GPS RESEARCH LIBRARY: Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform in Georgia ============================================================ Georgia Prisoners' Speak — gps.press Generated: 2026-04-03 10:36:19 EDT Research Date: 2026-03-18 Topic: Legal/Post-Conviction Reform JSON: https://gps.press/research-data/fiscal-impact-of-post-conviction-reform-in-georgia/?format=json SUMMARY ---------------------------------------- This GPS-compiled fiscal analysis demonstrates that Georgia's proposed Post-Conviction Justice Act reforms would cost less than 1% of the state's $1.779 billion corrections budget while potentially recovering $59-172 million annually wasted on wrongful incarceration. The document details GDC budget growth (44% increase from FY 2022 to FY 2026), cost-per-inmate calculations ($31,613-$35,577/year), projected habeas caseload impacts, and models reform costs against North Carolina's Innocence Inquiry Commission ($1.6M/year) and Prisoner Legal Services program ($12M+ in documented savings). STATISTICS (45) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] GDC FY 2024 Total Expenditures Georgia Department of Corrections total expenditures in FY 2024 were $1,526,654,104, with $1,422,978,935 from State General Funds. Value: 1526654104.0 dollars Tags: budget,policy Sources: Governor's Budget Report FY 2027 - [confirmed] GDC FY 2025 Total Expenditures Georgia Department of Corrections total expenditures in FY 2025 were $1,913,888,054, with $1,823,730,648 from State General Funds. Value: 1913888054.0 dollars Tags: budget,policy Sources: Governor's Budget Report FY 2027 - [confirmed] GDC FY 2026 Amended Budget Georgia Department of Corrections FY 2026 amended budget was $1,799,204,979, with $1,782,435,308 from State General Funds. Value: 1799204979.0 dollars Tags: budget,policy Sources: Governor's Budget Report FY 2027 - [confirmed] GDC FY 2027 Budget Georgia Department of Corrections FY 2027 budget is $1,778,839,635, with $1,762,069,964 from State General Funds. Value: 1778839635.0 dollars Tags: budget,policy Sources: Governor's Budget Report FY 2027 - [confirmed] FY 2027 State Prisons Program Budget The State Prisons program is the largest line item in GDC's FY 2027 budget at $914,864,554. Value: 914864554.0 dollars Tags: budget,facilities Sources: Governor's Budget Report FY 2027 - [confirmed] FY 2027 Health Program Budget The Health program in GDC's FY 2027 budget is $432,247,728, the second-largest program expenditure. Value: 432247728.0 dollars Tags: budget,medical Sources: Governor's Budget Report FY 2027 - [confirmed] FY 2027 Private Prisons Budget GDC's FY 2027 budget allocates $177,767,784 for Private Prisons. Value: 177767784.0 dollars Tags: budget,facilities Sources: Governor's Budget Report FY 2027 - [confirmed] FY 2027 Detention Centers Budget GDC's FY 2027 budget allocates $74,646,304 for Detention Centers. Value: 74646304.0 dollars Tags: budget,facilities Sources: Governor's Budget Report FY 2027 - [confirmed] FY 2027 Offender Management Budget GDC's FY 2027 budget allocates $58,614,564 for Offender Management. Value: 58614564.0 dollars Tags: budget,operations Sources: Governor's Budget Report FY 2027 - [confirmed] FY 2027 Transition Centers Budget GDC's FY 2027 budget allocates $49,189,736 for Transition Centers. Value: 49189736.0 dollars Tags: budget,reentry Sources: Governor's Budget Report FY 2027 - [confirmed] FY 2027 Departmental Administration Budget GDC's FY 2027 budget allocates $40,300,936 for Departmental Administration. Value: 40300936.0 dollars Tags: budget,operations Sources: Governor's Budget Report FY 2027 - [confirmed] FY 2027 Food and Farm Operations Budget GDC's FY 2027 budget allocates $31,208,029 for Food and Farm Operations. Value: 31208029.0 dollars Tags: budget,conditions Sources: Governor's Budget Report FY 2027 - [confirmed] Official GDC Cost Per Inmate Per Day (FY 2024) GDC's official cost per inmate per day in FY 2024 was $86.61. Value: 86.61 dollars per day Tags: budget,demographics Sources: GDC FY 2024 Cost Per Day Consolidated Summary - [confirmed] Official GDC Cost Per Inmate Per Year (FY 2024) GDC's official cost per inmate per year in FY 2024 was $31,613. Value: 31613.0 dollars per year Tags: budget,demographics Sources: GDC FY 2024 Cost Per Day Consolidated Summary - [estimated] Budget-Derived All-In Cost Per Inmate (FY 2027) Dividing the FY 2027 GDC budget ($1,778,839,635) by approximately 50,000 inmates yields an all-in cost of $35,577 per inmate per year (~$97.47 per day). The discrepancy from the official $31,613 figure reflects administrative overhead, capital costs, county jail subsidy payments, and non-inmate costs. Value: 35577.0 dollars per year (vs. 31613 Official FY 2024 per-inmate cost) Tags: budget,demographics Sources: Governor's Budget Report FY 2027; GPS Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform Analysis - [estimated] Healthcare Cost Per Inmate Per Year GDC healthcare spending per inmate is approximately $8,645 per year based on FY 2027 budget figures. Value: 8645.0 dollars per year Tags: budget,medical Sources: Governor's Budget Report FY 2027; GPS Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform Analysis - [confirmed] 51 Known Georgia Exonerees There are 51 known Georgia exonerees with an average of 12 years served, representing $19.3 million in wasted incarceration costs (51 x 12 years x $31,613/year). Value: 51.0 exonerees Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,policy Sources: National Registry of Exonerations - [estimated] Wasted Incarceration Cost for Known Exonerees 51 known Georgia exonerees with an average of 12 years served represent $19.3 million in wasted incarceration costs. Value: 19300000.0 dollars Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,budget Sources: National Registry of Exonerations; GDC FY 2024 Cost Per Day Consolidated Summary; GPS Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform Analysis - [estimated] Potential Compensation Liability for Known Exonerees Under the Georgia Wrongful Conviction and Incarceration Compensation Act (SB 244), the potential compensation liability for 51 exonerees at an average of 12 years each at $75,000/year is $45.9 million. Value: 45900000.0 dollars Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,budget,policy Sources: Georgia Wrongful Conviction and Incarceration Compensation Act (SB 244); GPS Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform Analysis - [estimated] Conservative (4%) Wrongful Conviction Rate: 1,880 Wrongfully Convicted At a conservative 4% wrongful conviction rate applied to Georgia's approximately 47,000 convicted inmates, an estimated 1,880 people are wrongfully incarcerated, costing $59.4 million per year in incarceration alone and $200.4 million per year including compensation liability. Value: 1880.0 wrongfully convicted persons Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,budget Sources: GPS Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform Analysis - [estimated] Conservative Wrongful Conviction Annual Incarceration Cost At the conservative 4% wrongful conviction rate, Georgia wastes an estimated $59.4 million per year on incarcerating wrongfully convicted individuals. Value: 59400000.0 dollars per year Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,budget Sources: GPS Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform Analysis - [estimated] Moderate (8%) Wrongful Conviction Rate Scenario At a moderate 8% wrongful conviction rate, an estimated 3,760 people are wrongfully incarcerated in Georgia, costing $118.9 million per year in incarceration alone and $400.9 million per year including compensation liability. Value: 3760.0 wrongfully convicted persons Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,budget Sources: GPS Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform Analysis - [estimated] Virginia Study (11.6%) Wrongful Conviction Rate Scenario Applying the Urban Institute Virginia study's 11.6% wrongful conviction rate to Georgia yields an estimated 5,450 wrongfully incarcerated people, costing $172.3 million per year in incarceration alone and $581.0 million per year including compensation liability. Value: 5450.0 wrongfully convicted persons Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,budget Sources: Urban Institute Virginia Wrongful Conviction Study; GPS Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform Analysis - [estimated] Total Cost Per Wrongful Year of Incarceration Each wrongful year of incarceration costs Georgia taxpayers $106,613 minimum, comprising $31,613 in incarceration costs plus $75,000 in statutory compensation under SB 244. Value: 106613.0 dollars per year Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,budget,policy Sources: GDC FY 2024 Cost Per Day Consolidated Summary; Georgia Wrongful Conviction and Incarceration Compensation Act (SB 244); GPS Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform Analysis - [estimated] Simple Habeas Petition Cost Range Simple non-capital habeas petitions are estimated to cost $1,000-$3,500 per case and require 15-50 hours of attorney time. Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,budget Sources: GPS Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform Analysis - [estimated] Standard Post-Conviction Case Cost Range Standard post-conviction cases are estimated to cost $3,500-$7,500 per case and require 40-100 hours of attorney time. Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,budget Sources: GPS Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform Analysis - [estimated] Complex Post-Conviction Case Cost Range Complex post-conviction cases involving ineffective assistance of counsel or evidentiary hearings are estimated to cost $7,500-$15,000 per case and require 80-200 hours of attorney time. Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,budget Sources: GPS Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform Analysis - [estimated] Capital Post-Conviction Case Cost Range Capital post-conviction cases are estimated to cost $25,000-$100,000+ per case and require 200-500+ hours of attorney time. Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,budget Sources: GPS Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform Analysis - [estimated] Best Estimate for Georgia Non-Capital Post-Conviction Case Cost The best estimate for appointed post-conviction counsel cost per non-capital case in Georgia is $3,000-$7,500. Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,budget Sources: GPS Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform Analysis - [reported] NC Prisoner Legal Services Saved Over $12 Million North Carolina Prisoner Legal Services (NCPLS), a state-funded nonprofit providing legal representation, has saved over $12 million in taxpayer costs from correcting illegal sentences, demonstrating strong return on investment. Value: 12000000.0 dollars saved Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,budget,policy Sources: NC General Assembly Appropriations Data - [estimated] Pennsylvania PCRA Annual First Petition Volume Pennsylvania's mandatory appointment of counsel for first PCRA petitions results in an estimated 2,500-3,000 first petitions annually at an average cost of $3,000-5,000 per case. Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,budget Sources: GPS Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform Analysis - [estimated] Estimated Annual Cost of Georgia Post-Conviction Counsel Program A phased post-conviction counsel program for Georgia with an eligible caseload of 1,000-2,000 cases annually would cost $3-10 million per year, representing 0.17-0.56% of GDC's $1.779 billion budget. Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,budget,policy Sources: GPS Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform Analysis - [reported] National Federal Habeas Filing Rate The national federal habeas corpus filing rate was approximately 42 petitions per 1,000 inmates based on 2000 data. State habeas petitions are typically 2-3 times the federal filing rate. Value: 42.0 petitions per 1,000 inmates Date: 2000-01-01 Tags: legal Sources: BJS Habeas Corpus Filing Data - [reported] National Habeas Petition Denial Rate 99.6% of habeas corpus petitions are denied nationally, a key mitigating factor for caseload concerns about deadline repeal. Value: 99.6 percent denial rate Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal Sources: BJS Habeas Corpus Filing Data - [estimated] Projected Initial Habeas Backlog Surge If Georgia repeals its habeas filing deadline, an initial backlog surge of 5,000-10,000 petitions is projected in Years 1-3 as prisoners with previously time-barred claims file. Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,policy Sources: GPS Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform Analysis - [estimated] Projected Steady-State Habeas Filings After Deadline Repeal After the initial backlog is processed (Year 4+), an estimated 500-1,500 additional habeas petitions per year above current baseline are projected. Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,policy Sources: GPS Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform Analysis - [estimated] Habeas Processing Steady-State Cost Estimate The estimated steady-state annual cost of additional habeas processing after deadline repeal is $250,000-$3,000,000 per year, representing less than 0.2% of the corrections budget. Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,budget Sources: GPS Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform Analysis - [confirmed] NC Innocence Inquiry Commission Annual Budget The North Carolina Innocence Inquiry Commission operates on an annual budget of $1.6 million with 13 full-time employees. Value: 1600000.0 dollars per year Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,budget,policy Sources: NC General Assembly Appropriations Data - [confirmed] NC Innocence Inquiry Commission Staff The North Carolina Innocence Inquiry Commission has 13 full-time employees: Executive Director, Assistant Director, Associate Counsel, 4 Staff Attorneys, 2 Grant Staff Attorneys, Victim Services Manager, 2 Paralegals, and an Executive Assistant. Value: 13.0 full-time employees Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,staffing,policy Sources: NC General Assembly Appropriations Data - [confirmed] NC Innocence Inquiry Commission Claims and Exonerations The North Carolina Innocence Inquiry Commission has reviewed over 3,500 claims since its establishment in 2006 and resulted in 16 people being declared innocent and released. Value: 16.0 exonerations (vs. 3500 claims reviewed since 2006) Tags: legal,policy Sources: NC General Assembly Appropriations Data - [estimated] Georgia-Scaled Conviction Integrity Commission Cost Estimate Georgia has roughly 1.5 times North Carolina's prison population, so a proportionally scaled conviction integrity commission would cost approximately $2.0-$2.5 million annually — about 0.14% of GDC's budget. Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,budget,policy Sources: GPS Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform Analysis - [estimated] Total Reform Package Annual Cost Estimate The total annual cost of the Georgia Post-Conviction Justice Act reform package is estimated at $5.25-$15.5 million, representing 0.3-0.9% of GDC's $1.779 billion budget. Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,budget,policy Sources: GPS Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform Analysis - [estimated] Georgia Prison Population Approximately 50,000 Georgia's current prison population is approximately 50,000 inmates, used as the baseline for per-inmate cost calculations and wrongful conviction rate projections. Value: 50000.0 inmates Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: demographics Sources: GPS Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform Analysis - [confirmed] FY 2024 Healthcare Budget GDC healthcare spending in FY 2024 was $325.6 million. Value: 325600000.0 dollars Tags: budget,medical Sources: Governor's Budget Report FY 2027 - [reported] FY 2022 GDC Spending Approximately $1.25 Billion FY 2022 GDC spending was approximately $1.25 billion, serving as the baseline for the 44% budget increase calculation. Value: 1250000000.0 dollars Tags: budget Sources: Governor's Budget Report FY 2027 FINDINGS (5) ---------------------------------------- - [estimated] Total Corrections Spending Exceeds $2 Billion GDC alone budgets $1.779 billion for FY 2027. Total corrections spending including Board of Pardons and Paroles, Department of Juvenile Justice, and related agencies likely exceeds $2 billion annually. Tags: budget,policy Sources: Governor's Budget Report FY 2027; GPS Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform Analysis - [estimated] Habeas Caseload Mitigating Factors Four key factors mitigate habeas caseload concerns after deadline repeal: (1) 99.6% national denial rate, (2) screening mechanisms to filter frivolous claims, (3) initial surge will subside as backlog clears, and (4) courts can prioritize actual innocence or constitutional violation claims. Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,policy Sources: GPS Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform Analysis - [estimated] Potential Savings from Wrongful Incarceration Reduction The reform package costing $5.25-$15.5 million annually could address $59-$172 million per year in wrongful incarceration waste depending on the actual wrongful conviction rate (4%-11.6%). Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,budget,policy Sources: GPS Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform Analysis - [estimated] Break-Even Analysis: Incarceration Costs Only A $3 million per year conviction integrity commission would need to identify only 95 wrongful convictions annually to break even on incarceration costs alone ($31,613 x 95 = $3.0 million). Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,budget,policy Sources: GPS Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform Analysis - [estimated] Break-Even Analysis: Including Compensation Liability Including the $75,000/year statutory compensation liability, identifying just 28 wrongful convictions per year would save enough ($106,613 x 28 = $2.99 million) to fund a conviction integrity commission. Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,budget,policy Sources: Georgia Wrongful Conviction and Incarceration Compensation Act (SB 244); GPS Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform Analysis TRENDS (2) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] 44% GDC Budget Increase Over 4 Years Verified FY 2022 GDC spending was approximately $1.25 billion. FY 2026 amended budget is $1.799 billion — a 44% increase over 4 years. The 'nearly $500M more annually' refers to combined AFY 2025 + FY 2026 increases. Tags: budget,policy Sources: Governor's Budget Report FY 2027 - [confirmed] Healthcare Cost Growth FY 2024-FY 2027 Healthcare is the fastest-growing component of GDC spending, rising from $325.6 million in FY 2024 to $432.2 million in FY 2027 — a 33% increase in 3 years. Tags: budget,medical Sources: Governor's Budget Report FY 2027 DATA GAPS (1) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] No Actuarial Estimate for Habeas Deadline Repeal Caseload Impact No study specifically projects the caseload impact of repealing Georgia's habeas corpus filing deadline. This is a significant data gap requiring estimation from national data. Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,policy Sources: GPS Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform Analysis LEGAL FACTS (2) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] NC Commission Powers The North Carolina Innocence Inquiry Commission has powers to subpoena, compel testimony, grant immunity, order forensic testing, and access law enforcement files. Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,policy Sources: NC General Assembly Appropriations Data - [confirmed] SB 244 Compensation Rate Under the Georgia Wrongful Conviction and Incarceration Compensation Act (SB 244), compensation for wrongful incarceration is set at $75,000 per year of wrongful imprisonment. Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,policy Sources: Georgia Wrongful Conviction and Incarceration Compensation Act (SB 244) CASE DETAILS (1) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] NC Senate 2025 Threat to Eliminate Commission The North Carolina Senate proposed eliminating the Innocence Inquiry Commission entirely in 2025 as a cost-saving measure, underscoring the need for strong statutory funding protections in any Georgia legislation — mandatory appropriation language or dedicated funding source. Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: legal,budget,policy Sources: NC General Assembly Appropriations Data DATASETS (5) ---------------------------------------- # GDC Budget by Fiscal Year (FY 2024-2027) Georgia Department of Corrections total funds and state general funds expenditures and budgets from FY 2024 through FY 2027. Fiscal Year Total Funds State General Funds ---------------------------------------------------------- FY 2024 Expenditures 1526654104 1422978935 FY 2025 Expenditures 1913888054 1823730648 FY 2026 Amended Budget 1799204979 1782435308 FY 2027 Budget 1778839635 1762069964 # GDC FY 2027 Program Breakdown GDC budget allocation by program for FY 2027. Program Budget ---------------------------------------- State Prisons 914864554 Health 432247728 Private Prisons 177767784 Detention Centers 74646304 Offender Management 58614564 Transition Centers 49189736 Departmental Administration 40300936 Food and Farm Operations 31208029 # Projected Wrongful Conviction Costs by Rate Scenario Estimated number of wrongfully convicted individuals and associated annual costs under three wrongful conviction rate scenarios applied to Georgia's prison population. Scenario Rate Wrongfully Convicted Annual Incarceration Cost Annual Total (Incarceration + Compensation) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Conservative 4 1880 59400000 200400000 Moderate 8 3760 118900000 400900000 Virginia study 11.6 5450 172300000 581000000 # Post-Conviction Counsel Per-Case Costs Estimated cost ranges and attorney hours required for different types of post-conviction cases. Case Type Cost Low Cost High Hours Low Hours High -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Simple habeas (non-capital) 1000 3500 15 50 Standard post-conviction 3500 7500 40 100 Complex (IAC, evidentiary hearing) 7500 15000 80 200 Capital post-conviction 25000 100000 200 500 # Reform Component Cost-Benefit Summary Annual costs, percentage of GDC budget, and potential savings for each reform component of the proposed Georgia Post-Conviction Justice Act. Reform Component Annual Cost Low Annual Cost High Percent of GDC Budget Low Percent of GDC Budget High Potential Savings ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Post-conviction counsel 3000000 10000000 0.17 0.56 $12M+ (NC model savings) Conviction integrity commission 2000000 2500000 0.14 0.14 Prevents $31,613/year per wrongful imprisonment Additional habeas processing 250000 3000000 0.01 0.17 Identifies wrongful convictions Total reform cost 5250000 15500000 0.3 0.9 $59-172M/year in wrongful incarceration waste KEY ENTITIES (11) ---------------------------------------- - Board of Pardons and Paroles [organization]: Georgia state agency involved in corrections spending, mentioned as part of the broader criminal justice corrections apparatus exceeding $2 billion. - Department of Juvenile Justice [organization]: Georgia state agency for juvenile corrections, mentioned as part of total corrections spending exceeding $2 billion annually. - Georgia Department of Corrections [organization]: State agency responsible for operating Georgia's prison system. Subject of federal DOJ investigation in 2022-2023 for constitutional violations including food-related deaths. (aka: GDC) - Georgia Post-Conviction Justice Act [legislation]: Proposed model legislation identified by GPS's Vision 2027 initiative for comprehensive post-conviction reform in Georgia - Georgia Prisoners' Speak [organization]: Advocacy organization documenting conditions inside Georgia prisons through photos and insider accounts, including food inadequacy. (aka: GPS) - National Registry of Exonerations [organization]: National database documenting exonerations in the United States since 1989. Has documented over 3,646 exonerations as of 2024. (aka: NRE) - North Carolina Innocence Inquiry Commission [organization]: State-level innocence commission in North Carolina with authority to investigate claims of innocence across the entire state. Cited as a model for statewide implementation. - North Carolina Prisoner Legal Services [organization]: State-funded nonprofit providing legal representation to prisoners in North Carolina. Has saved over $12 million in taxpayer costs from correcting illegal sentences. (aka: NCPLS) - Pennsylvania PCRA [legislation]: Pennsylvania's post-conviction relief statute requiring mandatory appointment of counsel for first petitions, generating an estimated 2,500-3,000 first petitions annually. (aka: Pennsylvania Post-Conviction Relief Act) - SB 244 [legislation]: Georgia legislation signed May 14, 2025 providing $75,000 per year compensation to wrongfully convicted individuals who were formally exonerated. Georgia became the 39th state with such a law. (aka: Georgia Wrongful Conviction and Incarceration Compensation Act) - Urban Institute [organization]: Research organization that evaluated the VOI/TIS grant program (Sabol et al. 2002) and published 'Stemming the Tide' (2013) on federal prison system costs. SOURCES (8) ---------------------------------------- - BJS Habeas Corpus Filing Data, Bureau of Justice Statistics (2000-01-01) [official_report, primary] - GDC FY 2024 Cost Per Day Consolidated Summary, Georgia Department of Corrections (2024-01-01) [official_report, primary] - Georgia Wrongful Conviction and Incarceration Compensation Act (SB 244), Georgia General Assembly [legislation, primary] - Governor's Budget Report FY 2027, Governor's Office of Planning and Budget, State of Georgia (2025-01-01) [official_report, primary] - GPS Fiscal Impact of Post-Conviction Reform Analysis, Georgia Prisoners' Speak (2025-01-01) [gps_original, secondary] - National Registry of Exonerations, National Registry of Exonerations [data_portal, primary] URL: https://exonerationregistry.org/cases - NC General Assembly Appropriations Data, North Carolina General Assembly (2025-01-01) [official_report, primary] - Urban Institute Virginia Wrongful Conviction Study, Urban Institute [academic, primary]