GPS RESEARCH LIBRARY: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) ============================================================ Georgia Prisoners' Speak — gps.press Generated: 2026-09-14 13:24:15 EDT Research Date: 2026-09-06 Topic: Women's Incarceration JSON: https://gps.press/research-data/georgia-women-prison-inmates-and-their-families-ncj-79468-1981/?format=json SUMMARY ---------------------------------------- This document is the third chunk (PDF pages 52-63) of a 1981 NCJRS report by Judith G. Hadley analyzing survey data on Georgia women prison inmates and their families. It contains the full text of the survey questionnaire administered to incarcerated women, covering topics such as marital status, household composition, children's living arrangements, custody, visitation, communication with children, government aid receipt, and family relationships. The document also includes a references section listing academic and journalistic sources on incarcerated women and their families from the 1960s-1980. The material provides historical baseline data on family separation and child custody issues affecting incarcerated mothers in Georgia. METHODOLOGY NOTES (109) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire administered to Georgia women inmates on family relationships The document reproduces the full text of a survey questionnaire titled 'WOMEN'S SURVEY, QUESTIONAIRE' administered to incarcerated women in Georgia. The questionnaire asks about marital status at prison entry, household composition at time of arrest, number of children, children's living arrangements before and after incarceration, legal custody of children, visitation frequency, communication with children (letters, phone calls), government aid receipt, and family relationships. Questions are numbered 1 through 61 and include items about feelings toward family ties, children's well-being, and arrangements for children's care during incarceration. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,survey,families,children,incarcerated_women Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about number of children living with inmate before arrest The survey questionnaire includes a question asking respondents to report the number of children living with them before their arrest. Response categories include a numeric count and options for 'missing' and 'no children.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,families,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about marital status at prison entry The survey questionnaire asks respondents to indicate their marital status when they entered prison, with response categories including: single (never married), married, separated, divorced, widowed, common-law marriage, and other. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,marital_status,families,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about household composition at time of arrest The survey questionnaire asks respondents to describe the household they were living in at the time of their arrest, including the number of adults other than themselves, number of children, and the specific relationships of household members (husband, boyfriend, roommates, mother, father, in-laws, grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, brothers, sisters, natural children, other children, friends). Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,household,families,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about relationship with husband at prison entry The survey questionnaire asks respondents how they got along with their husband when they entered prison, with response categories including: very good relationship, good relationship, some good/some bad, bad relationship, very bad relationship, no relationship/do not hear from each other, other, and 'I have no husband.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,relationships,families,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about feelings on family ties during hard times The survey questionnaire asks respondents to describe their feelings about the statement 'Family ties are strengthened when times are hard,' with response categories ranging from 'family ties are greatly strengthened' to 'family ties are weakened a lot.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,families,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about worry for future of today's children The survey questionnaire asks respondents to describe their feelings about the statement 'I worry about the future facing today's children,' with response categories including: worry a lot, worry some, don't worry much, don't worry at all, and uncertain. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about responsibility for child development The survey questionnaire asks respondents to describe their feelings about the statement 'It is frightening to be responsible for the development of a little child,' with response categories including: strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree, and uncertain. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,parenting,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about children's happiness The survey questionnaire asks respondents to describe their feelings about the statement 'Generally, my children are happy,' with response categories including: all of the time, most of the time, some of the time, often unhappy, always unhappy, unsure, and 'I have no children.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,wellbeing,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about children's health The survey questionnaire asks respondents to describe their feelings about the statement 'Generally, my children are healthy,' with response categories including: all of the time, most of the time, some of the time, often sick, always sick, unsure, and 'I have no children.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,health,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about children's school performance The survey questionnaire asks respondents to describe their feelings about the statement 'Generally, my children do well in school,' with response categories including: do very well, do well, do average work, have some problems with school work, have a lot of problems with school work, don't know how they do in school, none of my children are in school, and 'I have no children.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,education,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about ideal family size and number of children ever had The survey questionnaire asks respondents how many children they consider an ideal family to have, and how many children they have ever had (excluding stillbirths). It also asks how many of those children have died, how many lived with the respondent before prison, and how many were under 18 when the respondent came to prison. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,family_size,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about births during incarceration The survey questionnaire asks respondents whether they gave birth to a child after coming to prison, with response categories of yes or no. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,birth,incarcerated_women,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about responsibility for stepchildren or other non-biological children The survey questionnaire asks respondents whether they were responsible for the care of stepchildren or other children under 18 that were not their own before coming to prison, and if so, how many. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,caregiving,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks for sex and birthdate of each child The survey questionnaire asks respondents to list the sex and birthdate for each of their children, with space provided for up to nine children. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks who supported children before incarceration The survey questionnaire asks respondents who supported their children before they came to prison, with response categories including: self, child's father or stepfather, child's grandparent(s), other relatives, received government aid, all children grown/married/working, other, and 'I have no children under 18.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,financial_support,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about release on bond before trial The survey questionnaire asks respondents whether they were released on bond or other release before trial following their arrest, with response categories of yes or no. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,pretrial_release,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about planning for children's care during incarceration The survey questionnaire asks respondents whether they were able to plan who would keep their children while they were in prison, with response categories of yes, no, and 'I have no children under 18.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,caregiving,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey administered at Middle Georgia Women's Prison The survey was administered at the Middle Georgia Women's Unit on January 15, 22, and 23, 1981. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks who is keeping children during incarceration The survey questionnaire asks respondents who is keeping their children now, with response categories including: child's father, child's grandparent, another relative, foster care, friend, other, and 'no children under 18.' Respondents are asked to note how many children each person is taking care of. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,custody,foster_care,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about quality of children's care arrangements The survey questionnaire asks respondents to describe their feelings about the statement 'The person caring for my children sees that they get good food, clothing, and shelter,' with response categories including: strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree, unsure, and 'I have no children under 18.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,caregiving,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks who supports children during incarceration The survey questionnaire asks respondents who supports their children now, with response categories including: self, child's father or stepfather, child's grandparent(s), other relatives, receives government aid, all children grown/married/working, other, and 'I have no children under 18.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,financial_support,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about feelings on children's care arrangements The survey questionnaire asks respondents to describe their feelings about the statement 'I feel my children have the best possible person caring for them in my absence,' with response categories including: strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree, and uncertain. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,caregiving,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about better arrangements with more planning time The survey questionnaire asks respondents to describe their feelings about the statement 'Better arrangements could have been made for my children's care if I had had more time to plan,' with response categories including: could have made much better arrangements, could have made better arrangements, arrangements were OK, arrangements were the best, don't know, and 'I have no children under 18.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,caregiving,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Anxiety index range The anxiety index ranged from zero to 24, divided into three equal groups labeled low, moderate, and high anxiety. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: mental_health,methodology Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks whether caregiver lived in household before incarceration The survey questionnaire asks respondents whether the person who is now keeping their children was living in their household before they came to prison, with response categories of yes, no, and 'I have no children under 18.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,caregiving,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks where children are living during incarceration The survey questionnaire asks respondents where their children are living now, with response categories including: the same place they were before my arrest, different place but same neighborhood, different neighborhood same town, different town, other, and 'I have no children under 18.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,housing,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about legal custody of children The survey questionnaire asks respondents who has legal custody of their children now, with response categories including: I still have legal custody, child's father has custody, child's grandparent has custody, another relative has custody, Department of Family and Children's Services, other, and 'no children under 18.' Respondents are asked to note how many children have each type of custody. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,custody,DFCS,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about visitation frequency with family The survey questionnaire asks respondents to describe their feelings about the statement 'I get to visit with my family as often as I would really like,' with response categories including: strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree, and uncertain. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,visitation,families,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about caregiver turning children against inmate The survey questionnaire asks respondents to describe their feelings about the statement 'The person caring for my children tries to turn them away from me,' with response categories including: strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree, uncertain, and 'I have no children under 18.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,parental_alienation,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about frequency of receiving letters from children The survey questionnaire asks respondents how often they receive letters from their children, with response categories including: several times a week, weekly, monthly, every 3 or 4 months, 1 or 2 times a year, never, other, and 'I have no children.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,communication,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about frequency of writing to children The survey questionnaire asks respondents how often they write to their children, with response categories including: several times a week, weekly, monthly, every 3 or 4 months, 1 or 2 times a year, never, other, and 'I have no children.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,communication,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about frequency of telephoning children The survey questionnaire asks respondents how often they telephone their children, with response categories including: monthly, every 3 or 4 months, 1 or 2 times a year, never, other, and 'I have no children.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,communication,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about frequency of children's visits The survey questionnaire asks respondents how often their children come to visit them, with response categories including: weekly, monthly, every 3 or 4 months, 1 or 2 times a year, never, other, and 'I have no children.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,visitation,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks whether caregiver helps or hinders contact with children The survey questionnaire asks respondents whether the person taking care of their children helps or hinders their keeping in touch with their children, with response categories including: helps very much, helps some, doesn't help but doesn't hinder, hinders some, hinders very much, and 'no children under 18.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,communication,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about transportation as a barrier to family visits The survey questionnaire asks respondents whether transportation is a problem when their family visits them, with response categories including: no problem, somewhat of a problem, very much a problem, and 'they are unable to visit because of transportation.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,visitation,transportation,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about distance from children's home to prison The survey questionnaire asks respondents approximately how many miles it is from their children's home to the prison, with a numeric response and a code of 999 for 'I have no children.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,visitation,distance,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks how family travels to visit The survey questionnaire asks respondents how their family travels to see them, with response categories including: they have a car, they come with friends or relatives, and they take the bus. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,visitation,transportation,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about children's reactions during visits The survey questionnaire asks respondents how their children react to them during their visits, with response categories including: they act like they are comfortable with me, they act like they feel awkward with me, they are very uncomfortable with me, and 'I have no children.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,visitation,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about changes in children's behavior during absence The survey questionnaire asks respondents whether they have noticed any change in how their children get along from day to day during their absence from home, with response categories of yes, no, and 'I have no children.' Follow-up categories include: no change - everything is OK, they don't seem to feel the same toward me, they are in trouble at school, they seem to be running wild, they are in trouble with juvenile authorities, and other problems. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,behavior,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about relationship with family and children The survey questionnaire asks respondents generally speaking how they get along with their family and with their children, with response categories including: very well, well, average, not well, and not well at all. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,families,relationships,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about home passes or furloughs The survey questionnaire asks respondents whether they have been home on a pass or furlough, with response categories of yes and no. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,furlough,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey sample size The study surveyed 296 women incarcerated in Georgia prisons. Total reported varies by question, with missing data ranging from 5 to 96 responses depending on the question. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,survey,sample_size Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks whether furlough helped solve family problems The survey questionnaire asks respondents whether their visit home on furlough helped them solve any family problems, with response categories including: yes - helped a lot, yes - helped some, didn't have any family problems, no - didn't help, no - made matters worse, other, and 'never had a pass or furlough home.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,furlough,families,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Data collection methodology The women were asked to enter the birthdate of each child. The children were then grouped by age. Separate age tables can be found in the appendix. The coding scale for relationship quality went from (1) very good to (9) I have no husband. The higher the value, the more problems with the relationship. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,survey,data_collection Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about family's reaction to incarceration The survey questionnaire asks respondents how they would describe their family's reaction to their going to prison, with response categories including: they are very helpful and supportive, they are somewhat helpful and supportive, they are somewhat negative, they are very negative, and other. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,families,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] OCR limitations in source document The source document is a pre-1990 NCJRS scan with OCR artifacts possible. Figures should only be recorded where digits are unambiguous, with page citations to PDF page markers. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,OCR,data_quality Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about head of household before incarceration The survey questionnaire asks respondents who was the head of the household where they lived before coming to prison, with response categories including: yourself, husband, boyfriend, your father, your mother, your grandparent, other relative, and other. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,household,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about government aid received before incarceration The survey questionnaire asks respondents whether they received any government aid before coming to prison, with response categories including: welfare, aid to dependent children, food stamps, Medicaid/Medicare, housing assistance, unemployment compensation, other, and 'received no aid.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,government_aid,welfare,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] FBI criminal history reports Prior conviction data was obtained from reports received from the FBI. A prior conviction can be any conviction that appears on the FBI report. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,FBI,criminal_history Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about government aid received as a child The survey questionnaire asks respondents whether they were receiving any government aid when they themselves were a child, with response categories including: welfare, aid to dependent children, food stamps, Medicaid/Medicare, housing assistance, unemployment compensation, other, and 'received no aid.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,government_aid,childhood,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about children's current government aid receipt The survey questionnaire asks respondents whether their children are receiving any government aid now, with response categories including: welfare, aid to dependent children, food stamps, Medicaid/Medicare, housing assistance, unemployment compensation, other, 'receiving no aid,' and 'no children under 18.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,government_aid,children,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about expected government aid upon release The survey questionnaire asks respondents whether they think they will receive any government aid upon their release, with response categories including: welfare, aid to dependent children, food stamps, Medicaid/Medicare, housing assistance, unemployment compensation, other, and 'will receive no aid.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,government_aid,reentry,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about regaining custody of children upon release The survey questionnaire asks respondents whether they will get their children back when they are released, with response categories including: yes, no, don't know, and 'I have no children under 18.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,custody,reentry,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about desire for home pass or furlough The survey questionnaire asks respondents whether they would like to go home on a pass or furlough, with response categories of yes and no, and asks them to explain why. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,furlough,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about overnight child visits at prison The survey questionnaire asks respondents whether they would like their child to visit overnight at the prison if Georgia allowed this, with response categories of yes, no, and 'I have no children under 18,' and asks them to explain why. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,visitation,overnight_visits,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about special visiting hours for children The survey questionnaire asks respondents to describe their feelings about the statement 'It would be nice if there were special visiting hours just for children,' with response categories including: it would be very nice, it would be nice, it would not be nice, it would be unpleasant, and 'not sure if it would be nice or not.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,visitation,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about visitation frequency with children The survey questionnaire asks respondents to describe their feelings about the statement 'I get to visit with my children as often as I would really like,' with response categories including: strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree, uncertain, and 'I have no children.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,visitation,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about age at first childbirth The survey questionnaire asks respondents how old they were when they had their first child, with a numeric response and a code of 9 for 'I have no children.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children,birth,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about relationship with boyfriend at prison entry The survey questionnaire asks respondents how they got along with their boyfriend when they entered prison, with response categories including: very good relationship, good relationship, some good/some bad, bad relationship, very bad relationship, other, and 'I have no boyfriend.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,relationships,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about current relationship with boyfriend The survey questionnaire asks respondents how they get along with their boyfriend now, with response categories including: very good relationship, good relationship, not so good a relationship, bad relationship, very bad relationship, other, and 'I have no boyfriend.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,relationships,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about number of times married The survey questionnaire asks respondents how many times they have ever been married, with a numeric response. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,marriage,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about years in marital status The survey questionnaire asks respondents how many years they were in their marital status at prison entry, and how many years they have been in their current status. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,marital_status,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire asks about current relationship with husband The survey questionnaire asks respondents how they get along with their husband now, with response categories including: very good relationship, good relationship, not so good a relationship, bad relationship, very bad relationship, no relationship/we do not hear from each other, other, and 'I have no husband.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,relationships,marriage,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Glick and Neto study of women's correctional programs The Glick and Neto study (1977) is a comprehensive work which studied women in 16 states, over 600 incarcerated women, and administrators and staff were interviewed as well. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: methodology,research Sources: Glick and Neto (1977) - [confirmed] Survey questionnaire instructs respondents to use inmate number and first three letters of last name The survey questionnaire instructs respondents to enter their inmate number and the first three letters of their last name as identifiers for computer processing, and states that all data is confidential and respondents should not put their full name on the forms. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,confidentiality,survey Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Report includes references on incarcerated women and their families from 1960s-1980 The document includes a references section listing academic and journalistic sources on incarcerated women, their families, and children of incarcerated mothers. References include works by Hobbs and Osman (1967), Bowker (1977, 1978), Horowitz et al. (1979), Klein and Kress (1976), Glick and Neto (1977), Heffernan (1972), McCarthy (1979), McGowan and Blumenthal (1978), Morris (1965), Rainwater (1960, 1970), Rainwater et al. (1959), Stack (1974), Komarovsky (1964), Levitan (1971), and articles by Gayle White in the Atlanta Journal Constitution (February 25-27, 1980). Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,references,literature_review Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Yarrow and LaPoint study on children of imprisoned parents In 1977 a study was being conducted by the Maryland Correctional Institute on the psychological effects of the mother's imprisonment on children. A final report has not been published. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: methodology,research,children Sources: Yarrow and LaPoint (1977) - [confirmed] Survey pre-tests at work release centers The survey was pre-tested at New Horizons and Columbia House, both work release centers located in Atlanta, Georgia. The first test was conducted at New Horizons with about 15 inmates. The second was at Columbia House with twenty-two inmates. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey administered on Thursday nights The survey was given on Thursday nights as the prison staff told us that this night had the least conflict with other activities such as volleyball practice, a gospel group, and a church meeting. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Women in segregation or disciplinary excluded from survey Those in segregation or disciplinary time were not available for the survey. No attempt was made to include women who were ill. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,solitary Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Departmental files used for verified information All the crime and sentencing information, time served, escapes, prior convictions, and punishment reports are from departmental computer files and are verified information. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] IQ and WRAT scores from departmental tests IQ scores and functional education level (WRAT) are from tests administered by the Department. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,education Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Cattell Culture Fair IQ test used The prison system administers the Cattell Culture Fair IQ test. All inmates are not tested, but those who were had scores that ranged from 52 to 121. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,mental_health Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Inmates asked for help reading survey In a few cases, inmates did say that they did not read well and asked for help. In these instances the questions were read to them and they filled in the survey with the helper. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,education Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Welfare classification definition An inmate is placed in the welfare category if she states that she was receiving welfare, food stamps, etc. at the time of her arrest. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,demographics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Active population vs admission cohort bias An active population will vary somewhat from an admission cohort. An active population will invariably contain a higher percentage of longer sentence lengths than the admission cohort. This is due to the effect of the inmates with shorter sentences having been released so they are not now included in the active population. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,sentencing Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Behavior problems coded per inmate not mutually exclusive The frequency tables below are coded by problems, not inmates. Each inmate may have one or two problems coded. Thus, 67% of these women had no problems. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,mental_health Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey requested by Director of Women's Services The Georgia Department of Offender Rehabilitation Director of Women's Services requested a survey of incarcerated women. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,policy Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Study focuses on descriptive statistics Except for the analysis on the anxiety index, this paper concentrates on descriptive statistics. This method was chosen to present the information to the Department of Offender Rehabilitation. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Anxiety index assumption about caring for family The anxiety index makes the assumption that the women do care about their families and therefore are anxious. This assumption cannot be proved, however it seems reasonable that most people are concerned about their families. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,mental_health Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Anxiety index scoring for best caretaker question If the woman strongly disagrees that she has the best caretaker for her children, two points are added to the anxiety index. If she only disagrees, one point is added. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,mental_health Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Mothers variable definition Women with children under 18 are considered mothers for this variable. Women with no children or only children over 18 are not considered mothers for this variable. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Comparison between mother and non-mother groups inaccurate It would be inaccurate to try to compare the two groups (mothers with children under 18 vs. others) as too many variables would apply to only the group with children under 18. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Stepwise regression methodology Pearson's correlations were run and variables with high correlations (.3 or better) and a significance of .000 or .001 were examined. Variables which are already part of the anxiety index were discarded. Stepwise regression was run and three independent variables were chosen that had significant F scores. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,statistics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] No reason to believe rest of population significantly different There is no reason to believe the rest of the population was significantly different from those who cooperated with the survey. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey instrument revised after first pre-test Several questions were raised about the wording of the survey items after the first pre-test. After these items were revised, the survey was administered at Columbia House. There were no further problems with the survey items, and it was decided that the instrument was in its final form. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Difficulty determining children per caretaker type An attempt was made to determine how many children were in each type of care, but this was not possible as many women just checked the appropriate caretakers instead of the number of children involved. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,data_limitations,caretaker,children Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] OCR artifacts in pre-1990 document OCR artifacts are possible in pre-1990 documents; figures should only be recorded where digits are unambiguous. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,ocr,data_quality Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Anxiety index variables in survey The survey included an anxiety index with variables including FAMTIS, WORFUT, CHDEV, CHHAP, THREL, CHHEAL, CHSCH, CHFCS, BESTPER, BETARG, TURNAWY, GETLET, CHVIS, TELPHIN, CHACT, FAMREL, CHREL, FAMREACT, FAMVIS, and VISOFTEN. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,anxiety,survey,variables Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Survey question codes for anxiety index The anxiety index used survey questions 3, 10, 12, 8, 13, 14, 22, 24, 28, 33, 34, 37, 38, 42, 44, 45, 48, 53, 32, and 58 with associated codes. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,anxiety,survey,codes Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey instrument in final form after pre-tests The survey was in its final form after the two pre-tests at New Horizons and Columbia House. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Most women unable to participate in other activities Most of the women involved in other activities were unable to participate in the survey. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Self-reported information in survey Most of the survey information is self-reported. However, almost all of the crime and sentencing information, time served, escapes, prior convictions, and punishment reports are from departmental computer files and are verified information. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Anxiety index computed from negative answers The anxiety index was created by computing the negative answers for questions about family and children. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,mental_health Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Anxiety index questions related to welfare of children under 18 Since many of the questions related to the welfare of children under 18, a new variable was created. The women were then separated into two groups for analysis. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,children Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Crosstabulations confirm regression findings This is confirmed by crosstabulations of anxiety by these variables for mothers with minor children. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,statistics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] PLAN variable definition PLAN: if the woman was able to plan who was to keep her children. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] CHBACK variable definition CHBACK: if the woman expects to get her children back after her release. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] TRANS variable definition TRANS: if transportation is a problem when her family visits. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,visitation Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Race reported as white and black only Race is reported here as totally white and black. Nonwhite in Georgia is almost totally black. There is an occasional Indian or other race. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,race,demographics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Customary age grouping for planning purposes It is customary to group inmates in 4 age groups for planning purposes. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,demographics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] IQ divided into two categories For convenience, IQ is usually divided into two categories: IQ less than 70 and IQ greater than 69. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,mental_health Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [estimated] Possible lower functioning inmates refused survey It is possible that some of the inmates who refused to take the survey may have been functioning at a lower level and did not want to ask for help. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,education Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Middle class practically anyone making more than minimum Middle class is practically anyone making more than the minimum standard of living. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,demographics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Welfare category means just making it with no resources The welfare category means the family is just making it and has no resources to fall back on. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,poverty Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Employed category means few resources to fall back on The main idea here is that these people do have a few resources to fall back on. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,demographics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Roommates category does not include boyfriends The roommates/friends category does not include boyfriends. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,demographics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Diagnostic behavior problems checked at intake Upon arrival in prison these women were classified with the following types of living arrangements. Upon intake, inmates are checked for certain behavior problems. Some of these problems are self-reported, some are the results of various tests. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,diagnostics,mental_health Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) STATISTICS (250) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] Survey respondents who were mothers of children under 18 Of the 296 women who responded to the survey, 196 were mothers of children under 18. Value: 196.0 women (vs. 296 total survey respondents) Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Pre-trial release rate for women inmates Slightly less than half of the women in the study were released on bond or other release before their trial. Table 6-1 shows 121 women (44%) reported being released before trial, while 156 (56%) were not. Value: 44.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: pretrial,release,bond Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Single caretaker families among incarcerated women Eighty-three percent of the families of incarcerated women have a single caretaker for their children. Value: 83.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Total children involved in study There were 557 children involved in the study. Value: 557.0 children Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children in care of child's father Thirty-seven percent of incarcerated women's children are in the care of the child's father. Value: 37.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Children under age 18 when mother went to prison Four hundred and forty-five of the 557 children were under age 18 when their mother went to prison. Value: 445.0 children (vs. 557 total children) Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Sentence length distribution Table 6-2 shows sentence lengths: 39 women (13%) had sentences of 2 years or less, 90 (30%) had 2.1-5 years, 60 (20%) had 5.1-10 years, 13 (4%) had 10.1 years and up, 68 (23%) had life sentences, and 13 (4%) were youthful offenders. Total reported: 283, with 13 missing. Value: 68.0 inmates Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: sentencing,sentence_length,life_sentence Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children in care of a grandparent Twenty-two percent of incarcerated women's children are in the care of a grandparent, mainly the inmate's mother. Value: 22.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,grandparent Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Children born after mother's incarceration Another 24 children were born after their mother's incarceration. Value: 24.0 children Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Life sentences among women inmates Sixty-eight women (23% of those reporting) were serving life sentences, the second largest sentence category after 2.1-5 year sentences. Value: 23.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: sentencing,life_sentence Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children in care of other relatives Sixteen percent of incarcerated women's children are being cared for by other relatives, usually a sister or aunt. Value: 16.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,relatives Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women comprise about five percent of total prison population Women comprise about five percent of the total prison population in the United States. Value: 5.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Time served by women inmates Table 6-3 shows time served: 86 women (29%) served 1 year or less, 93 (31%) served 1.1-2 years, 94 (32%) served 2.1-3 years, 15 (5%) served 3.1-4 years, 6 (2%) served 4.1-5 years, and 2 (1%) served 5.1-10 years. Total reported: 296. Value: 86.0 inmates Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: time_served,incarceration_length Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children in foster care Three percent of incarcerated women's children are in foster care. Value: 3.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,foster_care Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] National arrests of women increased from 1972 to 1979 The number of arrests for women nationally increased from approximately one million in 1972 to one and a half million in 1979. Value: 1500000.0 arrests (vs. 1000000 arrests in 1972) Tags: demographics,trend Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children in care of friends or others Five percent of incarcerated women's children are in the care of friends or others. Value: 5.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Percentage of arrested persons who were women in 1972 Approximately 15% of all arrested persons in 1972 were women. Value: 15.0 percent Date: 1972-01-01 Tags: demographics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Multiple caretaker arrangements Seventeen percent of the families of incarcerated women have multiple caretakers for their children. Value: 17.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Percentage of arrested persons who were women in 1979 The percentage of arrested persons who were women had gradually risen to 16% by 1979. Value: 16.0 percent (vs. 15 percent in 1972) Date: 1979-01-01 Tags: demographics,trend Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Father plus another caretaker arrangement The father plus another caretaker had the children from the time of entering the prison in 8% of the families. Value: 8.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [estimated] Estimated women in prisons nationally The U.S. Department of Labor estimates that there are 15,000 women in prisons nationally on any given day. Value: 15000.0 women Date: 1980-01-01 Tags: demographics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Disciplinary reports among women inmates Sixty-two percent of the women had no major disciplinary reports. Ninety percent had four or less. Only five inmates had 10 or more, but two of these had an incredible 22 major disciplinary reports. Value: 62.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: discipline,prison_rules,misconduct Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Grandparent plus helper caretaker arrangement A grandparent plus some helper had the children in 5% of the families of incarcerated women. Value: 5.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,grandparent Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [estimated] Estimated children deprived of maternal care White estimated that as many as 156,000 children may be deprived of maternal care over the most critical year's time. Value: 156000.0 children Date: 1980-01-01 Tags: family,children Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Other relatives plus helper caretaker arrangement Other relatives had help with another 3% of the families of incarcerated women. Value: 3.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,relatives Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Most frequent multiple caretaker combination The most frequent multiple caretaker combination was a grandparent with another relative, accounting for 24% of multiple caretaker arrangements. Value: 24.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,grandparent Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] R square value for anxiety regression The three variables (PLAN, CHBACK, TRANS) have an R square of .38138. Value: 0.38138 R square Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: mental_health,methodology Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Father plus other relatives caretaker combination A father plus other relatives had another 25% of multiple caretaker arrangements for incarcerated women's children. Value: 25.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Escapes among women inmates Only 10% of these women had ever escaped. There are really two entirely different ways to get charged with escape: one is to actually break out of prison, the other is to walk away from a work release center. Value: 10.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: escapes,work_release,security Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women with at least one child in foster care There were 22 women (11%) with at least one child in foster care. Value: 11.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,foster_care Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Prior convictions among women inmates A few of these women (13%) have had a prior conviction. A prior conviction does not necessarily mean prior incarceration. This can be any conviction that appears on the report received from the FBI. Table 6-8 shows 246 women (87%) had no prior convictions, 28 (10%) had 1, 6 (2%) had 2, and 3 (1%) had 3 or more. Value: 13.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: prior_convictions,recidivism,criminal_history Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Caretaker lived in household before arrest Only 26% of caretakers lived in the household before the mother's arrest. Value: 26.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Pass or furlough home visits Most of the women (80%) have never had a pass or furlough home. Table 6-9 shows 58 women (20%) had a pass, while 232 (80%) had not. Total reported: 290, with 6 missing. Value: 80.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: furlough,family_visits,reentry Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Caretakers not living with mother before arrest Nine out of ten of the incarcerated women's caretakers did not live with them prior to their arrest. Value: 90.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] In-house caretaker by marital status - single mothers Among single mothers, 38.5% had an in-house caretaker for their children. Value: 38.5 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,marital_status Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Desire for home visits Ninety percent of the women would like a home visit. When asked why, most replied that it would help them get closer to their families. They also mentioned that it would help in making release arrangements such as jobs and living arrangements. A few stated they would not like a home visit because they were under the impression that it would make their prison time longer. Value: 90.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: furlough,family_visits,reentry,family_relationships Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] In-house caretaker by marital status - separated mothers Among separated mothers, 37.5% had an in-house caretaker for their children. Value: 37.5 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,marital_status Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] In-house caretaker by marital status - married mothers Among married mothers, 36.7% had an in-house caretaker for their children. Value: 36.7 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,marital_status Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Number of survey respondents Two hundred and fifty-nine inmates responded to the survey at the Middle Georgia Women's Unit. Value: 259.0 inmates Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Number of marriages among women inmates Table 7-1 shows number of marriages: 91 women (33%) had no marriages, 117 (43%) had 1 marriage, 50 (18%) had 2, 11 (4%) had 3, 4 (1%) had 4, and 2 (1%) had 5. Total reported: 275, with 21 missing. Ninety-two women (33%) claim no marriages; this figure is composed of 78 single women, 13 common-law married, plus one other. Value: 117.0 inmates Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: marital_status,marriage Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] In-house caretaker by marital status - divorced mothers Among divorced mothers, 9.8% had an in-house caretaker for their children. Value: 9.8 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,marital_status Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Total women's prison population in Georgia at time of survey The total women's prison population for all Georgia prisons at this time was about 600. About fifty were still being held in local jails pending transfer to the prison. Value: 600.0 women Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children of incarcerated women Only 70 women (24%) had no children at all. The remaining 223 women reported having 608 children or 2.7 children per mother. Fifty-one of the children have since died, leaving 557 living children or 2.5 per mother. Value: 608.0 children Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: children,mothers,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] In-house caretaker by marital status - widowed mothers Among widowed mothers, 20.0% had an in-house caretaker for their children. Value: 20.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,marital_status Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Sample size of 296 women Of the remaining 550 women, the study sampled 296, or 54% of the population. Value: 296.0 women (vs. 550 remaining population) Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children born after mother's incarceration Four hundred twenty-five of the children were born before their mother's arrest, and an additional 24 were born after their mother's incarceration. These 24 births mean that 8% of the mothers had a baby after incarceration. Value: 24.0 children Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: children,births,incarceration,mothers Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] In-house caretaker by marital status - common-law mothers Among common-law mothers, 80.0% had an in-house caretaker for their children. Value: 80.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,marital_status Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Women who refused to participate in survey Fifty women refused to participate in the survey. Value: 50.0 women Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Ages of children of incarcerated women Table 7-2 shows ages of children: 97 (18%) were 0-2 years, 125 (24%) were 3-6 years, 140 (27%) were 7-12 years, 98 (18%) were 13-18 years, and 68 (13%) were 19 and up. Total: 528 children. Computing on the birthdate, 82% of the children were under age 19 and 55% were under age 13. Value: 82.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: children,age,mothers,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Chi-square significance for marital status and in-house caretaker The chi-square test for the relationship between marital status and in-house caretaker was 6.35174 with 5 degrees of freedom, significant at p = .0059. Value: 6.35174 chi-square Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,marital_status,methodology Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Sole support of children by incarcerated mothers One out of three of these women was the sole support of her children. Fifty-nine percent of the children were supported by one or both parents. Grandparents and other relatives supported an additional 9% of the children. Only 21% of the children are supported by the father alone, and another 6% by some other source. Value: 33.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: child_support,family,economics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children living within 50 miles of mother's prison Only 15% of the children live within 50 miles of their incarcerated mother. Value: 15.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,distance,visitation Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Current age range of women The women's current age ranged from 18 to 71. Value: 71.0 years (vs. 18 minimum age) Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Government aid to families of incarcerated women Fifty-one families (25%) currently receive government aid of some sort. Note that this is 15% higher than the families classified as welfare on Table 5-6. Fifty-six (29%) now receive some kind of government aid. It is very evident that the families' dependence upon government aid has increased. Value: 29.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: government_aid,welfare,family,economics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children living over 50 miles from mother's prison Children of 85% of incarcerated women live over 50 miles from the institution, making a visit an all-day affair with a minimum of 1.5 hours travel time each way. Value: 85.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,distance,visitation Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Women under age 40 82% of these women are under age 40. Value: 82.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Child support sources upon entering prison Table 7-3 shows child support upon entering prison: mother only 64 (41%), father only 31 (20%), both parents 5 (3%), grandparent 8 (5%), other relatives 6 (4%), government aid 29 (18%), other 14 (9%). Multiple sources: mother plus 2 (1%), father plus 20 (13%), both parents plus 1 (1%), grandparent plus 4 (3%), other plus 8 (5%). Total: 159, with 81% having no children under 18 or missing. Value: 64.0 families Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: child_support,family,economics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children living over 400 miles from mother Another 15% of incarcerated women's children live over 400 miles from their mother. Value: 15.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,distance,visitation Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Women over age 55 Only 2% of the women are over age 55. Value: 2.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Child support sources at time of survey Table 7-4 shows child support at time of survey: mother only 39 (22%), father only 52 (30%), grandparent 25 (14%), other relatives 13 (7%), government aid 19 (11%), other 37 (21%). Multiple sources: father plus 10 (6%), grandparent plus 3 (2%), government aid plus 6 (3%), other plus 19 (11%). Total: 173, with 83 missing or no children under 18. Value: 52.0 families Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: child_support,family,economics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Race distribution of surveyed women The surveyed group was much closer to a 50/50 split: 49% white and 51% nonwhite. Value: 51.0 percent nonwhite (vs. 49 percent white) Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,race Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Age at birth of first child The women were asked how old they were when their first child was born. Answers ranged from 12 to 37. Seventy-four percent of the women had their first child by age 19 and 16% had a baby by age 15. Their average age at the birth of their first child was 18 1/2 years old. Their median age was 22 1/2 years old. Value: 74.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: teen_pregnancy,children,mothers,demographics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [estimated] Children still living in same place as before arrest A little more than 1/3 of incarcerated women's children still live in the same place as before their mother's arrest. Value: 33.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,relocation Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Race distribution of general women's prison population For the general women's population in January 1981, 58% were nonwhite and 42% were white. Value: 58.0 percent nonwhite (vs. 42 percent white) Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,race Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Age at birth of first child distribution Table 7-5 shows age at birth of first child: 33 women (16%) were 12-15 years, 119 (58%) were 16-19 years, 32 (16%) were 20-24 years, 15 (7%) were 25-30 years, and 5 (2%) were 31-37 years. Total reported: 204, with 22 missing and 70 with no children. Value: 119.0 women Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: teen_pregnancy,children,mothers,demographics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [estimated] Children moved to a new town after mother's arrest About 1/3 of incarcerated women's children moved to a new town after their mother's arrest. Value: 33.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,relocation Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] IQ score range The women had IQ scores that ranged from 52 to 121. Value: 121.0 IQ points (vs. 52 minimum IQ) Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,mental_health Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Family relationships during incarceration In answering the question about family relationships, most of the women said they got along well or very well. Table 8-1 shows 182 women (63%) got along very well, 60 (21%) got along well, 32 (11%) got along average, 8 (3%) got along not well, and 7 (2%) got along not well at all. Total reported: 289, with 7 missing. Value: 63.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: family_relationships,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Women with eighth grade education or less Twenty-three percent of the women have an eighth grade education or less. Value: 23.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,education Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Family reaction to incarceration Table 8-2 shows family's reaction to incarceration: 164 women (58%) said very helpful, 68 (24%) said helpful, 14 (5%) said somewhat negative, 29 (10%) said very negative, and 7 (2%) said other. Total reported: 282, with 14 missing. Eighty-two percent stated their families are helpful and supportive. Value: 82.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: family_relationships,family_support Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Women with high school education Seventy-one percent had at least some high school. Value: 71.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,education Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Family ties strengthened by hard times Fifty-seven percent believe family ties are strengthened by hard times. Table 8-3 shows 108 women (38%) strongly agree, 99 (35%) agree, 19 (7%) disagree, 12 (4%) strongly disagree, and 45 (16%) are uncertain. Total reported: 285, with 11 missing. Value: 57.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: family_relationships,family_ties Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children traveling by bus to visit mother Only 4% of incarcerated women mentioned their children taking the bus to visit them. Value: 4.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,transportation,visitation Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Women with college education Six percent had from one to four years of college. Value: 6.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,education Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Frequency of family visits Seventy-six percent stated they do not get to visit with their families as often as they would like. Table 8-4 shows 24 women (9%) visit as often as wants, 28 (10%) visit often, 79 (28%) visit sometimes, 134 (48%) visit not often enough, and 15 (5%) visit not at all. Total reported: 280, with 16 missing. Value: 76.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: family_visits,family_relationships Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Women from urban areas Fifty-six percent of these women were from urban areas. Value: 56.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Transportation as barrier to family visits For 37% of the women, transportation is a major problem when their families visit them. The crosstabulation shows that the availability of transportation plays a part in the degree of satisfaction with the frequency of family visits. If there are any transportation problems, then these women feel that they do not see their families often enough. However, even if transportation is not a problem, 6 of 7 women are dissatisfied with the frequency of family visits. Raw chi square = 26.13323, 12 DF, significance = .0103. Value: 37.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: family_visits,transportation,visitation Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Women from small towns Twenty-six percent were from small towns. Value: 26.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Relationship with husband during incarceration T-test on relationship with husband for those not single on entry: entering relationship mean 4.6945, standard deviation 2.970, standard error .212; today's relationship mean 5.1280, standard deviation 3.075, standard error .106; 211 cases; T value -3.19; 210 DF; 2-tail probability .002. The t-tests indicate significant change in relationships with husbands. Value: -3.19 t_value Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: family_relationships,marriage,incarceration_impact Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children traveling by other means to visit mother 18% of incarcerated women's children were in the 'other' category for transportation to visits. Value: 18.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,transportation,visitation Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Women from rural communities Eighteen percent were from rural communities. Value: 18.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Relationship with boyfriend during incarceration T-test on relationship with boyfriend for those with a boyfriend at entry: entering relationship mean 2.0677, standard deviation 1.226, standard error .271; today's relationship mean 3.8647, standard deviation 3.130, standard error .204; 133 cases; T value -5.96; 132 DF; 2-tail probability .000. The t-tests indicate significant change in relationships with boyfriends. Value: -5.96 t_value Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: family_relationships,boyfriend,incarceration_impact Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children's happiness - all the time 21% of incarcerated women reported their children are happy all the time. Value: 21.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,welfare,happiness Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children's happiness - most of the time 44% of incarcerated women reported their children are happy most of the time. Value: 44.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,welfare,happiness Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Living arrangements at time of arrest - alone Only 5% of the women lived alone at the time of arrest. Value: 5.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Worry about future of today's children Most of the women (80%) worry somewhat about their relationships. Table 9-1 shows degree of worry about the future of today's children: 183 women (62%) worry a lot, 25 (7%) worry some, 5 (2%) worry not much, 3 (1%) no worry, and 10 (3%) are uncertain. Total reported: 291, with 5 missing. Value: 62.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: children,worry,mothers,mental_health Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children's happiness - some of the time 13% of incarcerated women reported their children are happy some of the time. Value: 13.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,welfare,happiness Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Living arrangements - nuclear family Thirty-seven percent lived with their spouse and/or their children (nuclear family). Value: 37.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Frightening to be responsible for child development Table 9-2 shows responses to 'It's frightening to be responsible for the development of a little child': 43 women (15%) strongly agree, 63 (22%) agree, 96 (34%) disagree, 53 (19%) strongly disagree, and 29 (10%) are uncertain. Total reported: 284, with 12 missing. Value: 34.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: children,parenting,mothers Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children often sad or always sad 14% of incarcerated women reported their children are often sad or always sad. Value: 14.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,welfare,sadness Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Living arrangements - extended family The extended family structure (any combination of parents, siblings, and other relatives) covered an additional 36%. Value: 36.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Planning for children's caretaker Sixty-seven percent of the mothers planned who was going to keep their children in their absence. Thirty-three percent did not. Table 10-1 shows 132 women (67%) planned, 64 (33%) did not. Total reported: 196, with 96 missing or no children under 18. Value: 67.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: children,caretaker,planning,mothers Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children's health - all the time 31% of incarcerated women reported their children are healthy all the time. Value: 31.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,health Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Living arrangements - roommates or friends Twenty-one percent lived with roommates or friends. Value: 21.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children's health - most of the time 47% of incarcerated women reported their children are healthy most of the time. Value: 47.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,health Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Head of household - inmate herself Thirty-eight percent of the women listed either themselves as head of their household. Value: 38.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children's health - some of the time 9% of incarcerated women reported their children are healthy some of the time. Value: 9.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,health Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Head of household - husband or boyfriend Thirty-three percent listed a husband or boyfriend as head of household. Value: 33.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children often sick or always sick 5% of incarcerated women reported their children are often sick or always sick. Value: 5.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,health,illness Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Head of household - parent Twenty-three percent listed a parent as head of household. Value: 23.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Head of household - other relative Five percent named another relative as head of household. Value: 5.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Guardian to age 16 - both parents Most of the women stated that they were raised by only one guardian. Twenty-nine percent had both a mother and father for guardians. Value: 29.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Full-time employment at time of arrest Only 35% of these women held full time employment at the time of their arrest. Value: 35.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,employment Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children doing well in school 28% of incarcerated women reported their children do very well in school, and 44% reported their children do average work in school. Value: 28.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,school,education Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Part-time employment at time of arrest An additional 6% did work part time. Value: 6.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,employment Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children with school problems 22% of incarcerated women reported their children have some problems or lots of problems in school. Value: 22.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,school,education Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Unemployment at time of arrest The remaining 59% were unemployed at the time of arrest. Value: 59.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,employment Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women unsure about children's school performance 4% of incarcerated women were unsure how their children do in school. Value: 4.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,school,education Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Women with no diagnostic behavior problems Sixty-seven percent of these women had no coded diagnostic behavior problems. Value: 67.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: mental_health,diagnostics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women getting along with children Only 4 women said they did not get along with their children; most of the mothers feel they get along with their children very well. Value: 4.0 women Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,relationships Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Women with drug problems Thirty-five percent (98) of the women had drug problems coded. Value: 35.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: drugs,mental_health Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women getting along with children - very well 52% of incarcerated women reported they get along with their children very well. Value: 52.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,relationships Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Women serving time for violent crimes Fifty-three percent of these women are serving time for crimes of violence against another person, for example homicide or robbery. Value: 53.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: violence,crime,sentencing Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women getting along with children - well 38% of incarcerated women reported they get along with their children well. Value: 38.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,relationships Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women getting along with children - average 8% of incarcerated women reported they get along with their children at an average level. Value: 8.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,relationships Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Women convicted of drug offenses Ten percent were convicted of either drug possession or drug sales. Value: 10.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: drugs,crime,sentencing Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women getting along with children - not well 3% of incarcerated women reported they get along with their children not well or not well at all. Value: 3.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,relationships Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Caretaker tries to turn children away from mother 23% of incarcerated women feel that the caretaker tries to turn the children away from them. Value: 23.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,alienation Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Caretaker helps keep in touch - helps very much 59% of incarcerated women reported the caretaker helps very much in keeping in touch with their children. Value: 59.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Caretaker helps keep in touch - helps some 18% of incarcerated women reported the caretaker helps some in keeping in touch with their children. Value: 18.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Caretaker hinders contact with children 5% of incarcerated women reported the caretaker hinders some or hinders a lot in keeping in touch with their children. Value: 5.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children's reaction during visits - comfortable 64% of incarcerated women reported their children are comfortable during visits. Value: 64.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,comfort Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Purdy Treatment Center inmate profile According to the inmate profile for February 1981, 95% of the women at Purdy Treatment Center have children, and 78% are not currently married. Value: 95.0 percent with children (vs. 78 percent not currently married) Date: 1981-02-01 Tags: demographics,family,facilities Sources: McGowan and Blumenthal, Why Punish the Children? A Study of Children of Women Prisoners (1978) - [reported] Children's reaction during visits - awkward or uncomfortable 8% of incarcerated women reported their children are awkward or uncomfortable during visits. Value: 8.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,discomfort Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Purdy Treatment Center inmate count The Purdy Treatment Center for Women in Washington has 1,607 inmates. Value: 1607.0 inmates Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: McGowan and Blumenthal, Why Punish the Children? A Study of Children of Women Prisoners (1978) - [reported] Children with no visits 23% of incarcerated women reported their children have no visits. Value: 23.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,no_visits Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women satisfied with visit frequency 74% of incarcerated women do not get to visit with their children as often as they would like. Value: 74.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,dissatisfaction Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women wanting overnight visits with children Two out of every 3 women said yes, they would like their child to spend the night at the prison if Georgia had such a policy. Value: 66.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,overnight_visits,policy Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Fort Worth visiting hours The Fort Worth federal prison allows as many as 40 visiting hours per week. Value: 40.0 hours per week Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: visitation,facilities Sources: McGowan and Blumenthal, Why Punish the Children? A Study of Children of Women Prisoners (1978) - [reported] Women approving of special visiting hours for children Nine out of ten women approved of special visiting hours for children. Value: 90.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,special_visiting_hours,policy Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women expecting to get children back after release 79% of incarcerated women expect they will get their children back after their release. Value: 79.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,reunification,release Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Fort Worth program expansion The Fort Worth program began in 1975 and has expanded to at least six other federal institutions and three state institutions. Value: 6.0 federal institutions (vs. 3 state institutions) Tags: programs,visitation Sources: McGowan and Blumenthal, Why Punish the Children? A Study of Children of Women Prisoners (1978) - [reported] Women unsure about getting children back 17% of incarcerated women don't know if they will get their children back after release. Value: 17.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,reunification,uncertainty Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women not expecting to get children back 11% of incarcerated women said no, they will not get their children back after release. Value: 11.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,reunification,release Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women calling children monthly Six out of ten women call their children monthly. Value: 60.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,telephone,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women never calling children 22% of incarcerated women never call their children. Value: 22.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,telephone,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children visiting at least once a month Only 1/3 of the women get visits from their children as often as once a month. Value: 33.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,frequency Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women never receiving visits from children Another 1/3 of the women never get any visits from their children. Value: 33.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,no_visits Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women writing to children weekly 41% of incarcerated women write to their children at least weekly. Value: 41.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,letters,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women never writing to children 8% of incarcerated women never write to their children. Value: 8.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,letters,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women never receiving letters from children 14% of incarcerated women never get letters from their children. Value: 14.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,letters,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women receiving letters from children weekly 15% of incarcerated women get letters from their children weekly. Value: 15.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,letters,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women receiving letters from children monthly 26% of incarcerated women get letters from their children monthly. Value: 26.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,letters,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women receiving letters from children every 3-4 months 16% of incarcerated women get letters from their children every 3-4 months. Value: 16.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,letters,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women receiving letters from children 1-2 times a year 9% of incarcerated women get letters from their children 1-2 times a year. Value: 9.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,letters,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Minimum standard of living figure The minimum standard of living is currently about $1500 a year for a family of four. This figure changes with the federal government standards. Value: 1500.0 dollars per year Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,poverty Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women telephoning children several times weekly 15% of incarcerated women telephone their children several times weekly. Value: 15.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,telephone,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women telephoning children weekly 26% of incarcerated women telephone their children weekly. Value: 26.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,telephone,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women telephoning children monthly 16% of incarcerated women telephone their children monthly. Value: 16.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,telephone,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women telephoning children every 3-4 months 10% of incarcerated women telephone their children every 3-4 months. Value: 10.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,telephone,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Anxiety by planned caretaker - chi square Anxiety by planned caretaker for mothers with minor children: raw chi square = 20.81363, 2 DF, significance = .0000. Value: 20.81363 chi square Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: mental_health,family,statistics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women telephoning children 1-2 times a year 5% of incarcerated women telephone their children 1-2 times a year. Value: 5.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,telephone,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Anxiety by child back - chi square Anxiety by child back for mothers with minor children: raw chi square = 38.15072, 4 DF, significance = .0000. Value: 38.15072 chi square Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: mental_health,family,statistics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women never telephoning children 22% of incarcerated women never telephone their children. Value: 22.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,telephone,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Anxiety by transportation problems - chi square Anxiety by transportation problems for mothers with minor children: raw chi square = 12.72549, 6 DF, significance = .0476. Value: 12.72549 chi square Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: mental_health,visitation,statistics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women telephoning children - other frequency 7% of incarcerated women telephone their children at other frequencies. Value: 7.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,telephone,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Women who planned caretaker had lower anxiety Of mothers with minor children who were able to plan who kept their children, 76.6% had low anxiety, 20.2% moderate, and 3.2% high anxiety. Value: 76.6 percent low anxiety Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: mental_health,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Women who could not plan caretaker had higher anxiety Of mothers with minor children who could not plan who kept their children, 28.6% had low anxiety, 52.1% moderate, and 19.4% high anxiety. Value: 52.1 percent moderate anxiety Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: mental_health,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children under age 18 in study 92% of the 557 children involved in the study are under age 18. Value: 92.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,demographics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Women who expect to get children back have lower anxiety Of mothers who expect to get their children back after release, 87.3% had low anxiety, 12.8% moderate, and 0% high anxiety. Value: 87.3 percent low anxiety Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: mental_health,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Women unsure about getting children back have higher anxiety Of mothers who don't know if they will get their children back, 28.6% had low anxiety, 34.5% moderate, and 37.9% high anxiety. Value: 37.9 percent high anxiety Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: mental_health,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Women with no transportation problems have lower anxiety Of mothers with no transportation problems for family visits, 73.3% had low anxiety, 23.7% moderate, and 2.2% high anxiety. Value: 73.3 percent low anxiety Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: mental_health,visitation Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Women unable to have family visit have higher anxiety Of mothers unable to have family visit due to transportation, 25.0% had low anxiety, 33.3% moderate, and 41.7% high anxiety. Value: 41.7 percent high anxiety Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: mental_health,visitation Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey classification of living arrangements - prison classification Prison classification of living arrangements: alone 19%, with spouse 19%, illicit arrangement 14%, roommates 6%, other family 9%, own family 32%, other arrangement 1%. Value: 32.0 percent own family Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Socioeconomic background distribution Socioeconomic background: welfare 47%, employed 41%, minimum standard 10%, middle class 1%. Value: 47.0 percent welfare Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,poverty Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Environment to age 16 distribution Environment to age 16: farm 9%, rural (not farm) 9%, SMSA 27%, urban 29%, small town 26%. Value: 29.0 percent urban Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Guardian to age 16 distribution Guardian to age 16: orphanage/foster 4%, father 4%, mother 25%, both parents 30%, other female 1%, other male 1%, stepparents 0%, grandparents 12%. Value: 30.0 percent both parents Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Employment at time of arrest distribution Employment at time of arrest: full time employed 35%, part time employed 6%, brief unemployment 19%, long unemployment 33%, never worked 5%, student 3%, incapable of work 2%. Value: 35.0 percent full time employed Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,employment Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Diagnostic behavior problems distribution Diagnostic behavior problems: assaultive 17%, escape tendencies 9%, suicidal 26%, drug problems 35%, epileptic 8%, withdrawn or poor reality contact 7%, alcohol problems 2%, manipulative 13%, no problems 67%. Value: 67.0 percent no problems Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: mental_health,drugs,diagnostics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Suicidal behavior problems Twenty-six percent of the women had suicidal behavior problems coded. Value: 26.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: mental_health,suicide Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Assaultive behavior problems Seventeen percent of the women had assaultive behavior problems coded. Value: 17.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: violence,mental_health Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Alcohol problems coded Two percent of the women had alcohol problems coded. Value: 2.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: alcohol,mental_health Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Escape tendencies coded Nine percent of the women had escape tendencies coded. Value: 9.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: escapes,mental_health Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Epileptic condition coded Eight percent of the women had epileptic conditions coded. Value: 8.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: medical,mental_health Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Withdrawn or poor reality contact coded Seven percent of the women had withdrawn or poor reality contact coded. Value: 7.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: mental_health Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Only 3 cities in Georgia with women's prison facilities There are only 3 cities in Georgia with women's prison facilities. Value: 3.0 cities Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: facilities,geography,women_prisons Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Manipulative behavior coded Thirteen percent of the women had manipulative behavior coded. Value: 13.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: mental_health Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Distance categories for children's homes The distribution of miles to children's homes shows: 1-25 miles (6%), 26-50 miles (9%), 51-75 miles (5%), 76-100 miles (8%), 101-150 miles (16%), 150-200 miles (19%), 201-400 miles (15%), 401-998 miles (13%), 999-up miles (8%). Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,distance,visitation Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Current age distribution Current age distribution: 18-21: 17 women (6%), 22-39: 184 women (65%), 40-54: 43 women (15%), 55-71: 7 women (2%). Total reported: 283, missing: 13. Value: 184.0 women aged 22-39 Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Number of children ever had - distribution Distribution of number of children ever had: 1 child (24%), 2 children (22%), 3 children (20%), 4 children (8%), 5 children (7%), 6 children (5%), 7 children (3%), 8 children (2%), 9 children (1%), 6-up (9%). Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,demographics,fertility Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Race distribution table Race distribution: white 145 (49%), nonwhite 138 (51%). Total reported: 283, missing: 13. Value: 145.0 white women (vs. 138 nonwhite women) Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,race Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women who bore a child after incarceration 8 women (3%) reported they bore a child after incarceration. Value: 3.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,birth,incarceration Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] IQ distribution IQ distribution: 69 or less: 9 women (6%), more than 69: 141 women (94%). Total reported: 150, missing: 146. Value: 141.0 women with IQ over 69 (vs. 9 women with IQ 69 or less) Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,mental_health Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women who did not bear a child after incarceration 92% of incarcerated women reported they did not bear a child after incarceration. Value: 92.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,birth,incarceration Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Self-reported education level distribution Self-reported education level: less than grade 1: 1%, 7th grade: 6%, 8th grade: 5%, 9th grade: 12%, 10th grade: 14%, 11th grade: 16%, 12th grade: 13%, more than grade 12: 28%. Total reported: 274, missing: 22. Value: 28.0 percent more than grade 12 Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,education Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Number of children who died 32 women reported 1 child who died, 3 women reported 2 children who died, 3 women reported 3 children who died, and 1 woman reported 4 children who died, for a total of 51 children who died. Value: 51.0 children Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,death,mortality Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] WRAT score distribution WRAT score distribution: less than grade 6: 34%, 6th to 8th grade: 14%, 9th grade: 8%, 10th grade: 2%, 11th grade: 2%, 12th grade: 6%, more than grade 12: 3%. Total reported: 170, missing: 126. Value: 34.0 percent less than grade 6 Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,education Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Head of household distribution Head of household: inmate 38%, husband 27%, boyfriend 6%, father 9%, mother 17%, other relative 25%, other 41%. Value: 38.0 percent inmate as head Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Regression model statistics Regression on anxiety: PLAN variable R square change .1745, simple R .4177, B .3489, beta .3384; CHBACK R square change .1445, simple R .3921, B .5647, beta .2439; TRANS R square change .0625, simple R .3797, B .6176, beta .2142. Total R square .3814. Value: 0.3814 R square Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: mental_health,statistics,methodology Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Survey sample size The survey included 296 incarcerated women respondents. Value: 296.0 women Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,survey,sample_size Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Survey response rate The survey had a 99% reported response rate (293 of 296 women reported). Value: 99.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: methodology,survey,response_rate Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women with no children under 18 98 of the 296 women surveyed had no children under 18. Value: 98.0 women Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,demographics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women with children under 18 195 of the 296 women surveyed had children under 18. Value: 195.0 women Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,demographics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women with children under 18 - percentage 66% of the 296 women surveyed had children under 18. Value: 66.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,demographics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women with no children under 18 - percentage 33% of the 296 women surveyed had no children under 18. Value: 33.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,demographics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children's travel to visit mother - car 22% of incarcerated women's children travel by car to visit their mother. Value: 22.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,transportation,visitation Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children's travel to visit mother - friends/relatives 38% of incarcerated women's children travel with friends or relatives to visit their mother. Value: 38.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,transportation,visitation Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children's travel to visit mother - bus 4% of incarcerated women's children travel by bus to visit their mother. Value: 4.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,transportation,visitation Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children's travel to visit mother - other 18% of incarcerated women's children travel by other means to visit their mother. Value: 18.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,transportation,visitation Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children's travel to visit mother - no visits 11% of incarcerated women's children have no visits to their mother. Value: 11.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,transportation,visitation,no_visits Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women's visits with children frequency - weekly 10% of incarcerated women get visits from their children weekly. Value: 10.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,frequency Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women's visits with children frequency - monthly 24% of incarcerated women get visits from their children monthly. Value: 24.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,frequency Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women's visits with children frequency - every 3-4 months 17% of incarcerated women get visits from their children every 3-4 months. Value: 17.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,frequency Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women's visits with children frequency - 1-2 times a year 9% of incarcerated women get visits from their children 1-2 times a year. Value: 9.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,frequency Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women's visits with children frequency - never 30% of incarcerated women never get visits from their children. Value: 30.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,no_visits Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women's visits with children frequency - other 10% of incarcerated women get visits from their children at other frequencies. Value: 10.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,frequency Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women writing to children - weekly 41% of incarcerated women write to their children weekly. Value: 41.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,letters,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women writing to children - monthly 15% of incarcerated women write to their children monthly. Value: 15.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,letters,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women writing to children - every 3-4 months 11% of incarcerated women write to their children every 3-4 months. Value: 11.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,letters,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women writing to children - 1-2 times a year 5% of incarcerated women write to their children 1-2 times a year. Value: 5.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,letters,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women writing to children - other 2% of incarcerated women write to their children at other frequencies. Value: 2.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,letters,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women receiving letters from children - other 7% of incarcerated women get letters from their children at other frequencies. Value: 7.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,letters,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women wanting overnight visits - yes 175 women (83%) said yes, they would like their child to spend the night at the prison. Value: 83.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,overnight_visits,policy Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women wanting overnight visits - no 17% of incarcerated women said no, they would not like their child to spend the night at the prison. Value: 17.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,overnight_visits,policy Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women approving special visiting hours - very nice 65% of incarcerated women said it would be very nice to have special visiting hours for children. Value: 65.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,special_visiting_hours,policy Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women approving special visiting hours - nice 32% of incarcerated women said it would be nice to have special visiting hours for children. Value: 32.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,special_visiting_hours,policy Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women disapproving special visiting hours 2% of incarcerated women said it would be not nice or unpleasant to have special visiting hours for children. Value: 2.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,special_visiting_hours,policy Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women unsure about special visiting hours 1% of incarcerated women were unsure about special visiting hours for children. Value: 1.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,special_visiting_hours,policy Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women expecting children back - yes 151 women (79%) said yes, they will get their children back after release. Value: 79.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,reunification,release Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women expecting children back - no 19 women (10%) said no, they will not get their children back after release. Value: 10.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,reunification,release Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women expecting children back - don't know 32 women (17%) don't know if they will get their children back after release. Value: 17.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,reunification,uncertainty Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] No children in school category 14% of incarcerated women reported having no children in school. Value: 14.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,school,education Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women's children doing very well in school 28% of incarcerated women reported their children do very well in school. Value: 28.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,school,education Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women's children doing average work in school 44% of incarcerated women reported their children do average work in school. Value: 44.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,school,education Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women's children with some problems in school 8% of incarcerated women reported their children have some problems in school. Value: 8.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,school,education,problems Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women's children with lots of problems in school 3% of incarcerated women reported their children have lots of problems in school. Value: 3.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,school,education,problems Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Caretaker tries to turn children away - strongly agree 10% of incarcerated women strongly agree that the caretaker tries to turn the children away from them. Value: 10.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,alienation Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Caretaker tries to turn children away - agree 13% of incarcerated women agree that the caretaker tries to turn the children away from them. Value: 13.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,alienation Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Caretaker tries to turn children away - disagree 50% of incarcerated women disagree that the caretaker tries to turn the children away from them. Value: 50.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,alienation Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Caretaker tries to turn children away - strongly disagree 20% of incarcerated women strongly disagree that the caretaker tries to turn the children away from them. Value: 20.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,alienation Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Caretaker tries to turn children away - unsure 7% of incarcerated women were unsure whether the caretaker tries to turn the children away from them. Value: 7.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,alienation,uncertainty Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Caretaker helps keep in touch - neutral 13% of incarcerated women reported the caretaker is neutral in keeping in touch with their children. Value: 13.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Caretaker helps keep in touch - hinders some 3% of incarcerated women reported the caretaker hinders some in keeping in touch with their children. Value: 3.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Caretaker helps keep in touch - hinders a lot 2% of incarcerated women reported the caretaker hinders a lot in keeping in touch with their children. Value: 2.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children's reaction during visits - awkward 8% of incarcerated women reported their children are awkward during visits. Value: 8.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,discomfort Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children's reaction during visits - uncomfortable 5% of incarcerated women reported their children are uncomfortable during visits. Value: 5.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,discomfort Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women getting visits as often as wanted - strongly agree 2% of incarcerated women strongly agree they get to visit with their children as often as they would like. Value: 2.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,satisfaction Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women getting visits as often as wanted - agree 20% of incarcerated women agree they get to visit with their children as often as they would like. Value: 20.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,satisfaction Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women getting visits as often as wanted - disagree 45% of incarcerated women disagree they get to visit with their children as often as they would like. Value: 45.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,dissatisfaction Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women getting visits as often as wanted - strongly disagree 29% of incarcerated women strongly disagree they get to visit with their children as often as they would like. Value: 29.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,dissatisfaction Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women getting visits as often as wanted - uncertain 4% of incarcerated women were uncertain whether they get to visit with their children as often as they would like. Value: 4.0 percent Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,uncertainty Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women wanting overnight visits - yes count 175 women said yes, they would like their child to spend the night at the prison. Value: 175.0 women Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,overnight_visits,policy Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women wanting overnight visits - no count 34 women said no, they would not like their child to spend the night at the prison. Value: 34.0 women Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,overnight_visits,policy Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women approving special visiting hours - very nice count 138 women said it would be very nice to have special visiting hours for children. Value: 138.0 women Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,special_visiting_hours,policy Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women approving special visiting hours - nice count 68 women said it would be nice to have special visiting hours for children. Value: 68.0 women Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,special_visiting_hours,policy Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women disapproving special visiting hours - count 4 women said it would be not nice or unpleasant to have special visiting hours for children. Value: 4.0 women Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,special_visiting_hours,policy Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women unsure about special visiting hours - count 2 women were unsure about special visiting hours for children. Value: 2.0 women Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,special_visiting_hours,policy Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women expecting children back - yes count 151 women said yes, they will get their children back after release. Value: 151.0 women Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,reunification,release Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women expecting children back - no count 19 women said no, they will not get their children back after release. Value: 19.0 women Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,reunification,release Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women expecting children back - don't know count 32 women don't know if they will get their children back after release. Value: 32.0 women Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,reunification,uncertainty Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) FINDINGS (83) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Pre-trial release by crime type Fewer mothers with minor children who were convicted of violent crimes or drug possession were released before their trial than other women. Conversely, more mothers with minor children who were convicted of property or drug sales crimes were released before trial. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: pretrial,release,crime_type,mothers Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Most women relatively new to prison system While 77% had served two years or less, only 6% had served more than five years. The longest length of time served for this group was ten years, and only one woman had served that long. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: time_served,incarceration_length Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Disciplinary reports by motherhood status Mothers with minor children had fewer disciplinary reports than other women. However, a crosstabulation of mothers with minor children by anxiety index shows that those with a moderate or high anxiety index have a higher percentage of 1-4 disciplinary reports than those with a low anxiety index. Raw chi square 8.89262, 2 DF, significance = .0117. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: discipline,mothers,anxiety,mental_health Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Regression analysis variables associated with anxiety Regression analysis found the three main variables associated with anxiety to be: (1) ability to plan the children's caretaker, (2) whether or not she will get her children back after release, and (3) transportation problems when her family visits. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: mental_health,family,visitation Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Disciplinary reports by anxiety index Table 6-6 shows disciplinary reports by anxiety index for mothers with children under 18. Raw chi square 10.05597, 4 DF, significance = .0395. Mothers with moderate or high anxiety had higher percentages of 1-4 disciplinary reports than those with low anxiety. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: discipline,anxiety,mothers,mental_health Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Impact of disciplinary reports on inmates Disciplinary reports have several impacts on the inmate. First, they often result in the inmate being placed in disciplinary isolation. Second, they often stop the inmate's earned time, thus extending her time in prison. Finally, they will be in her file when she comes up for parole consideration or consideration for special programs such as work release. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: discipline,solitary,earned_time,parole,work_release Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Marital status changed significantly during incarceration Marital status changed significantly with an increase in women who are not currently married. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: family,demographics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Deterioration of relationships with husbands or boyfriends There was a general deterioration of the women's relationships with their husbands or boyfriends during incarceration. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Extended family providing most child care and support The extended family is providing most of the child care and child support while the mother is in prison. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: family,children Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Women favor overnight child visits at prison The women were highly in favor of a policy allowing children to visit overnight with their mother at the prison. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: visitation,policy,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Pass effectiveness in solving family problems The majority of those who have gone home to visit state that it did help them solve family problems. Table 6-10 shows 29 women (64%) said it helped a lot, 14 (31%) said it helped some, 4 (9%) said no problems, 2 (4%) said did not help, 1 (2%) said made matters worse, and 1 (2%) said other. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: furlough,family_visits,family_relationships Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Women favor special visiting hours for children The women were in favor of special visiting hours for children. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: visitation,policy,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Marital status changes during incarceration One of the issues explored was how marital status was affected by incarceration. Most women in the prison system are not currently married. Upon intake, 60 women (20%) were married; now only 42 (14%) are married. Forty-three women (15%) claimed common-law marriage when they entered prison; now only 28 women (10%) claim common-law marriage. There were 29 widows (10%) entering prison; now there are 48 widows (16%). Thirty-seven women (13%) were separated from their husbands; this has now increased to 46 (16%). There were 78 divorced women (26%); now there are 61 (21%). The number of single women remained the same at 35 (12%). Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: marital_status,family_relationships,incarceration_impact Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children living 51-400 miles from mother The rest of the incarcerated women's children are fairly evenly spread out between 51 and 400 miles from their mother. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,distance,visitation Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children remaining in same town after mother's arrest Many of the incarcerated women's children remained in the same town but moved to a new neighborhood after their mother's arrest. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,relocation Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children living out of state Some incarcerated women's children live out of state, including in Florida and Winnebago. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,distance,out_of_state Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children traveling by plane to visit mother A couple of incarcerated women whose children live out of state said their children would fly down to see them once or twice a year. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,transportation,visitation Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children traveling by car to visit mother Most of the children come to visit their incarcerated mothers either by car or with other relatives and friends. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,transportation,visitation Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Satisfaction with children's caretaker Most feel that even if they had more time they couldn't have made better arrangements. Those women who felt they could have made better arrangements tend to be dissatisfied with their children's current caretaker. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: children,caretaker,satisfaction,mothers Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children crying for incarcerated mothers Some incarcerated women mentioned that their child cries for them all the time. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,emotional_distress Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Women convicted of property crimes Women were convicted of property crimes such as bad checks (forgery) and theft by taking. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: crime,sentencing Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Separation from children causes anxiety among women prisoners According to the literature, separation from their families is a cause of anxiety among women prisoners. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: mental_health,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Caretaker helps keep in touch with children Most incarcerated women feel that the caretaker helps them keep in touch with their children. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Bond formation critical for emotionally healthy child One of the most critical factors in the development of an emotionally healthy child is the formation of a strong bond with at least one caregiver during infancy. Breaking that bond can cause severe distress to the child. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: children,mental_health,family Sources: Yale Law Review (1978) - [reported] Children who cannot form bond may have difficulty with interpersonal relationships Children who have not been able to form such a bond may have difficulty later establishing close interpersonal relationships. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: children,mental_health Sources: Yale Law Review (1978) - [confirmed] Gayle White wrote three-part Atlanta Journal Constitution series on incarcerated mothers The references section lists three articles by Gayle White in the Atlanta Journal Constitution: 'When Mama Goes to Prison' (Feb. 25, 1980), 'On Prisoners and Parenting: Preserving the Tie That Binds' (Feb. 26, 1980), and 'Should Kids Be in Jail' (Feb. 27, 1980). These articles address issues facing incarcerated mothers and their children. Date: 1980-01-01 Tags: journalism,incarcerated_women,children,families Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children without telephone access Several incarcerated women noted that their children had no telephone. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,telephone,communication,barriers Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women in diagnostics not eligible for phone calls Women in diagnostics who are not eligible for phone calls yet are included in the classification of women who may call less frequently. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,telephone,diagnostics,policy Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women calling children several times a week Some women at the centers may call much more frequently, sometimes several times a week. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,telephone,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children not writing back as often Some incarcerated women noted that their children do not write back as often as they write to them. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,letters,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Surveyed group tested slightly higher on WRAT This group of inmates tested slightly higher on Wide Range Achievement Scores (WRAT) than the general women's population. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: education,methodology Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Children receiving government aid classified as welfare background It is worth noting that on the survey many inmates said their children were receiving government aid in an area classified as welfare background. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,children,poverty Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Violent crime convictions carry long sentences Convictions for violent crimes usually carry long sentences, often life. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: sentencing,violence Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women not currently married The majority of the incarcerated women are not currently married, thus it cannot be assumed that a father figure is readily available. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,marital_status,father_figure Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Anxiety correlated with ability to plan children's caretaker Anxiety was strongly correlated with the mother's ability to plan her children's caretaker, whether she would get her children back, and her family's transportation problems in visiting. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,anxiety,caretaker,transportation,mental_health Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] High anxiety scores among women uncertain about reunification Women who didn't know whether they would get their children back or not usually had high anxiety scores. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,anxiety,reunification,mental_health Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Mothers with minor children and disciplinary reports Mothers with minor children had fewer disciplinary reports than others. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,discipline,behavior Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] High anxiety mothers and disciplinary reports Mothers with high anxiety had a higher percentage of disciplinary reports. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,anxiety,discipline,mental_health Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey answers differed from prison classification on living arrangements On the survey the women were asked to specify the composition of their household. Their answers were quite different than the prison classification. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: demographics,methodology Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Relationship between disciplinary reports and family as future study subject The relationship between disciplinary reports and family could be a subject for further study. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,discipline,research Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Transportation as problem for family visits Transportation is often a problem when incarcerated women's families come to visit. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,transportation,visitation,barriers Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Prison visiting hours very limited Prison visiting hours are very limited for incarcerated women and their families. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,visiting_hours,policy Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Extended family absorbed child care during incarceration During the mother's absence, the extended family has absorbed most of the child care and child support. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,extended_family,child_care,child_support Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Programs to increase communication would benefit inmates and families It is believed that programs to increase communication between the inmate and her family would be of real benefit to both parties. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,communication,programs,policy Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women want to reassure children they are alright Incarcerated women want to reassure their children that they are alright. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,reassurance,emotional_needs Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women desire to reassure children of their love Throughout the survey, most of the women expressed the desire to reassure their children that they still loved them and wanted to be mothers. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,love,motherhood,emotional_needs Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women desire more frequent contact with children Incarcerated women want more frequent contact with their children and want their children to get to know them again. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,contact,communication Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women feel they have a good relationship with families The women generally feel that they have a good relationship with their families and that they are close to them. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,relationships Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women highly in favor of special visiting hours and overnight visits Incarcerated women were highly in favor of special visiting hours for children and overnight visits at the prison. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,special_visiting_hours,overnight_visits,policy Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children live considerable distance from mother Most of the incarcerated women's children live a considerable distance from their mother. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,distance,visitation Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Mothers unable to plan caretaker have higher anxiety Mothers who were not able to plan who kept their children, who are not sure if they will get their children back, and whose families have trouble visiting them have higher anxiety rates than others. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: mental_health,family,visitation Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Study purpose for program planning The Director of Women's Services intends to use this document in future program planning. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: policy,programs Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Maintaining family ties lowers return-to-prison rate It is hoped that maintaining family ties would lower the return-to-prison rate and aid successful return to the community. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: family,reentry,recidivism Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Most women feel they have good relationship with family Most of the women feel they have a good relationship with their family. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Women's answers indicated desire to show love to children Throughout the questionnaire, the women's answers indicated a desire to show their children that they still loved them and wanted to be close to them. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: family,children Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Growing national concern about incarcerated women There is a growing national concern about incarcerated women. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: policy,demographics Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Concern about children and families leading anxiety among women prisoners Concern about their children and families is perhaps the leading anxiety among women prisoners. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: mental_health,family,children Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Incarcerated mother loses family structure The incarcerated mother loses not only her freedom, but also her family structure. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Board of Welfare takes responsibility for children Usually the Board of Welfare takes responsibility for the children. Communication is cut off and the mother becomes like a dead person. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: family,children,policy Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children routinely separated from incarcerated parent Children are routinely separated from the incarcerated parent whether male or female. There is interest in the problems resulting from these separations. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: family,children Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Bond may never be formed if child is very young If the child is very young the bond may never be formed. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: children,family,mental_health Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women satisfied with caretaker arrangements Most of the women are satisfied with the caretaker arrangements for their children. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,satisfaction Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Increased contact between inmate mothers and children could help Increased contact between inmate mothers and their children could help nurture this bond, lessen the child's distress, and relieve some of the mother's anxiety. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: family,children,mental_health,visitation Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Sense of personal distance from caretaker affects satisfaction A sense of personal distance from the caretaker is involved with the satisfaction about the caretaker. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,satisfaction Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Some states have already started programs of this sort Some states have already started programs of this sort (increased contact between inmate mothers and children). Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: programs,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Purdy Treatment Center mentioned in several articles The Purdy Treatment Center for Women in Washington state is mentioned in several articles as having developed innovative programs. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: programs,facilities Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Survey results will give department clearer picture of needs The results of the survey will give the Department a clearer picture of the needs of incarcerated women. Women's Services can then make concrete program plans. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: policy,programs Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Major part of woman's identity linked to roles A major part of a woman's identity in this society is linked to her role as mother, wife, and lover. A rehabilitation program that ignores these familial roles is treating only a woman. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: family,gender Sources: McGowan and Blumenthal, Why Punish the Children? A Study of Children of Women Prisoners (1978) - [reported] Women should be permitted to make realistic decisions Women should be permitted to make realistic decisions which affect their children's lives. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: family,children,policy Sources: McGowan and Blumenthal, Why Punish the Children? A Study of Children of Women Prisoners (1978) - [reported] Children need to know where they are and why It is important for children to know where they are and why they are here. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: children,family Sources: McGowan and Blumenthal, Why Punish the Children? A Study of Children of Women Prisoners (1978) - [reported] Development of child care facilities for visiting children Development of child care facilities for visiting children is important. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: children,visitation,facilities Sources: McGowan and Blumenthal, Why Punish the Children? A Study of Children of Women Prisoners (1978) - [reported] Bedford Hills and Fort Worth programs praised Both inmates and administrators praise the program as taking away some of the loneliness and frustration. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: programs,mental_health Sources: McGowan and Blumenthal, Why Punish the Children? A Study of Children of Women Prisoners (1978) - [reported] Inmate instructors program has long waiting list The program of inmate instructors has a long waiting list. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: programs,education Sources: McGowan and Blumenthal, Why Punish the Children? A Study of Children of Women Prisoners (1978) - [reported] Inmates enthusiastic about children's supervisors Inmates are enthusiastic about children's supervisors. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: programs,children Sources: McGowan and Blumenthal, Why Punish the Children? A Study of Children of Women Prisoners (1978) - [reported] Many inmates' families live in Fort Worth area Many of the inmates' families live in the Fort Worth area. Consequently, mothers are able to spend many hours with their parents at the facility. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: family,visitation,facilities Sources: McGowan and Blumenthal, Why Punish the Children? A Study of Children of Women Prisoners (1978) - [reported] Preliminary reports on Yarrow and LaPoint study Preliminary reports mentioned the advantages of the family ties and maintaining new horizons. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: family,research Sources: Yarrow and LaPoint (1977) - [confirmed] Naturally longer sentences for serious crimes Naturally longer sentences go with the more serious crimes, so that the percentage of inmates with convictions for violent crimes will also be high in the active population. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: sentencing,violence Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Caretaker provides good food, clothing, and shelter Most incarcerated women feel that the caretaker provides the child with good food, clothing, and shelter. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,basic_needs Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Small group unaware of children's wellbeing There is a small group of incarcerated women who don't even know how their children are doing. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,welfare,communication,data_gap Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women feel children act like they want to be around them Incarcerated women feel that their children act like they want to be around them and are comfortable with them when they visit. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,comfort,relationships Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women unsure about children's school performance Some incarcerated women are unsure how their children do in school, possibly because some children are not in school. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,school,education,uncertainty Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children not in school Some incarcerated women's children are not in school. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,school,education Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women unsure about visits due to diagnostics Some incarcerated women never get visits because they didn't know yet about visits while in diagnostics. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,diagnostics,information_gap Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) LEGAL FACTS (3) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Georgia earned time law The Georgia Earned Time Law allows two days credit for each day served with good behavior. In addition, the Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles considers each inmate for parole after 1/3 of their sentence has passed. Thus, most inmates will actually serve 1/3 to 1/2 of their original sentence. Main exceptions are lifers and youthful offenders. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: earned_time,parole,sentencing,legal Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Youthful offender sentencing Youthful offenders are sentenced under Georgia's Youthful Offender Act. Their sentence is zero to six years. After evaluation by prison authorities, they are assigned a contract to complete before any parole consideration. These contracts vary by type of crime but are usually no longer than two years. Lifers must serve a minimum of seven years before parole consideration and are rarely released. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: youthful_offender,sentencing,parole,legal Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Few states permit children to remain in prison with mothers Although a few states have laws that permit children to remain in the prison with their mothers, these programs are limited to the very young. The majority of children must leave before they are two years old. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: legal,children,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) CASE DETAILS (9) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Child born with major heart problems One incarcerated woman was told that her child was born with major heart problems and requires constant medical care. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,health,medical Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Child born after mother's incarceration One child had been born after her mother's incarceration. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,birth,incarceration Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Sesame Street version adopted at Fort Worth federal prison Halsey's 'The Cookie Monster Goes to Prison' is about the Sesame Street version first adopted at the federal prison in Fort Worth, Texas. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: programs,children,visitation Sources: Halsey (1978) - [confirmed] Middle Georgia Women's Prison location The Middle Georgia Women's Prison is located in Milledgeville, Georgia. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: facilities Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] New Horizons and Columbia House locations New Horizons and Columbia House are both work release centers located in Atlanta, Georgia. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: facilities,reentry Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Woman unhappy about ex-husband as caretaker One incarcerated woman said she was satisfied with her children's care but not too happy about their ex-husband as caretaker. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,ex-husband Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Children kept by ex-step-mother-in-law One incarcerated woman said her children were being kept by her ex-step-mother-in-law. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women satisfied with children's care but unhappy with ex-husband One incarcerated woman said she was satisfied with her children's care but not too happy about their ex-husband. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,caretaker,ex-husband,satisfaction Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Incident triggered by letter containing bad news For example, the incident was triggered by a letter containing bad news. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,letters,incidents,emotional_distress Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) POLICYS (17) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Disciplinary isolation as punishment Breaking prison rules often results in punishment or disciplinary reports. These reports can be major or minor. Major reports are sent to Atlanta for entry into both the inmate's file and her computer record. Disciplinary reports often result in the inmate being placed in disciplinary isolation. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: discipline,solitary,isolation,policy Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Purdy philosophy on parenting responsibility The Purdy philosophy: since parenthood is a responsibility, not a privilege, incarcerated mothers in a correctional setting should not be deprived of the opportunity to fulfill their childcare responsibilities to the fullest extent possible. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: policy,family,children Sources: McGowan and Blumenthal, Why Punish the Children? A Study of Children of Women Prisoners (1978) - [reported] Foster care program at Purdy The Purdy facility has developed a foster care program which permits close contact between foster mother and natural mother, and long visiting hours with children at the facility. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: programs,family,visitation Sources: McGowan and Blumenthal, Why Punish the Children? A Study of Children of Women Prisoners (1978) - [reported] Integrated services project at Oregon Women's Correctional Center An integrated services project uses community resources, visits, and counseling at the Oregon Women's Correctional Center. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: programs,family Sources: McGowan and Blumenthal, Why Punish the Children? A Study of Children of Women Prisoners (1978) - [reported] Mothers' discussion group at Minnesota Correctional Institute A weekly mothers' discussion group exists at the Minnesota Correctional Institute for Women. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: programs,family,mental_health Sources: McGowan and Blumenthal, Why Punish the Children? A Study of Children of Women Prisoners (1978) - [reported] South Forty Corporation family service project A family service project run by a private organization, the South Forty Corporation, serves the Bedford Hills Correctional Facility, NY. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: programs,family Sources: McGowan and Blumenthal, Why Punish the Children? A Study of Children of Women Prisoners (1978) - [reported] Therapeutic community at Mabon Odyssey House A therapeutic community for drug addicted mothers and their children exists at Mabon Odyssey House, NY. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: programs,drugs,family Sources: McGowan and Blumenthal, Why Punish the Children? A Study of Children of Women Prisoners (1978) - [reported] Special foster home at New Jersey Correctional Institution A special foster home for infants born at the New Jersey Correctional Institution for Women exists. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: programs,children,family Sources: McGowan and Blumenthal, Why Punish the Children? A Study of Children of Women Prisoners (1978) - [reported] Children's play area at San Quentin At San Quentin, a children's play area equipped with toys, a TV, and inmate supervisors exists in a crowded schoolyard for inmates' visitors. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: programs,children,visitation Sources: Halsey (1978) - [reported] New inmate wait time for first visit A new inmate must wait usually four to six weeks before she is allowed a visit, until she gets out of the diagnostic center. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,diagnostics,policy Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Friends' Meeting House at Alderson In the Friends' Meeting House next door, the Quakers converted the basement of the Brooklyn House of Detention into a noisy afternoon and evening program for inmates' visitors. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: programs,visitation Sources: Halsey (1978) - [reported] Women earning additional phone privileges Women can earn additional phone privileges by getting excellent work reports. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,telephone,privileges,work_reports,policy Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Alderson liberal visiting hours The federal prison at Alderson, West Virginia has liberal visiting hours every day. There is also a hospitality house where visitors can get food and transportation. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: visitation,facilities Sources: Halsey (1978) - [reported] Two-hour visit limit Incarcerated women are allowed only a two-hour visit with their children. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,visiting_hours,policy Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [confirmed] Family counseling program planned The agency has tentative plans to offer a family counseling program and possibly other programs within the next couple of years. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: policy,programs,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Community-based corrections program in Iowa A community-based corrections program in Iowa is mentioned. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: programs,reentry Sources: McGowan and Blumenthal, Why Punish the Children? A Study of Children of Women Prisoners (1978) - [reported] Monthly phone call policy Incarcerated women are allowed a monthly phone call, however their family must accept the charges. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,telephone,policy,collect_calls Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) DATA GAPS (1) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Multiple sources of child support Fifty-one families (25%) have a single source of support. Only 21% of the children are supported by the father alone. An additional 16% have multiple sources of support. It would be inaccurate to say that those families with multiple sources of support receive the most income from the person classified in this classification. There was no way to tell how much support each source provided. This could be an area for further research. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: child_support,data_gap,economics,family Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) TRENDS (4) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Relationship change during incarceration As marital status changes during incarceration, so does the woman's relationship with her husband or boyfriend. Each person's relationship could get better or worse or remain the same. The t-tests indicate significant change in relationships for both husbands and boyfriends. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: family_relationships,marriage,incarceration_impact,trend Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Increase in government aid dependence It is very evident that the families' dependence upon government aid has increased. Fifty-one families (25%) currently receive government aid of some sort, which is 15% higher than the families classified as welfare on Table 5-6. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: government_aid,welfare,family,trend Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Women's crime rate relative to men remained constant The relative crime rate for women has remained nearly constant. Although the sheer numbers of women arrested has increased, the percentage of women arrested has not changed much. Tags: crime,demographics,trend Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Arrest rate for women increased According to the FBI Uniform Crime Reports, the arrest rate for women has increased. Tags: crime,demographics,trend Sources: FBI Uniform Crime Reports QUOTES (24) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Potter quote on separation from children When Potter interviewed women in a federal prison, one woman stated 'separation from children for women is much more severe than for men.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: mental_health,family,quote Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Mother becomes like a dead person quote Communication is cut off and the mother becomes like a dead person. Any normal family relationship is destroyed. Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: family,mental_health,quote Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Quote - child cries every time she has to leave "She cries every time she has to leave me." Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,emotional_distress,quote Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Quote - haven't seen son in 19 months "To assure her of my safety. I haven't seen my son in 19 months." Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,separation,quote Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Quote - miss my daughter very much "I miss my daughter very much, I fear losing the strong bond we have always had." Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,separation,emotional_distress,quote Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Quote - son shouldn't be here because he's still a baby "My son shouldn't be here cause he's still a baby." Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,quote Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Quote - hurt my children enough "Because I have hurt my children enough." Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,guilt,quote Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Quote - not the place to keep a child overnight "No - this is not the place to keep a child overnight." Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,overnight_visits,prison_conditions,quote Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Quote - don't want them anywhere around a jailhouse "I don't want them anywhere around a jailhouse." Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,prison_conditions,quote Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Quote - bad enough for him to know I'm a convict "It's bad enough for him to know I'm a convict. For damn sure don't want him to see my living conditions." Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,prison_conditions,stigma,quote Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Quote - child deserves more than a 2-hour visit "I feel my child deserves more of me than a 2-hour visit twice a month." Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,visiting_hours,quote Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Quote - need to pick up more of my role as a mother "I need to pick up more of my role as a mother." Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,motherhood,quote Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Quote - want to go home to stay "I want to go home to stay." Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,home,quote Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Quote - because I love them "Because I love them." Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,love,quote Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Quote - to be close to them for a while "To be close to them for a while." Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,closeness,quote Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Quote - to be able to be together "To be able to be together." Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,togetherness,quote Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Quote - seeing surroundings will help dismiss myths about prison "To see my surrounding will help dismiss a lot of myths they hear and see about being in prison." Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,prison_conditions,myths,quote Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Quote - would help them know me better "Would help them know me better." Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,knowing,quote Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Quote - mothers can make mistakes "To let them see that mothers can make mistakes, that we are not perfect." Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,mistakes,quote Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Quote - been away from them so long "I've been away from them so long." Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,separation,quote Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Quote - to be able to show them I still love them "To be able to show them I still love them." Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,love,quote Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Quote - spend time together as a family "It would help us all to spend time together, as a family." Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,family_time,quote Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Quote - tear them apart with a short visit "I will not tear them apart with a short visit." Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,visitation,emotional_distress,quote Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) - [reported] Quote - treated like some kind of idiot "They treat me like I'm some kind of idiot." Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: families,children,treatment,quote Sources: Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981) DATASETS (43) ---------------------------------------- # Sentence length distribution of women inmates Distribution of sentence lengths for 283 women inmates in Georgia prisons, 1981 Sentence Length Count Percent ----------------------------------- 2 years or less 39 13 2.1-5 years 90 30 5.1-10 years 60 20 10.1 years and up 13 4 Life sentence 68 23 Youthful offender 13 4 # Caretaker arrangements for children of incarcerated women Distribution of caretaker types for children of incarcerated women in Georgia, 1981 Caretaker Type Count Percentage ------------------------------------------- Child's father 73 37 Grandparent 42 22 Other relatives 31 16 Foster care 6 3 Friends & other 10 5 Single caretaker total 162 83 Multiple caretaker 33 17 # Anxiety by Planned Caretaker for Mothers with Minor Children Crosstabulation of anxiety group (low, moderate, high) by whether the mother was able to plan who kept her children (yes/no). Planned Caretaker Low Anxiety Count Low Anxiety Percent Moderate Anxiety Count Moderate Anxiety Percent High Anxiety Count High Anxiety Percent Total -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Yes 95 76.6 25 20.2 4 3.2 124 No 14 28.6 25 52.1 9 19.4 48 Column Total 109 50 13 172 # Anxiety by Child Back for Mothers with Minor Children Crosstabulation of anxiety group (low, moderate, high) by whether the mother expects to get her children back after release (yes/no/don't know). Child Back Low Anxiety Count Low Anxiety Percent Moderate Anxiety Count Moderate Anxiety Percent High Anxiety Count High Anxiety Percent Total --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Yes 103 87.3 15 12.8 0 0 118 No 8 16.3 23 45 18 37.9 49 Don't Know 10 28.6 12 34.5 13 37.9 35 Column Total 121 50 31 202 # Time served by women inmates Distribution of time served for 296 women inmates in Georgia prisons, 1981 Time Served Count Percent -------------------------------- 1 year or less 86 29 1.1-2 years 93 31 2.1-3 years 94 32 3.1-4 years 15 5 4.1-5 years 6 2 5.1-10 years 2 1 # In-house caretaker by marital status Cross-tabulation of whether the caretaker was in the house before arrest by the incarcerated woman's marital status Marital Status In-house Yes In-house No Yes Percentage ----------------------------------------------------------- Single 15 24 38.5 Separated 6 10 37.5 Married 11 19 36.7 Widowed 2 8 20 Divorced 4 37 9.8 Common-law 12 3 80 Total 51 144 26.1 # Anxiety by Transportation Problems for Mothers with Minor Children Crosstabulation of anxiety group (low, moderate, high) by transportation problems for family visits (no problem, some problem, big problem, unable to visit). Transportation Low Anxiety Count Low Anxiety Percent Moderate Anxiety Count Moderate Anxiety Percent High Anxiety Count High Anxiety Percent Total ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ No Problem 44 73.3 14 23.7 2 2.2 60 Some Problem 35 76.1 9 18.8 2 5.4 46 Big Problem 30 68.2 10 22.7 4 9.1 44 Unable to Visit 9 25 12 33.3 15 41.7 36 Column Total 118 45 23 186 # Disciplinary reports among women inmates Number of major disciplinary reports for 281 women inmates in Georgia prisons, 1981 Number of Reports Count Percent ----------------------------------- No reports 175 62 1-4 reports 79 28 5-22 reports 27 10 # Miles to children's home Distribution of distance from incarcerated mother to children's home Miles Count Percentage ---------------------------------- 1-25 miles 12 6 26-50 miles 18 9 51-75 miles 11 5 76-100 miles 16 8 101-150 miles 33 16 150-200 miles 38 19 201-400 miles 31 15 401-998 miles 27 13 999-up miles 17 8 # Current Age Distribution Distribution of current age of surveyed women in four age groups. Age Group Count Percent -------------------------------- 18-21 17 6.5 22-39 184 65 40-54 43 15 55-71 7 2 Total Reported 283 100 # Prior convictions among women inmates Number of prior convictions for 283 women inmates in Georgia prisons, 1981 Number of Prior Convictions Count Percent --------------------------------------------- 0 246 87 1 28 10 2 6 2 3 or more 3 1 # Where children live now Distribution of where incarcerated women's children live relative to their pre-arrest home Location Count Percentage -------------------------------------- Same place 70 36 Same neighborhood 9 5 Same town 52 27 Different town 55 28 Other 8 4 # Race Distribution Distribution of race among surveyed women. Race Count Percent -------------------------------- White 145 49 Nonwhite 138 51 Total Reported 283 100 # Ages of children of incarcerated women Age distribution of 528 children of incarcerated women in Georgia prisons, 1981 Age Range Count Percent ----------------------------- 0-2 years 97 18 3-6 years 125 24 7-12 years 140 27 13-18 years 98 18 19 and up 68 13 # Children's happiness as reported by incarcerated mothers Distribution of responses to 'Generally, my children are happy' Response Count Percentage ------------------------------------- All the time 46 21 Most of the time 97 44 Some of the time 29 13 Often sad 14 6 Always sad 3 1 Unsure 29 13 # IQ Distribution Distribution of IQ scores among surveyed women. IQ Category Count Percent -------------------------------- 69 or less 9 6 More than 69 141 94 Total Reported 150 100 # Age at birth of first child Age distribution at birth of first child for 204 women inmates in Georgia prisons, 1981 Age Range Count Percent ----------------------------- 12-15 years 33 16 16-19 years 119 58 20-24 years 32 16 25-30 years 15 7 31-37 years 5 2 # Children's health as reported by incarcerated mothers Distribution of responses to 'Generally, my children are healthy' Response Count Percentage ------------------------------------- All the time 67 31 Most of the time 102 47 Some of the time 18 8 Often sick 10 5 Always sick 1 0.5 Unsure 20 9 # Self-Reported Education Level Distribution of self-reported education level among surveyed women. Grade Level Count Percent Cumulative Percent -------------------------------------------------------- Less than Grade 1 1 0 0 7th Grade 16 6 6 8th Grade 14 5 11 9th Grade 32 12 23 10th Grade 38 14 31 11th Grade 45 16 53 12th Grade 35 13 66 More than Grade 12 17 28 94 Total Reported 274 100 100 # Number of marriages among women inmates Distribution of number of marriages for 275 women inmates in Georgia prisons, 1981 Number of Marriages Count Percent ------------------------------------- 0 91 33 1 117 43 2 50 18 3 11 4 4 4 1 5 2 1 # Children's school performance as reported by incarcerated mothers Distribution of responses to 'My children do well in school' Response Count Percentage ------------------------------------- Very well 60 28 Average work 94 44 Some problems 17 8 Lots of problems 6 3 Unsure 9 4 None in school 30 14 # WRAT Score Distribution Distribution of Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) scores among surveyed women. WRAT Score Count Percent Cumulative Percent -------------------------------------------------------- Less than Grade 6 58 34 34 6th to 8th Grade 14 8 42 9th Grade 8 5 47 10th Grade 2 1 48 11th Grade 2 1 49 12th Grade 6 3 52 More than Grade 12 3 2 54 Total Reported 170 100 100 # Family relationship quality How women inmates get along with their families, 289 respondents, 1981 Relationship Quality Count Percent -------------------------------------- Very well 182 63 Well 60 21 Average 32 11 Not well 8 3 Not well at all 7 2 # How often children visit incarcerated mothers Distribution of visit frequency from children to incarcerated mothers Frequency Count Percentage ------------------------------------- Weekly 22 10 Monthly 50 24 Every 3-4 months 36 17 1-2 times a year 20 9 Never 63 30 Other 21 10 # Socioeconomic Background Distribution of socioeconomic background among surveyed women. Class Count Percent ---------------------------------- Welfare 99 47 Employed 86 41 Minimum Standard 21 10 Middle Class 3 1 Total Reported 209 100 # Family reaction to incarceration Family's reaction to incarceration as reported by 282 women inmates, 1981 Reaction Count Percent ----------------------------------- Very helpful 164 58 Helpful 68 24 Somewhat negative 14 5 Very negative 29 10 Other 7 2 # How often incarcerated mothers write to children Distribution of letter-writing frequency from incarcerated mothers to children Frequency Count Percentage ------------------------------------- Weekly 87 41 Monthly 31 15 Every 3-4 months 23 11 1-2 times a year 11 5 Never 17 8 Other 4 2 # Environment to Age 16 Distribution of environment to age 16 among surveyed women. Environment Count Percent ---------------------------------- Farm 9 9 Rural (Not Farm) 9 9 SMSA 27 27 Urban 29 29 Small Town 26 26 Total Reported 100 100 # Frequency of family visits How often women inmates visit with their families, 280 respondents, 1981 Visit Frequency Count Percent ----------------------------------- As often as wants 24 9 Often 28 10 Sometimes 79 28 Not often enough 134 48 Not at all 15 5 # How often incarcerated mothers receive letters from children Distribution of letter-receiving frequency from children to incarcerated mothers Frequency Count Percentage ------------------------------------- Weekly 31 14 Monthly 56 26 Every 3-4 months 34 16 1-2 times a year 20 9 Never 30 14 Other 15 7 # Prison Classification of Living Arrangements Prison classification of living arrangements at time of arrest. Living Arrangement Count Percent ------------------------------------- Alone 44 19 With Spouse 44 19 Illicit Arrangement 14 6 Roommates 9 4 Other Family 21 9 Own Family 74 32 Other Arrangement 2 1 Total Reported 230 78 # Child support sources upon entering prison Sources of child support upon entering prison for 159 families, 1981 Support Source Count Percent ----------------------------------- Mother only 64 41 Father only 31 20 Both parents 5 3 Grandparent 8 5 Other relatives 6 4 Government aid 29 18 Other 14 9 Mother plus 2 1 Father plus 20 13 Both parents plus 1 1 Grandparent plus 4 3 Other plus 8 5 # How often incarcerated mothers telephone children Distribution of telephone frequency from incarcerated mothers to children Frequency Count Percentage ----------------------------------------- Several times weekly 31 15 Weekly 56 26 Monthly 34 16 Every 3-4 months 20 9 1-2 times a year 10 5 Never 46 22 Other 15 7 # Survey Classification of Living Arrangements Survey-based classification of living arrangements at time of arrest. Living Arrangement Percent ----------------------------- Alone 5 Nuclear Family 37 Extended Family 36 Roommates/Friends 21 Other 1 # Child support sources at time of survey Sources of child support at time of survey for 173 families, 1981 Support Source Count Percent ------------------------------------- Mother only 39 22 Father only 52 30 Grandparent 25 14 Other relatives 13 7 Government aid 19 11 Other 37 21 Father plus 10 6 Grandparent plus 3 2 Government aid plus 6 3 Other plus 19 11 # How children travel to visit incarcerated mothers Distribution of transportation methods used by children to visit incarcerated mothers Transportation Count Percentage -------------------------------------- Car 46 22 Friends/relatives 81 38 Bus 8 4 Other 38 18 No visits 23 11 # Head of Household Distribution of head of household among surveyed women. Head of Household Count Percent ----------------------------------- Inmate 109 38 Husband 79 27 Boyfriend 17 6 Father 25 9 Mother 41 17 Other Relative 144 25 Other 289 41 # Number of children ever had by incarcerated women Distribution of total number of children ever had by incarcerated women Number of Children Count Percentage --------------------------------------- 1 70 24 2 63 22 3 58 20 4 24 8 5 22 7 6 15 5 7 9 3 8 5 2 9 3 1 6-up 21 7 # Guardian to Age 16 Distribution of guardian to age 16 among surveyed women. Guardian Count Percent ---------------------------------- Orphanage/Foster 3 4 Father 8 4 Mother 49 25 Both Parents 60 30 Other Female 2 1 Other Male 2 1 Stepparents 0 0 Grandparents 25 12 Total Reported 198 100 # Number of children who died Distribution of number of children who died among incarcerated women Number of Children Who Died Count ------------------------------------ 1 32 2 3 3 3 4 1 # Employment at Time of Arrest Distribution of employment status at time of arrest among surveyed women. Employment Status Count Percent ------------------------------------ Full Time Employed 73 35 Part Time Employed 12 6 Brief Unemployment 39 19 Long Unemployment 68 33 Never Worked 11 5 Student 6 3 Incapable of Work 5 2 Total Reported 208 100 # Diagnostic Behavior Problems Distribution of diagnostic behavior problems among surveyed women. Problems are coded per problem, not per inmate; each inmate may have multiple problems. Behavior Problem Count Percent --------------------------------------------------- Assaultive 49 17 Escape Tendencies 26 9 Suicidal 76 26 Drug Problems 98 35 Epileptic 23 8 Withdrawn or Poor Reality Contact 20 7 Alcohol Problems 7 2 Manipulative 35 13 No Problems 67 67 # Regression on Anxiety Stepwise regression results for anxiety index with three independent variables: PLAN, CHBACK, and TRANS. Variable R Square Change Simple R B Beta ----------------------------------------------------- PLAN 0.1745 0.4177 0.3489 0.3384 CHBACK 0.1445 0.3921 0.5647 0.2439 TRANS 0.0625 0.3797 0.6176 0.2142 KEY ENTITIES (29) ---------------------------------------- - American Bar Association [organization]: Concluded that California's crime decline preceded Three Strikes passage and continued at the same rate afterward, and that the predicted deterrent effect never materialized. (aka: ABA) - American Correctional Association [organization]: One of three national bodies offering voluntary accreditation to correctional facilities (aka: ACA) - Atlanta Journal Constitution [organization]: Atlanta-based newspaper that published Gayle White's February 1980 series on incarcerated mothers and their children. (aka: Atlanta Journal, AJC) - Bedford Hills Correctional Facility [facility]: Correctional facility in New York served by the South Forty Corporation family service project. (aka: Bedford Hills) - Board of Welfare [organization]: Agency that usually takes responsibility for children of incarcerated mothers. - Brooklyn House of Detention [facility]: Detention facility where Quakers converted the basement of the Friends' Meeting House into afternoon and evening programs for inmates' visitors. - Columbia House [facility]: Work release center located in Atlanta, Georgia. Used for the second pre-test of the survey instrument. - Federal Bureau of Investigation [organization]: Federal law enforcement agency that led Operation Ghost Guard investigation. (aka: FBI) - Federal Prison at Alderson, West Virginia [facility]: Federal prison with liberal visiting hours every day and a hospitality house where visitors can get food and transportation. (aka: Alderson) - Federal Prison at Fort Worth, Texas [facility]: Federal prison that adopted the Sesame Street version program and allows up to 40 visiting hours per week. (aka: Fort Worth federal prison) - Gayle White [person]: Journalist for the Atlanta Journal Constitution who wrote a three-part series in February 1980 on incarcerated mothers and their children. - Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles [organization]: Georgia's parole authority, operates reentry services including Reentry Partnership Housing (RPH) - Georgia Department of Family and Children's Services [organization]: Georgia state agency referenced in the survey questionnaire as a potential legal custodian of incarcerated women's children. (aka: DFCS, Department of Family and Children's Services) - Georgia Department of Offender Rehabilitation [organization]: The state agency responsible for Georgia's correctional system, including state and county institutions. Produced the Earned Time System evaluation. (aka: DOR, DCOR, Department of Corrections/Offender Rehabilitation, Georgia Department of Corrections) - Georgia Earned Time Law [legislation]: Georgia law allowing two days credit for each day served with good behavior. - Georgia Youthful Offender Act [legislation]: Georgia legislation under which youthful offenders are sentenced to zero to six years, with contracts assigned after evaluation by prison authorities. - Judith G. Hadley [person]: Senior Statistical Analyst, Georgia Department of Offender Rehabilitation, author of the study. - Mabon Odyssey House [facility]: Therapeutic community for drug addicted mothers and their children in New York. - Maryland Correctional Institute [facility]: Correctional institute conducting a study on psychological effects of mother's imprisonment on children. - Middle Georgia Women's Prison [facility]: Women's prison located in Milledgeville, Georgia where the survey was administered. (aka: Middle Georgia Women's Unit) - Minnesota Correctional Institute for Women [facility]: Correctional institute with a weekly mothers' discussion group. - National Council on Crime and Delinquency [organization]: Organization based in Hackensack, N.J., that published McGowan and Blumenthal's 1978 study on children of incarcerated mothers. (aka: NCCD) - New Horizons [facility]: Work release center located in Atlanta, Georgia. Used for the first pre-test of the survey instrument. - New Jersey Correctional Institution for Women [facility]: Correctional institution with a special foster home for infants born there. - Oregon Women's Correctional Center [facility]: Correctional center with an integrated services project using community resources, visits, and counseling. - Purdy Treatment Center for Women [facility]: Women's correctional facility in Washington state with 1,607 inmates, known for innovative family programs. (aka: Purdy) - San Quentin [facility]: Prison with a children's play area equipped with toys, a TV, and inmate supervisors. - South Forty Corporation [organization]: Private organization running a family service project at Bedford Hills Correctional Facility, NY. - U.S. Department of Labor [organization]: Federal department that estimated 15,000 women in prisons nationally on any given day. SOURCES (36) ---------------------------------------- - 107th Annual Congress of Corrections of the American Correctional Association Proceedings, American Correctional Association, Milwaukee (1977-01-01) [official_report, primary] - A Critical Review of Women, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System, Crime and Social Justice (Spring-Summer 1976) by Dorie Klein and June Kress (1976-01-01) [academic, secondary] - All Our Kin, Harper & Row, New York by Carol B. Stack (1974-01-01) [academic, secondary] - And the Poor Get Children, Quadrangle Books, Chicago by Lee Rainwater (1960-01-01) [academic, secondary] - Behind Ghetto Walls, Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago by Lee Rainwater (1970-01-01) [academic, secondary] - Blue-Collar Marriage, Random House, N.Y. by Mirra Komarovsky (1964-01-01) [academic, secondary] - Blue-Collar Workers, McGraw-Hill, N.Y. by Sara Levitan (1971-01-01) [academic, secondary] - Easy Time: Female Inmates on Temporary Release, Lexington Books, Mass. by Belinda McCarthy (1979-01-01) [academic, secondary] - FBI Uniform Crime Reports, Federal Bureau of Investigation [official_report, primary] - Female Offenders: Problems and Programs, Female Offender Resource Center, American Bar Association (1978-01-01) [official_report, primary] - From Prison to Community, Crime and Delinquency, Vol 13:2 by David Hobbs and Marvin Osman, MD (1967-04-01) [academic, secondary] - Georgia Women Prison Inmates and Their Families (NCJ 79468, 1981), Georgia Department of Offender Rehabilitation, Office of Research and Evaluation, Systems & Statistics Unit by Judith G. Hadley (1981-04-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/79468NCJRS.pdf - Glick and Neto (1977) by Glick and Neto (1977-01-01) [academic, primary] - Halsey (1978) by Halsey (1978-01-01) [academic, primary] - Hey, Cookie Monster Goes to Prison, Corrections Magazine 4:4 by Peter Haley (1978-12-01) [journalism, secondary] - Justice System Ignores Plight of Children Whose Mothers Are in Prison, American Bar Association Journal (1978-01-01) [journalism, secondary] - Making It in Prison: The Square, the Cool, and the Life, Wiley-Interscience, N.Y. by Esther Heffernan (1972-01-01) [academic, secondary] - McGowan and Blumenthal, Why Punish the Children? A Study of Children of Women Prisoners (1978) by McGowan and Blumenthal (1978-01-01) [academic, primary] - Mothers Inside, Children Outside: Some Issues Surrounding Imprisoned Mothers and Their Children, Exposure 6:4 (Winter 1978), pp. 48-51 by Andrew Griffin (1978-01-01) [academic, secondary] - National Study of Women's Correctional Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. by R. Glick and V. Neto (1977-01-01) [official_report, primary] - On Prisoners and Parenting: Preserving the Tie That Binds, Atlanta Journal Constitution by Gayle White (1980-02-26) [journalism, secondary] - Potter by Potter [academic, secondary] - Prisoner Subcultures, Lexington Books, Mass. by Lee Bowker (1977-01-01) [academic, secondary] - Prisoners and Their Families, Unwin Brothers Ltd., London by Pauline Morris (1965-01-01) [academic, secondary] - Should Kids Be in Jail, Atlanta Journal Constitution by Gayle White (1980-02-27) [journalism, secondary] - The American Working Class, Transaction Books, N.J. by I. L. Horowitz, J. C. Leggett, and M. Oppenheimer (1979-01-01) [academic, secondary] - The Bars to Motherhood, Atlanta Journal Constitution by Gayle White (1980-02-26) [journalism, secondary] - When Mama Goes to Prison, Atlanta Journal Constitution by Gayle White (1980-02-25) [journalism, secondary] - White (1980) by White (1980-01-01) [academic, secondary] - Why Punish the Children? A Study of Children of Women Prisoners, National Council on Crime and Delinquency, Hackensack, N.J. by Brenda McGowan and Karen Blumenthal (1978-01-01) [academic, secondary] - Woman's Blues: A Conversation at a Tennessee Prison for Women, Southern Exposure 6:4 (Winter 1978) by Verma LaPoint (1978-01-01) [academic, secondary] - Women in Corrections: Special Issue, Quarterly Journal of Corrections 1:4 (Fall 1977) (1977-01-01) [academic, secondary] - Women, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System, Lexington Books, Mass. by Lee Bowker (1978-01-01) [academic, secondary] - Workingman's Wife, Oceana Publications, Inc., New York by Lee Rainwater, R. Coleman, and G. Handel (1959-01-01) [academic, secondary] - Yale Law Review (1978), Yale Law Review (1978-01-01) [academic, secondary] - Yarrow and LaPoint (1977), Maryland Correctional Institute by Yarrow and LaPoint (1977-01-01) [academic, primary]