GPS RESEARCH LIBRARY: Georgia sentencing, parole and recidivism studies (NCJRS, 1977-2017) ============================================================ Georgia Prisoners' Speak — gps.press Generated: 2026-09-14 13:24:15 EDT Research Date: 2026-09-08 Topic: Sentencing, Parole & Recidivism JSON: https://gps.press/research-data/georgia-sentencing-parole-and-recidivism-studies-ncjrs-1977-2017/?format=json SUMMARY ---------------------------------------- This NCJRS corpus contains six federally published studies on Georgia corrections policy spanning 1977-2001. The studies cover sentencing reform under H.B. 1176 (2017), the Earned Time System evaluation (1977), split sentence and shock probation alternatives (1978), cross-jurisdictional time-served comparisons (1979), Intensive Probation Supervision (1987), and the RSAT substance abuse treatment program (2000). Key findings include a 13% decline in prison commitments following H.B. 1176, Georgia's 24.2-month average time served exceeding the national average of 18.3 months, and IPS diverting 2,322 probationers from prison between 1982-1985. STATISTICS (72) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Georgia prison population more than doubled 1990-2011 Between 1990 and 2011, Georgia's prison population more than doubled, and annual corrections spending grew to more than $1 billion. Tags: demographics,budget,facilities Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] Georgia prison population 2016 By 2016, the number of people incarcerated in Georgia's state prisons was 52,962, down from a peak of 54,895 in 2012. Value: 52962.0 people (vs. 54895 peak in 2012) Date: 2016-01-01 Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] Georgia prison population 2011 In 2011, nearly 56,000 people were incarcerated in Georgia's prison system. Value: 56000.0 people Date: 2011-01-01 Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] Georgia prison system operating capacity 2011 The state prison system was operating at 107 percent capacity in 2011. Value: 107.0 percent Date: 2011-01-01 Tags: facilities,conditions Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [estimated] Projected Georgia prison population growth and cost Officials estimated the prison population would increase an additional 8 percent in five years, costing an additional $264 million. Value: 8.0 percent (vs. 264 additional cost in millions) Date: 2011-01-01 Tags: demographics,budget,facilities Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] Georgia recidivism rate stagnant for a decade Recidivism rates had remained stagnant for at least a decade, and approximately 30 percent of people released from prison were reconvicted of a felony within three years. Value: 30.0 percent Date: 2011-01-01 Tags: recidivism,parole Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] Overall commitments to prison and probation declined 10 percent Overall commitments to prison and probation for offenses affected by H.B. 1176 fell from 28,604 in 2012 to 25,784 in 2015, a 10 percent decline. Value: 10.0 percent Tags: policy,operations Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] Prison commitments declined 13 percent after H.B. 1176 Following implementation of H.B. 1176, commitments to prison for affected offenses declined 13 percent, and probation commitments fell 9 percent. Value: 13.0 percent (vs. 9 probation commitments decline) Tags: policy,operations Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] Probation share of commitments rose 1 percentage point The share of commitments to probation (relative to prison) increased slightly after H.B. 1176 took effect, rising 1 percentage point from 74 to 75 percent of commitments. Value: 1.0 percentage point Tags: policy,operations Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] Average prison sentence for drug possession fell 1.5 years The average prison sentence length for drug possession fell 1.5 years, from 7.2 years to 5.6 years (a 23 percent decline). Value: 1.5 years (vs. 23 percent decline) Tags: drugs,policy,legal Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] Burglary prison commitments declined 10.6 percent Between 2012 and 2015, burglary prison commitments declined from 3,176 to 2,840, a 10.6 percent decline. Value: 10.6 percent Tags: policy,operations Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] Burglary probation commitments declined 9.6 percent Between 2012 and 2015, burglary probation commitments declined from 4,960 to 4,483, a 9.6 percent decline. Value: 9.6 percent Tags: policy,operations Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] Drug possession prison commitments nearly steady Prison commitments for drug possession stayed fairly steady between 2012 and 2015, declining only 0.2 percent from 1,172 to 1,170. Value: 0.2 percent Tags: drugs,policy,operations Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] Drug possession probation commitments increased 24.6 percent Between 2012 and 2015, drug possession probation commitments increased from 6,145 to 7,658, a 24.6 percent increase. Value: 24.6 percent Tags: drugs,policy,operations Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] Forgery prison commitments declined 43.2 percent Between 2012 and 2015, forgery prison commitments declined from 1,175 to 667, a 43.2 percent decline. Value: 43.2 percent Tags: policy,operations Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] Forgery probation commitments declined 43.3 percent Between 2012 and 2015, forgery probation commitments declined from 3,217 to 1,824, a 43.3 percent decline. Value: 43.3 percent Tags: policy,operations Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] Fraud prison commitments declined 33.3 percent Between 2012 and 2015, fraud prison commitments declined from 3 to 2, a 33.3 percent decline. Value: 33.3 percent Tags: policy,operations Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] Fraud probation commitments declined 65.7 percent Between 2012 and 2015, fraud probation commitments declined from 70 to 24, a 65.7 percent decline. Value: 65.7 percent Tags: policy,operations Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] Shoplifting prison commitments increased 25.3 percent Between 2012 and 2015, shoplifting prison commitments increased from 395 to 495, a 25.3 percent increase. Value: 25.3 percent Tags: policy,operations Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] Shoplifting probation commitments increased 8.9 percent Between 2012 and 2015, shoplifting probation commitments increased from 1,135 to 1,236, an 8.9 percent increase. Value: 8.9 percent Tags: policy,operations Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] Theft prison commitments declined 15.2 percent Between 2012 and 2015, theft prison commitments declined from 1,571 to 1,332, a 15.2 percent decline. Value: 15.2 percent Tags: policy,operations Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] Theft probation commitments declined 27.4 percent Between 2012 and 2015, theft probation commitments declined from 5,585 to 4,053, a 27.4 percent decline. Value: 27.4 percent Tags: policy,operations Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] Total prison commitments 2012-2015 Total prison commitments for offenses affected by H.B. 1176 declined from 7,492 in 2012 to 6,506 in 2015, a 13.2 percent decline. Value: 13.2 percent Tags: policy,operations Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] Total probation commitments 2012-2015 Total probation commitments for offenses affected by H.B. 1176 declined from 21,112 in 2012 to 19,278 in 2015, an 8.7 percent decline. Value: 8.7 percent Tags: policy,operations Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] Federal split sentence usage 5.6 percent in FY 1976 Use of the split sentence disposition accounted for 5.6% of all convicted defendants who were sentenced in U.S. District courts in FY 1976. Value: 5.6 percent Date: 1976-01-01 Tags: legal,operations Sources: UTILIZATION OF THE SPLIT SENTENCE AND SHOCK PROBATION AS SENTENCING ALTERNATIVES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THEIR EXPANDED USE IN GEORGIA - [reported] Split sentence usage in Georgia 3.1 percent in FY 1976 Utilization of the split sentence represented 3.1% of all convicted defendants sentenced in Georgia District Courts in FY 1976. Value: 3.1 percent Date: 1976-01-01 Tags: legal,operations Sources: UTILIZATION OF THE SPLIT SENTENCE AND SHOCK PROBATION AS SENTENCING ALTERNATIVES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THEIR EXPANDED USE IN GEORGIA - [reported] Shock probation programs in three Georgia institutions Shock probation programs (a form of split sentence) presently are utilized in three of Georgia's correctional institutions. Value: 3.0 institutions Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: UTILIZATION OF THE SPLIT SENTENCE AND SHOCK PROBATION AS SENTENCING ALTERNATIVES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THEIR EXPANDED USE IN GEORGIA - [reported] North Carolina overall average time served 31.7 months North Carolina's overall average time served was 31.7 months, compared with the National Average of 18.3 months, Florida at 25.9 months, Georgia at 24.2 months, and South Carolina at 17.8 months. Value: 31.7 months (vs. 18.3 national average) Tags: operations,demographics Sources: COMPARISON OF AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY FELONS RELEASED FROM NORTH CAROLINA PRISONS WITH AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY THOSE RELEASED IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS - [reported] Georgia average time served 24.2 months Georgia's overall average time served was 24.2 months, higher than the national average of 18.3 months and South Carolina's 17.8 months, but lower than North Carolina's 31.7 months and Florida's 25.9 months. Value: 24.2 months (vs. 18.3 national average) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,demographics Sources: COMPARISON OF AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY FELONS RELEASED FROM NORTH CAROLINA PRISONS WITH AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY THOSE RELEASED IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS - [reported] Georgia murder second degree average time served 38.7 months Georgia's 1977 average time served for murder second degree was 38.7 months, compared with North Carolina's 75.1 months and the national average of 47.5 months. Value: 38.7 months (vs. 47.5 national average) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,legal Sources: COMPARISON OF AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY FELONS RELEASED FROM NORTH CAROLINA PRISONS WITH AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY THOSE RELEASED IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS - [reported] Georgia manslaughter average time served 58.1 months Georgia's 1961-1975 average time served for manslaughter was 58.1 months, compared with North Carolina's 42.4 months and the national average of 25.3 months. Value: 58.1 months (vs. 25.3 national average) Tags: operations,legal Sources: COMPARISON OF AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY FELONS RELEASED FROM NORTH CAROLINA PRISONS WITH AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY THOSE RELEASED IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS - [reported] Georgia robbery with firearm average time served 37.8 months Georgia's 1961-1975 average time served for robbery with a firearm was 37.8 months, compared with North Carolina's 49.7 months and the national average of 29.7 months. Value: 37.8 months (vs. 29.7 national average) Tags: operations,legal Sources: COMPARISON OF AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY FELONS RELEASED FROM NORTH CAROLINA PRISONS WITH AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY THOSE RELEASED IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS - [reported] Georgia robbery with deadly weapon average time served 29.3 months Georgia's 1961-1975 average time served for robbery with a deadly weapon was 29.3 months, compared with North Carolina's 29.4 months and the national average of 16.4 months. Value: 29.3 months (vs. 16.4 national average) Tags: operations,legal Sources: COMPARISON OF AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY FELONS RELEASED FROM NORTH CAROLINA PRISONS WITH AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY THOSE RELEASED IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS - [reported] Georgia unarmed robbery average time served 33.9 months Georgia's 1961-1975 average time served for unarmed robbery was 33.9 months, compared with North Carolina's 23.3 months and the national average of 39.6 months. Value: 33.9 months (vs. 39.6 national average) Tags: operations,legal Sources: COMPARISON OF AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY FELONS RELEASED FROM NORTH CAROLINA PRISONS WITH AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY THOSE RELEASED IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS - [reported] Georgia assault with deadly weapon average time served 55.9 months Georgia's 1977 average time served for assault with a deadly weapon was 55.9 months, compared with North Carolina's 27.5 months and the national average of 15.7 months. Value: 55.9 months (vs. 15.7 national average) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,legal,violence Sources: COMPARISON OF AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY FELONS RELEASED FROM NORTH CAROLINA PRISONS WITH AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY THOSE RELEASED IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS - [reported] Georgia rape average time served 22.8 months Georgia's 1977 average time served for rape was 22.8 months, compared with North Carolina's 68.5 months and the national average of 13.8 months. Value: 22.8 months (vs. 13.8 national average) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,legal,violence Sources: COMPARISON OF AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY FELONS RELEASED FROM NORTH CAROLINA PRISONS WITH AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY THOSE RELEASED IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS - [reported] Georgia burglary 1st degree average time served 16.7 months Georgia's 1977 average time served for burglary 1st degree was 16.7 months, compared with North Carolina's 21.7 months and the national average of 13.1 months. Value: 16.7 months (vs. 13.1 national average) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,legal Sources: COMPARISON OF AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY FELONS RELEASED FROM NORTH CAROLINA PRISONS WITH AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY THOSE RELEASED IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS - [reported] Georgia burglary 2nd degree average time served 16.7 months Georgia's 1977 average time served for burglary 2nd degree was 16.7 months, compared with North Carolina's 21.7 months and the national average of 13.2 months. Value: 16.7 months (vs. 13.2 national average) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,legal Sources: COMPARISON OF AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY FELONS RELEASED FROM NORTH CAROLINA PRISONS WITH AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY THOSE RELEASED IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS - [reported] Georgia grand theft average time served 16.7 months Georgia's 1977 average time served for grand theft was 16.7 months, compared with North Carolina's 21.7 months and the national average of 13.1 months. Value: 16.7 months (vs. 13.1 national average) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,legal Sources: COMPARISON OF AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY FELONS RELEASED FROM NORTH CAROLINA PRISONS WITH AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY THOSE RELEASED IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS - [reported] Georgia grand theft auto average time served 16.7 months Georgia's 1977 average time served for grand theft auto was 16.7 months, compared with North Carolina's 21.7 months and the national average of 13.2 months. Value: 16.7 months (vs. 13.2 national average) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,legal Sources: COMPARISON OF AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY FELONS RELEASED FROM NORTH CAROLINA PRISONS WITH AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY THOSE RELEASED IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS - [reported] Georgia forgery and checks average time served 16.7 months Georgia's 1977 average time served for forgery and checks was 16.7 months, compared with North Carolina's 21.7 months and the national average of 13.2 months. Value: 16.7 months (vs. 13.2 national average) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,legal Sources: COMPARISON OF AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY FELONS RELEASED FROM NORTH CAROLINA PRISONS WITH AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY THOSE RELEASED IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS - [reported] IPS began as pilot in 13 of 45 judicial circuits The IPS program began in 1982 as a pilot in 13 of Georgia's 45 judicial sentencing circuits. Value: 13.0 circuits (vs. 45 total circuits) Date: 1982-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: New Dimensions in Probation - Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [reported] IPS expanded to 33 circuits by end of 1985 By the end of 1985, IPS had expanded to 33 circuits and had supervised 2,322 probationers. Value: 33.0 circuits (vs. 2322 probationers supervised) Date: 1985-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: New Dimensions in Probation - Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [reported] IPS supervised 2,322 probationers 1982-1985 Between 1982 and 1985, the IPS program supervised 2,322 probationers. Value: 2322.0 probationers Tags: operations,policy Sources: New Dimensions in Probation - Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [reported] 370 IPS probationers absconded or revoked Of the 2,322 people in the IPS program between 1982 and 1985, 370 (or 16 percent) absconded or had their probation revoked. Value: 370.0 probationers (vs. 16 percent) Tags: operations,policy,recidivism Sources: New Dimensions in Probation - Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [reported] 1,952 IPS probationers successfully diverted from prison The remaining 1,952 IPS probationers were successfully diverted from prison; many are still under some form of probationary supervision. Value: 1952.0 probationers Tags: operations,policy Sources: New Dimensions in Probation - Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [reported] 15 percent of IPS probationers successfully completed sentences Fifteen percent of IPS probationers have successfully completed their sentences. Value: 15.0 percent Tags: operations,policy Sources: New Dimensions in Probation - Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [reported] 16 percent of IPS probationers returned to prison Only 16 percent of IPS probationers have been removed from the program and returned to prison for technical violations or new crimes. Value: 16.0 percent Tags: operations,policy,recidivism Sources: New Dimensions in Probation - Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [reported] Georgia sentencing statistics show 10 percent reduction in incarceration Georgia sentencing statistics from 1982 through 1985 show a 10-percent reduction in the percentage of felons sentenced to incarceration. Value: 10.0 percent Tags: legal,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation - Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [reported] Georgia probation placement increased 10 percent 1982-1985 The percentage of offenders placed on probation increased 10 percent (from 63 percent in 1982 to 73 percent in 1985). Value: 10.0 percent Tags: legal,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation - Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [reported] IPS jurisdictions showed 15-27 percent increase in probation Jurisdictions with intensive supervision teams showed an increase of 15 to 27 percent in the percentage of offenders on probation, markedly higher than the statewide average increase of 10 percent. Value: 15.0 percent (vs. 27 upper range) Tags: operations,policy Sources: New Dimensions in Probation - Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [reported] Seven RSAT programs at four Georgia prisons There are seven RSAT programs operating at four prisons in the GDC system: Scott, Macon, Calhoun, and Pulaski State Prisons. Value: 7.0 programs (vs. 4 prisons) Date: 2000-01-01 Tags: operations,drugs,facilities Sources: Process Analysis of GDC RSAT Program, Draft Final Report - [reported] RSAT program total beds 310 A total of 310 beds are available for RSAT program participants. Value: 310.0 beds Date: 2000-01-01 Tags: operations,drugs,facilities Sources: Process Analysis of GDC RSAT Program, Draft Final Report - [reported] 50 parole officers trained as cognitive coaches Beginning in 1997, Elizabeth Fabiano and Frank Porporino, authorities in cognitive skills programming, trained approximately 50 parole officers across the state of Georgia, with retrainings held as needed. Value: 50.0 parole officers Date: 1997-01-01 Tags: operations,staffing,parole Sources: The Georgia Cognitive Skills Experiment: Process Evaluation, Phase Two - [reported] 30 parole districts and 3 institutions administered R&R A total of 30 parole districts and three correctional institutions administered R&R to offenders. Value: 30.0 parole districts (vs. 3 correctional institutions) Tags: operations,parole,facilities Sources: The Georgia Cognitive Skills Experiment: Process Evaluation, Phase Two - [reported] Phase I randomly assigned 468 parolees The Phase I evaluation randomly assigned 468 parolees to either an experimental group (N = 232) or a control group (N = 236) in 16 parole districts. Value: 468.0 parolees Date: 1998-01-01 Tags: operations,parole,methodology Sources: The Georgia Cognitive Skills Experiment: Process Evaluation, Phase Two - [reported] Phase II randomly assigned 1193 offenders Phase II of the Georgia Cognitive Skills Experiment employed an experimental design whereby 1193 offenders were randomly assigned to either the treatment (N = 609) or control group (N = 584). Value: 1193.0 offenders Tags: operations,parole,methodology Sources: The Georgia Cognitive Skills Experiment: Process Evaluation, Phase Two - [reported] Phase II ran July 1998 to April 2000 at 28 sites From July 1998 to April 2000, 28 sites across Georgia participated in Phase II: 25 parole districts and three correctional institutions. Value: 28.0 sites Tags: operations,parole,facilities Sources: The Georgia Cognitive Skills Experiment: Process Evaluation, Phase Two - [reported] Cognitive Skills participants mostly male Most of the participants are men (91.3%) and were between the ages of 18 and 35 (69.0%) at the beginning of the program, with an average age of 32. Value: 91.3 percent (vs. 69.0 percent aged 18-35) Tags: demographics,parole Sources: The Georgia Cognitive Skills Experiment: Process Evaluation, Phase Two - [reported] Cognitive Skills participants mostly nonwhite The participants may be further profiled as mostly nonwhite (68.5%). Of the 409 nonwhite participants, one is Native American and the rest are African American. Value: 68.5 percent Tags: demographics,parole Sources: The Georgia Cognitive Skills Experiment: Process Evaluation, Phase Two - [reported] Cognitive Skills participants employment and education Self-reports of employment and educational achievement at prison intake indicate that 50.9% were not employed full time at the time of their arrest and 65.4% did not complete high school. Value: 50.9 percent (vs. 65.4 percent without high school completion) Tags: demographics,parole Sources: The Georgia Cognitive Skills Experiment: Process Evaluation, Phase Two - [reported] Cognitive Skills participants reading level A substantial portion of participants have minimal reading skills, as evidenced by 26.4% scoring below a fifth grade reading level on the WRAT reading assessment. Value: 26.4 percent Tags: demographics,parole,mental_health Sources: The Georgia Cognitive Skills Experiment: Process Evaluation, Phase Two - [reported] Cognitive Skills participants average IQ The average IQ is 100.8, with 8.2% having IQs below 80. Value: 100.8 IQ points (vs. 8.2 percent below 80) Tags: demographics,parole,mental_health Sources: The Georgia Cognitive Skills Experiment: Process Evaluation, Phase Two - [reported] Cognitive Skills participants substance abuse history Slightly over half (56.8%) were noted in Georgia's offender information tracking system (OTIS) files to have a history of substance abuse. Value: 56.8 percent Tags: drugs,parole,demographics Sources: The Georgia Cognitive Skills Experiment: Process Evaluation, Phase Two - [reported] Cognitive Skills participants risk classification Half (49.2%) were classified by the risk score as medium/high risk. Value: 49.2 percent Tags: parole,operations Sources: The Georgia Cognitive Skills Experiment: Process Evaluation, Phase Two - [reported] Cognitive Skills participants prior incarceration A slight majority (58.1%) had been incarcerated multiple times including their last incarceration experience, and nearly half (44.1%) have prior parole revocations in their history. Value: 58.1 percent (vs. 44.1 percent with prior parole revocations) Tags: parole,recidivism,demographics Sources: The Georgia Cognitive Skills Experiment: Process Evaluation, Phase Two - [reported] Cognitive Skills participants prior felony convictions Only one participant (.2%) had no felony convictions other than those leading to his last incarceration; 48% had three or more prior felony convictions. Value: 48.0 percent Tags: parole,recidivism,demographics Sources: The Georgia Cognitive Skills Experiment: Process Evaluation, Phase Two - [reported] Cognitive Skills participants property crime convictions most common Of the various types of crimes committed by study participants prior to those that resulted in their last incarceration, property crime convictions were the most common (72.4%), followed by drug possession convictions (62.0%). Violent convictions (43.9%) and drug sale convictions (42.0%) were also common. Value: 72.4 percent (vs. 62.0 drug possession convictions) Tags: parole,recidivism,drugs,violence Sources: The Georgia Cognitive Skills Experiment: Process Evaluation, Phase Two - [reported] 18 participants had sex crime convictions despite screening Despite screening criteria to exclude sex offenders, 18 participants (3.0%) had histories of sex crime convictions. Value: 18.0 participants (vs. 3.0 percent) Tags: parole,operations,legal Sources: The Georgia Cognitive Skills Experiment: Process Evaluation, Phase Two - [reported] Low risk offenders constituted half of experimental group Low risk offenders constitute half (50.8%) of the experimental group. Value: 50.8 percent Tags: parole,operations Sources: The Georgia Cognitive Skills Experiment: Process Evaluation, Phase Two - [reported] 48 experimental group members had IQs below 80 For 48 (8.2%) of the experimental group, IQs are low enough (i.e., below 80) to call into question the appropriateness of their inclusion in the study. Value: 48.0 participants (vs. 8.2 percent) Tags: parole,operations,mental_health Sources: The Georgia Cognitive Skills Experiment: Process Evaluation, Phase Two - [reported] Experimental group had more prior property convictions Chi square analysis indicates that a greater proportion of the experimental group had eight or more prior property convictions (experimental = 23.3%; control = 19.0%; p < .05), but the median number of prior property convictions for both groups is two. Value: 23.3 percent (vs. 19.0 control group percent) Tags: parole,methodology,recidivism Sources: The Georgia Cognitive Skills Experiment: Process Evaluation, Phase Two LEGAL FACTS (11) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] H.B. 1176 signed into law May 2012 House Bill 1176 was signed into law by Republican Governor Nathan Deal in May 2012. The bill passed unanimously in both the House and Senate and was signed on May 2, 2012. Date: 2012-01-01 Tags: legal,policy Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] H.B. 1176 provisions began implementation July 1, 2012 Provisions in H.B. 1176 began to be implemented on July 1, 2012, the beginning of fiscal year 2013. Date: 2012-01-01 Tags: legal,policy Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] H.B. 1176 burglary sentencing changes H.B. 1176 created degrees of burglary based on seriousness of offense; decreased maximum sentence length for second-degree burglary from 20 years to 5 years (1st conviction) and 8 years (2nd conviction); increased minimum and maximum sentence lengths for third and subsequent convictions of first-degree burglary; allows sentences to probation up to the fourth conviction. Date: 2012-01-01 Tags: legal,policy Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] H.B. 1176 theft threshold raised H.B. 1176 raised the felony theft threshold from $500 to $1,500 and created a graduated scale of penalties based on value of stolen items, reducing the maximum sentence for items valued at less than $5,000. Date: 2012-01-01 Tags: legal,policy Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] H.B. 1176 shoplifting threshold raised H.B. 1176 raised the felony shoplifting threshold from $300 to $500. Date: 2012-01-01 Tags: legal,policy Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] H.B. 1176 forgery changes H.B. 1176 created new degrees of forgery based on seriousness of the offense and a corresponding graduated scale of penalties; allowed some forgeries (fourth degree) to be categorized as misdemeanors; increased maximum sentence for the most serious forgeries. Date: 2012-01-01 Tags: legal,policy Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] H.B. 1176 fraud threshold raised H.B. 1176 raised the felony fraud threshold from $500 to $1,500. Date: 2012-01-01 Tags: legal,policy Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] H.B. 1176 drug possession changes H.B. 1176 created degrees of drug possession based on weight and a corresponding graduated scale of penalties; reduced the minimum and maximum sentence length for all drug weights; removed drug possession from the recidivist statute. Date: 2012-01-01 Tags: legal,policy,drugs Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] H.B. 265 formed Special Council on Criminal Justice Reform In April 2011, H.B. 265 set reform efforts in motion by forming the Special Council on Criminal Justice Reform for Georgians, a group with bipartisan representation from all three branches of government, and the Joint Committee on Criminal Justice Reform. Date: 2011-01-01 Tags: legal,policy Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] Federal split sentence statute enacted 1958 Utilization of the split sentence became a formalized federal practice with the passage in 1958 of the Federal Split Sentence statute (18 U.S.C.A. Sec. 3651). Under this law, an offender could be sentenced to a period of up to six months of incarceration in a jail-type institution to be followed by probation. Date: 1958-01-01 Tags: legal,policy Sources: UTILIZATION OF THE SPLIT SENTENCE AND SHOCK PROBATION AS SENTENCING ALTERNATIVES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THEIR EXPANDED USE IN GEORGIA - [reported] California first state to authorize split sentence in 1927 At the state level, California was the first state to authorize a split sentence when, in 1927, it enacted a statutory provision permitting imprisonment in a county jail as a condition of probation. Date: 1927-01-01 Tags: legal,policy Sources: UTILIZATION OF THE SPLIT SENTENCE AND SHOCK PROBATION AS SENTENCING ALTERNATIVES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THEIR EXPANDED USE IN GEORGIA TRENDS (1) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Time served declining for H.B. 1176 offenses Time served in prison and on probation has begun to decline for people convicted of offenses affected by H.B. 1176. Tags: policy,operations Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative POLICYS (9) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Justice Reinvestment Initiative partnership State leaders sought support for reform efforts through the Justice Reinvestment Initiative, a public-private partnership jointly funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts and the Bureau of Justice Assistance at the US Department of Justice. Date: 2011-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative - [reported] ETS procedural deadline of 60 days for Plan development Timeline problems need to be addressed, perhaps by altering the procedural deadline of 60 days for Plan development. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: EARNED TIME SYSTEM - FIRST ANNUAL EVALUATION - [reported] Georgia shock probation program description The most frequently used shock probation program involves taking a probationer, who is on the verge of having his probation revoked, to an institution for a period of time and allowing him to go through a mock entry into the institution as well as seeing the functions of the institution during the day. The goal is to make these offenders more aware of the realities of imprisonment. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: UTILIZATION OF THE SPLIT SENTENCE AND SHOCK PROBATION AS SENTENCING ALTERNATIVES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THEIR EXPANDED USE IN GEORGIA - [reported] Georgia IPS program implemented 1982 Georgia's Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) program was implemented in 1982. Date: 1982-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation - Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [reported] IPS supervision standards IPS standards include: five face-to-face contacts per week; 132 hours of mandatory community service; mandatory curfew; mandatory employment; weekly check of local arrest records; automatic notification of arrest elsewhere via the State Crime Information Network listing; routine and unannounced alcohol and drug testing. Tags: operations,policy,drugs Sources: New Dimensions in Probation - Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [reported] IPS team composition The supervision standards are enforced by a team consisting of a Probation Officer and a Surveillance Officer. The team supervises 25 probationers. In some jurisdictions, a team of one Probation Officer and two Surveillance Officers supervises 40 probationers. Tags: operations,staffing,policy Sources: New Dimensions in Probation - Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [reported] RSAT program operated by Spectrum Health Services/CiviGenics The RSAT program is provided by Spectrum Health Services/CiviGenics (SHS), an independent vendor of health services operating in the GDC since 1994. Date: 2000-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,drugs,mental_health Sources: Process Analysis of GDC RSAT Program, Draft Final Report - [reported] Georgia Cognitive Skills Program began 1997 Since 1997, the Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles (GBPP) has undertaken an ambitious statewide implementation and evaluation of Ross and Fabiano's (1985) Reasoning and Rehabilitation Program (R&R). Date: 1997-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,mental_health,parole Sources: The Georgia Cognitive Skills Experiment: Process Evaluation, Phase Two - [reported] Cognitive Skills Program screening criteria Program selection criteria screened out parolees with IQ scores lower than 80 as well as those with histories of sexual offending or debilitating substance abuse. High risk offenders were targeted for inclusion in the program. Tags: operations,policy,mental_health Sources: The Georgia Cognitive Skills Experiment: Process Evaluation, Phase Two FINDINGS (14) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Earned Time System implemented after 15 months as Georgia law After 15 months as a Georgia law, the Earned Time System is implemented to a greater or lesser degree in every state and county institution. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: EARNED TIME SYSTEM - FIRST ANNUAL EVALUATION - [reported] Earned Time System success depends on management support The success of the Earned Time System lies primarily with the motivation projected by upper management. Where managers supported staff efforts and encouraged innovations, the System has been most thoroughly implemented; where staff perceived that support to be lacking, processes have been ignored or eliminated. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: EARNED TIME SYSTEM - FIRST ANNUAL EVALUATION - [reported] ETS training needed in need assessment and Plan development Overall, more training of a more specific nature seems to be needed, particularly in the areas of need assessment and Plan development. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: staffing,operations Sources: EARNED TIME SYSTEM - FIRST ANNUAL EVALUATION - [reported] Split sentence used as alternative to longer incarceration in Georgia An analysis of the data on its usage clearly indicates that the split sentence has been utilized in Georgia as an alternative to longer periods of incarceration and not as an alternative to probation. Date: 1976-01-01 Tags: legal,operations Sources: UTILIZATION OF THE SPLIT SENTENCE AND SHOCK PROBATION AS SENTENCING ALTERNATIVES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THEIR EXPANDED USE IN GEORGIA - [reported] Georgia correctional personnel support shock probation The vast majority of Georgia correctional personnel (Probation/Parole Supervisors, Institution Superintendents, etc.) feel that such a program can serve as an effective deterrent. Moreover, it will lessen the chances of recidivism, strengthen the concept of outside supervision and be of particular benefit to young offenders, first offenders and other offenders who have not spent any time in prison. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,recidivism Sources: UTILIZATION OF THE SPLIT SENTENCE AND SHOCK PROBATION AS SENTENCING ALTERNATIVES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THEIR EXPANDED USE IN GEORGIA - [reported] North Carolina ranked top five in time served for most crime categories Among the 17 states compared, North Carolina ranked in the top five in average months served for all crime categories except Assault with a Deadly Weapon. Tags: operations,legal Sources: COMPARISON OF AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY FELONS RELEASED FROM NORTH CAROLINA PRISONS WITH AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY THOSE RELEASED IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS - [reported] North Carolina longest time served for rape and grand theft auto The time served by North Carolina prisoners for Rape and Grand Theft Auto was longer than that served in any of the other 16 states listed in the table. Tags: operations,legal Sources: COMPARISON OF AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY FELONS RELEASED FROM NORTH CAROLINA PRISONS WITH AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY THOSE RELEASED IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS - [reported] IPS reduced risk to community The study suggests that in Georgia, the more stringent supervision reduced the risk to the community. Offenders in IPS committed fewer and less serious crimes than comparison groups of regular probationers and those released from prison. Tags: operations,policy,recidivism Sources: New Dimensions in Probation - Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [reported] IPS cost less than prison stay The cost of IPS, while much greater than regular probation, is considerably less than the cost of a prison stay, even when construction costs are not considered. Tags: budget,operations,policy Sources: New Dimensions in Probation - Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [reported] RSAT program fidelity to design Findings suggest that the RSAT program is operating in a way that is reflective of its design and the intent of its designers. There appears to be a significant degree of fidelity between the actual and proposed programs regarding the structure, setting, and content of the programs. Date: 2000-01-01 Tags: operations,drugs,policy Sources: Process Analysis of GDC RSAT Program, Draft Final Report - [reported] RSAT program benefits cited Benefits of the RSAT program cited by those interviewed included lower rates of institutional misconduct and significant attitudinal and behavioral change as participants progress through the program. Date: 2000-01-01 Tags: operations,drugs,mental_health Sources: Process Analysis of GDC RSAT Program, Draft Final Report - [reported] RSAT program weaknesses identified Weaknesses cited by both RSAT staff and correctional administrators focused on the selection and referral processes and the lack of sufficient aftercare services once graduates are released from prison. Specific factors cited included a lack of communication between various entities within the GDC and a lack of knowledge concerning the RSAT program among diagnostic and classification staff. Date: 2000-01-01 Tags: operations,drugs,staffing Sources: Process Analysis of GDC RSAT Program, Draft Final Report - [reported] Georgia Cognitive Skills Program first statewide effort with parolees The Georgia Cognitive Skills Program is the first known statewide effort to employ cognitive skills training with parolees. Tags: operations,policy,mental_health,parole Sources: The Georgia Cognitive Skills Experiment: Process Evaluation, Phase Two - [reported] Randomization procedures successful Analyses reveal great similarity between the two groups, confirming the integrity of the experimental design. Only one statistically significant difference exists between the experimental and control groups. Tags: parole,methodology Sources: The Georgia Cognitive Skills Experiment: Process Evaluation, Phase Two CASE DETAILS (2) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Counselor caseloads of 190 at Southwest District institution At a smaller state institution in the Southwest District, counselors were faced with caseloads of 190 each yet, encouraged by upper management, developed Performance Plans in a thorough if not timely manner. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: staffing,operations Sources: EARNED TIME SYSTEM - FIRST ANNUAL EVALUATION - [reported] County camp lacked managerial support for ETS At a county camp in the Northern District, with similar caseloads but no managerial support, Plans were completed sporadically and Quarterlies and performance reports not at all. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: staffing,operations Sources: EARNED TIME SYSTEM - FIRST ANNUAL EVALUATION METHODOLOGY NOTES (7) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] ETS evaluation funded by LEAA This evaluation was produced under the auspices of the Program Evaluation Section, Evaluation and Monitoring Services of the Georgia Department of Offender Rehabilitation. Funds were provided by the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) under Grant No. 76ED040025. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: EARNED TIME SYSTEM - FIRST ANNUAL EVALUATION - [reported] IPS evaluation methodology For offenders sentenced during 1983, the first year the program was fully operational, evaluators compared the profiles of three groups: IPS probationers, regular probationers, and prison releasees. A computer selected the sample of 200 regular probationers and 200 IPS probationers matched by age, sex, race, crime type, risk score, and need score. Date: 1983-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: New Dimensions in Probation - Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [reported] IPS evaluation funded by NIJ The evaluation was conducted by the Georgia Department of Corrections, Office of Evaluation and Statistics, and was assisted by an Advisory Board funded by the National Institute of Justice. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: New Dimensions in Probation - Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [reported] RSAT evaluation methodology A variety of methods and data sources were utilized in the writing of this report, including interviews with GDC and SHS staff, examination of computerized databases, observation at service delivery sites, and examination of a variety of written materials and research. Date: 2000-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: Process Analysis of GDC RSAT Program, Draft Final Report - [reported] RSAT evaluation conducted by Wellsys Corporation The process evaluation was conducted by Wellsys Corporation, under contract to the GDC. Date: 2000-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: Process Analysis of GDC RSAT Program, Draft Final Report - [reported] RSAT evaluation funded by NIJ grant The RSAT process evaluation was funded through the U.S. Department of Justice under Award Number 99-RT-VX-K008. Date: 2000-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology,budget Sources: Process Analysis of GDC RSAT Program, Draft Final Report - [reported] Cognitive Skills study funded by NIJ and GBPP This study was funded through the Office of Justice Programs for the National Institute of Justice (Grant #98-CE-VX-0013) and by the Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles. Date: 2001-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology,budget Sources: The Georgia Cognitive Skills Experiment: Process Evaluation, Phase Two DATASETS (3) ---------------------------------------- # Commitments by Offense Type, 2012-2015 Prison and probation commitments for offenses affected by H.B. 1176, comparing 2012 and 2015 figures by offense type. Offense Type Prison Commitments 2012 Prison Commitments 2015 Prison Change Probation Commitments 2012 Probation Commitments 2015 Probation Change ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Burglary 3176 2840 -10.6% 4960 4483 -9.6% Drug possession 1172 1170 -0.2% 6145 7658 24.6% Forgery 1175 667 -43.2% 3217 1824 -43.3% Fraud 3 2 -33.3% 70 24 -65.7% Shoplifting 395 495 25.3% 1135 1236 8.9% Theft 1571 1332 -15.2% 5585 4053 -27.4% Total 7492 6506 -13.2% 21112 19278 -8.7% # Overall Average Months Served by Jurisdiction Comparison of overall average months served by prisoners in North Carolina, the national average, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. Jurisdiction Average Months Served ----------------------------------------- North Carolina 31.7 National Average 18.3 Florida 25.9 Georgia 24.2 South Carolina 17.8 # Average Months Served for Offenses by Jurisdiction Average months served for specific offense categories across North Carolina, national average, and Georgia. Offense North Carolina National Average Georgia ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Murder Second Degree 75.1 47.5 38.7 Manslaughter 42.4 25.3 58.1 Robbery with Firearm 49.7 29.7 37.8 Robbery with Deadly Weapon 29.4 16.4 29.3 Unarmed Robbery 23.3 39.6 33.9 Assault with Deadly Weapon 27.5 15.7 55.9 Rape 68.5 13.8 22.8 Burglary 1st Degree 21.7 13.1 16.7 Burglary 2nd Degree 21.7 13.2 16.7 Grand Theft 21.7 13.1 16.7 Grand Theft Auto 21.7 13.2 16.7 Forgery and Checks 21.7 13.2 16.7 KEY ENTITIES (21) ---------------------------------------- - Calhoun State Prison [facility]: Georgia state prison where two female correctional officers were arrested in 2020 for allegedly smuggling methamphetamine in Hot Pockets; cases dismissed due to GDC failure to test evidence. - Earned Time System [program]: A performance-based rehabilitative model enacted by the Georgia legislature on July 1, 1976 to address overcrowding, negative corrections philosophy, and unspecified parole criteria. Includes case management, performance rating, and privilege systems. (aka: ETS, Earned Time Law) - Federal Split Sentence Statute [legislation]: Federal law passed in 1958 that formalized the split sentence practice, allowing offenders to be sentenced to up to six months of incarceration in a jail-type institution followed by probation. (aka: 18 U.S.C.A. Sec. 3651) - Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles [organization]: Georgia's parole authority, operates reentry services including Reentry Partnership Housing (RPH) - Georgia Cognitive Skills Program [program]: A cognitive-behavioral treatment program for parolees in Georgia, evaluated through a randomized experiment by the University of Cincinnati for the Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles. The program targets general criminal behavior and excludes low-risk offenders, sex offenders, severe substance abusers, and those with IQs below 80. (aka: Georgia Cognitive Skills Experiment, Georgia Cognitive Skills) - Georgia Department of Corrections [organization]: State agency responsible for operating Georgia's prison system. Subject of federal DOJ investigation in 2022-2023 for constitutional violations including food-related deaths. (aka: GDC) - House Bill 1176 [legislation]: Comprehensive criminal justice reform legislation signed into law by Governor Nathan Deal in May 2012, restructuring offense classifications and sentencing policies. (aka: H.B. 1176, HB 1176) - House Bill 265 [legislation]: Legislation passed in April 2011 that formed the Special Council on Criminal Justice Reform for Georgians and the Joint Committee on Criminal Justice Reform. (aka: H.B. 265) - Intensive Probation Supervision [program]: Georgia's intensive probation supervision program implemented in 1982, involving strict supervision standards including five face-to-face contacts per week and 132 hours of community service. (aka: IPS) - Justice Reinvestment Initiative [program]: Pew-supported initiative that worked with 30+ states to implement data-driven criminal justice reform, including Texas and Louisiana. (aka: JRI) - Law Enforcement Assistance Administration [organization]: Federal agency that provided funding for the ETS evaluation under Grant No. 76ED040025. (aka: LEAA) - Macon State Prison [facility]: Georgia state prison visited by DOJ during 2022-2023 investigation (aka: Macon) - Nathan Deal [person]: Former Georgia Governor (2011-2019) whose justice reinvestment reforms (2012-2015) resulted in a 6% prison population decrease, $264M in averted costs, and $57M reinvested. (aka: Governor Deal) - National Institute of Justice [organization]: DOJ research agency that commissioned studies on deaths in custody to meet DCRA 2013 requirements. (aka: NIJ) - Pulaski State Prison [facility]: Georgia women's state prison where Christina Buttery died on December 21, 2022, from a methamphetamine and fentanyl overdose. - Reasoning and Rehabilitation Program [program]: A cognitive skills training program developed by Ross and Fabiano (1985) designed to change the way offenders think and reduce recidivism. (aka: R&R) - Scott State Prison [facility]: Georgia state prison where Timothy Ward began his career with the Department of Corrections in 1992 as a correctional officer. - Special Council on Criminal Justice Reform for Georgians [organization]: Bipartisan group formed by H.B. 265 in April 2011 with representation from all three branches of government to analyze Georgia's criminal justice system and make reform recommendations. (aka: SCCJRG, Special Council) - Spectrum Health Services/CiviGenics [organization]: An independent vendor of health services operating in the GDC since 1994, providing the RSAT program. (aka: SHS) - U.S. Department of Justice [organization]: Federal agency that published October 2024 findings report on unconstitutional conditions in Georgia prisons. (aka: DOJ) - Wellsys Corporation [organization]: Corporation contracted by the GDC to conduct the RSAT process evaluation. (aka: Wellsys) SOURCES (7) ---------------------------------------- - Assessing the Impact of Georgia's Sentencing Reforms: Justice Reinvestment Initiative, Urban Institute Justice Policy Center by Elizabeth Pelletier, Bryce Peterson, Ryan King (2017-07-01) [official_report, primary] URL: http://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/91731/ga_policy_assessment.pdf - COMPARISON OF AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY FELONS RELEASED FROM NORTH CAROLINA PRISONS WITH AVERAGE TIME SERVED BY THOSE RELEASED IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS, North Carolina Department of Correction by Glenn F. Lang, Kenneth L. Parker (1979-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/59436NCJRS.pdf - EARNED TIME SYSTEM - FIRST ANNUAL EVALUATION, Georgia Department of Offender Rehabilitation by Elaine T. DeCostanzo (1977-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/67770NCJRS.pdf - New Dimensions in Probation - Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS), U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice by Billie S. Erwin, Lawrence A. Bennett (1987-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/102848NCJRS.pdf - Process Analysis of GDC RSAT Program, Draft Final Report, Wellsys Corporation by Audry Moffett (2000-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/189586.pdf - The Georgia Cognitive Skills Experiment: Process Evaluation, Phase Two, University of Cincinnati / NCJRS by Lisa M. Spruance, Patricia Van Voorhis, Shelley Johnson Listwan, Jennifer Pealer, Renita Seabrook (2001-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: http://www.uc.edu/content/dam/uc/ccjr/docs/reports/project_reports/Georgia_Phase_2_process_eval.pdf - UTILIZATION OF THE SPLIT SENTENCE AND SHOCK PROBATION AS SENTENCING ALTERNATIVES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THEIR EXPANDED USE IN GEORGIA, Georgia Department of Offender Rehabilitation Planning Section (1978-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/52262NCJRS.pdf