia.gov/document/publication/2016-and-2018-adverse-childhood-experiences-ace-module-behavioral-risk-factor/download - Prior Abuse Reported by Inmates and Probationers (NCJ 172879), Harlow CW, Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, April 1999, Bureau of Justice Statistics by Harlow CW (1999-04-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/parip.pdf - Research (learningcommunityds.org), JAMA Pediatrics by Merrick et al. (2018-01-01) [academic, primary] URL: https://learningcommunityds.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Aces-Study_JAMA_Pediatrics_17Sept2018-1.pdf - Research Article (americanspcc.org), American SPCC by Felitti et al. (1998-01-01) [academic, primary] URL: https://americanspcc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Adverse-Childhood-Experiences-ACEs-Relationship-of-childhood-abuse-and-household-dysfunction-to-many-of-the-leading-Felitti-1998.pdf - Review Manuscripts (prohic.nl), prohic.nl [academic, primary] URL: https://prohic.nl/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/346-AdverseChildhoodExperiencesSystematicReview.pdf - Sex Differences in the Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Institutional Misconduct among Adults in Prison - Valerie A. Clark, Grant Duwe, 2025, SAGE Journals by Valerie A. Clark, Grant Duwe (2025-01-01) [academic, primary] URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/08862605241246799 - stah.org: 1.Petch Umpunjun SYS ACEs Poster, stah.org by Petch Umpunjun [academic, secondary] URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20260521053900id_/https://www.stah.org/assets/Uploads/1.Petch-Umpunjun_SYS-ACEs_Poster.pdf - The adverse childhood experiences of Canadian federal offenders: Available information and correctional outcomes - Canada.ca, Correctional Service of Canada [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.canada.ca/en/correctional-service/corporate/library/research/report/445.html - The association of adverse childhood experiences with mid-life depressive symptoms and quality of life among incarcerated males: exploring multiple mediation: Aging & Mental Health: Vol 20, No 6, Aging & Mental Health (Taylor & Francis) by Skarupski et al. [academic, primary] URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13607863.2015.1033681 - The Interrelatedness of Adverse Childhood Experiences Among High-Risk Juvenile Offenders - Michael T. Baglivio, Nathan Epps, 2016, SAGE Journals by Michael T. Baglivio, Nathan Epps (2016-01-01) [academic, primary] URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1541204014566286 - The Link Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Mental Health in Offenders: A Systematic Review - Telma M. G. Pessoa, Telma Catarina Almeida, 2026, 00111287241242478 [1], SAGE Journals by Telma M. G. Pessoa, Telma Catarina Almeida (2026-01-01) [academic, primary] URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00111287241242478 - The Link Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Mental Health in Offenders: A Systematic Review - Telma M. G. Pessoa, Telma Catarina Almeida, 2026, 00111287241242478 [2], SAGE Journals by Telma M. G. Pessoa, Telma Catarina Almeida (2026-01-01) [academic, secondary] URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00111287241242478 - The nuanced relationship between adverse childhood experiences and recidivism risk scores among women leaving jail: A preliminary exploration - PMC, PMC by Schick et al. [academic, primary] URL: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7554169/ - The Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) in the Lives of Juvenile Offenders, Baglivio MT, Epps N, Swartz K, Huq MS, Sheer A, Hardt NS, Journal of Juvenile Justice 3(2), 2014, Journal of Juvenile Justice by Baglivio MT, Epps N, Swartz K, Huq MS, Sheer A, Hardt NS (2014-01-01) [academic, primary] URL: https://www.prisonpolicy.org/scans/Prevalence_of_ACE.pdf - The Prospective Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Justice-Involved Youth’s Psychiatric Symptoms and Substance Use - PMC, PMC [academic, primary] URL: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8754104/ - To Improve Safety, Understanding and Addressing the Link between Childhood Trauma and Crime Is Key | Urban Institute, Urban Institute [official_report, secondary] URL: https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/improve-safety-understanding-and-addressing-link-between-childhood-trauma-and-crime-key - Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Among Girls in the Juvenile, National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN) [official_report, secondary] URL: https://www.nctsn.org/sites/default/files/resources/fact-sheet/trauma-and-posttraumatic-stress-among-girls-in-the-juvenile-justice-system.pdf - Trauma changes everything: Examining the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and serious, violent and chronic juvenile offenders - ScienceDirect, ScienceDirect [academic, primary] URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0145213415000356 - Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Incarcerated Men - PMC, PMC (2014-01-01) [academic, primary] URL: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4134447 - Trauma histories among justice-involved youth: findings from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network - PMC, PMC3714673 [1], PMC by Dierkhising et al. [academic, primary] URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3714673/ - Trauma histories among justice-involved youth: findings from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network - PMC, PMC3714673 [2], PMC by Dierkhising et al. [academic, primary] URL: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714673/ - Trauma, Race, and Risk for Violent Felony Arrests Among Florida Juvenile Offenders - PMC, PubMed Central [academic, primary] URL: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8681864 - U.S. Department of Justice Revised, 10/12/04 th, Bureau of Justice Statistics (2004-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/pji02.pdf - U.S. Department of Justice, 018017, National Institute of Corrections by Bloom, Owen & Covington [official_report, primary] URL: https://s3.amazonaws.com/static.nicic.gov/Library/018017.pdf - U.S. Department of Justice, 239603, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention [official_report, primary] URL: https://ojjdp.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh176/files/pubs/239603.pdf - U.S. Department of Justice, mhppji, Bureau of Justice Statistics (2005-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/mhppji.pdf - U.S. Department of Justice, mspi16, U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics (2016-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/mspi16.pdf - U.S. Department of Justice, parip [7], Bureau of Justice Statistics [official_report, primary] URL: https://bjs.ojp.gov/redirect-legacy/content/pub/pdf/parip.pdf - U.S. Department of Justice, ppi16, Bureau of Justice Statistics (2016-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/ppi16.pdf - U.S. Department of Justice, pptmc, Bureau of Justice Statistics [official_report, primary] URL: https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/pptmc.pdf - U.S. Department of Justice, WomensPathwaysToJail, Bureau of Justice Assistance [official_report, primary] URL: https://bja.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh186/files/Publications/WomensPathwaysToJail.pdf - U.S. Department of Justice, WOPRIS, Bureau of Justice Statistics [official_report, primary] URL: https://bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/WOPRIS.PDF - Understanding the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in a male offender population in Wales: The Prisoner ACE Survey, ResearchGate by Kat Ford et al. (2019-01-01) [academic, primary] URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20210313224502id_/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kat-Ford/publication/332963461_Understanding_the_prevalence_of_adverse_childhood_experiences_ACEs_in_a_male_offender_population_in_Wales_The_Prisoner_ACE_Survey/links/5cd40048a6fdccc9dd9747ac/Understanding-the-prevalence-of-adverse-childhood-experiences-ACEs-in-a-male-offender-population-in-Wales-The-Prisoner-ACE-Survey.pdf - University of Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma by Melissa Jones [academic, primary] URL: https://shareok.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/150bcdda-35eb-42f2-838e-4aaed7f56961/content - Using Trauma-Informed Practices to Enhance Safety, National Institute of Corrections [official_report, primary] URL: https://bja.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh186/files/Publications/NRCJIW-UsingTraumaInformedPractices.pdf - Vital Signs: Estimated Proportion of Adult Health Problems Attributable to Adverse Childhood Experiences and Implications for Prevention — 25 States, 2015–2017 - PMC, PMC [academic, primary] URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6837472/ - Vital Signs: Estimated Proportion of Adult Health Problems Attributable to Adverse Childhood Experiences and Implications for Prevention — 25 States, 2015–2017 | MMWR, CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (2019-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6844e1.htm - What Trauma Looks Like for Incarcerated Men, Institute for Justice Research and Development, Florida State University [academic, primary] URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20240517180801id_/https://ijrd.csw.fsu.edu/sites/g/files/upcbnu1766/files/media/images/publication_pdfs/trauma_incar_men_working_paper.pdf - Words From Prison – Did You Know…? | American Civil Liberties Union, American Civil Liberties Union [official_report, secondary] URL: https://www.aclu.org/documents/words-prison-did-you-know - Working with Justice, Indiana Family and Social Services Administration [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.in.gov/fssa/dmha/files/Justice-Inovlved-Final.pdf