GPS RESEARCH LIBRARY: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) (NCJ 102848, 1987) ============================================================ Georgia Prisoners' Speak — gps.press Generated: 2026-09-11 12:13:39 EDT Research Date: 2026-09-06 Topic: Probation and Community Supervision JSON: https://gps.press/research-data/new-dimensions-in-probation-georgias-experience-with-intensive-probation-supervision-ips-ncj-102848-1987/?format=json SUMMARY ---------------------------------------- This 1987 National Institute of Justice Research in Brief evaluates Georgia's Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) program, implemented in 1982 as a pilot in 13 judicial circuits and expanded to 33 circuits by the end of 1985, supervising 2,322 probationers. The evaluation found that IPS diverted a substantial number of offenders from prison, reduced the percentage of felons sentenced to incarceration by 10 percent from 1982 to 1985, and achieved a cost avoidance of approximately $6,775 per diverted offender, totaling more than $13 million in savings. IPS probationers committed fewer and less serious crimes than comparison groups of regular probationers and prison releasees, with only 0.8 percent convicted of violent personal crimes and no subsequent crime resulting in serious bodily injury. STATISTICS (72) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] IPS program implementation year Georgia's Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) program was implemented in 1982. Value: 1982.0 year Date: 1982-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS pilot program initial circuit count The IPS program began in 1982 as a pilot in 13 of Georgia's 45 judicial sentencing circuits. Value: 13.0 circuits (vs. 45 total judicial sentencing circuits) Date: 1982-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS program circuit expansion by end of 1985 By the end of 1985, the IPS program had expanded to 33 circuits. Value: 33.0 circuits Date: 1985-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Total IPS probationers supervised 1982-1985 By the end of 1985, the IPS program had supervised 2,322 probationers. Value: 2322.0 probationers Tags: operations,probation Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS required face-to-face contacts per week IPS standards include five face-to-face contacts per week. Value: 5.0 contacts per week Tags: policy,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS mandatory community service hours IPS standards include 132 hours of mandatory community service. Value: 132.0 hours Tags: policy,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS supervision team caseload size The supervision standards are enforced by a team consisting of a Probation Officer and a Surveillance Officer. The team supervises 25 probationers. In some jurisdictions, a team of one Probation Officer and two Surveillance Officers supervises 40 probationers. Value: 25.0 probationers per team (vs. 40 probationers per expanded team) Tags: operations,staffing Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS probationers terminated from program Of the 2,322 people in the program between 1982 and 1985, 370 (or 16 percent) absconded or had their probation revoked. Value: 370.0 probationers (vs. 2322 total IPS probationers) Tags: operations,probation Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS probationers successfully diverted from prison Of the 2,322 people in the program between 1982 and 1985, the remaining 1,952 were successfully diverted from prison. Value: 1952.0 probationers (vs. 2322 total IPS probationers) Tags: operations,probation Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Reduction in percentage of felons sentenced to incarceration Georgia sentencing statistics from 1982 through 1985 show a 10-percent reduction in the percentage of felons sentenced to incarceration. Value: 10.0 percent Tags: trend,sentencing,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Increase in percentage of offenders placed on probation At the same time, the percentage of offenders placed on probation increased 10 percent (from 63 percent in 1982 to 73 percent in 1985). Value: 10.0 percent Tags: trend,sentencing,probation Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Probation placement percentage in 1982 The percentage of offenders placed on probation was 63 percent in 1982. Value: 63.0 percent Date: 1982-01-01 Tags: sentencing,probation Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Probation placement percentage in 1985 The percentage of offenders placed on probation was 73 percent in 1985. Value: 73.0 percent Date: 1985-01-01 Tags: sentencing,probation Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Probation increase in IPS jurisdictions Jurisdictions with intensive supervision teams showed an increase of 15 to 27 percent in the percentage of offenders on probation, markedly higher than the statewide average increase of 10 percent. Value: 15.0 percent (vs. 27 upper range) Tags: trend,sentencing,probation Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS cases similar to incarcerated offenders The evaluation results indicate that 59.4 percent of the IPS cases were more similar to those incarcerated than to those placed on probation. Value: 59.4 percent Tags: operations,sentencing Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Incarcerated offenders similar to probated offenders The results also suggest that 24.6 percent of those actually incarcerated were very similar to those probated. Value: 24.6 percent Tags: sentencing,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS probationers still on probation Of the 2,322 offenders sentenced to the IPS program, 68 percent are still on probation under IPS or regular probation caseloads. Value: 68.0 percent Tags: operations,probation Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS probationers successfully completed sentences Of the 2,322 offenders sentenced to the IPS program, 15 percent have successfully completed their sentences. Value: 15.0 percent Tags: operations,probation Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS probationers transferred to other jurisdictions Of the 2,322 offenders sentenced to the IPS program, 1 percent were transferred to other jurisdictions. Value: 1.0 percent Tags: operations,transfers Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS probationers returned to prison Of the 2,322 offenders sentenced to the IPS program, 16 percent have been terminated from the program and returned to prison for technical violations or new crimes. Value: 16.0 percent Tags: operations,probation,recidivism Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS probationers convicted of violent personal crimes Only 0.8 percent of the IPS probationers have been convicted of any violent personal crimes (including simple battery, terroristic threat, etc.). Value: 0.8 percent Tags: violence,recidivism Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Serious crime convictions among IPS probationers Of the 2,322 cases admitted to the program, the following serious crime convictions have resulted: 1 armed robbery, 6 simple assaults, 4 simple battery offenses, 1 terrorist threat, 18 burglaries, 19 thefts, and 3 motor vehicle thefts. Value: 1.0 armed robbery convictions Tags: violence,recidivism,crime Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS probationers rearrested overall Of the 200 IPS probationers tracked for 18 months, 80 (40.0 percent) were rearrested. Value: 40.0 percent Tags: recidivism,arrests Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Regular probationers rearrested overall Of the 200 regular probationers tracked for 18 months, 71 (35.5 percent) were rearrested. Value: 35.5 percent Tags: recidivism,arrests Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Prison releasees rearrested overall Of the 97 prison releasees tracked for 18 months, 56 (57.8 percent) were rearrested. Value: 57.8 percent Tags: recidivism,arrests Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS probationers reconvicted overall Of the 200 IPS probationers tracked for 18 months, 37 (18.5 percent) were reconvicted. Value: 18.5 percent Tags: recidivism,convictions Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Regular probationers reconvicted overall Of the 200 regular probationers tracked for 18 months, 48 (24.0 percent) were reconvicted. Value: 24.0 percent Tags: recidivism,convictions Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Prison releasees reconvicted overall Of the 97 prison releasees tracked for 18 months, 41 (42.3 percent) were reconvicted. Value: 42.3 percent Tags: recidivism,convictions Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS probationers incarcerated in state prison overall Of the 200 IPS probationers tracked for 18 months, 33 (16.5 percent) were incarcerated in state prison. Value: 16.5 percent Tags: recidivism,incarceration Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Regular probationers incarcerated in state prison overall Of the 200 regular probationers tracked for 18 months, 25 (12.5 percent) were incarcerated in state prison. Value: 12.5 percent Tags: recidivism,incarceration Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Prison releasees incarcerated in state prison overall Of the 97 prison releasees tracked for 18 months, 17 (17.5 percent) were incarcerated in state prison. Value: 17.5 percent Tags: recidivism,incarceration Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Low risk IPS probationers rearrested Of 12 low-risk IPS probationers, 5 (41.6 percent) were rearrested during the 18-month followup. Value: 41.6 percent Tags: recidivism,arrests,risk_assessment Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Low risk regular probationers rearrested Of 11 low-risk regular probationers, 3 (27.0 percent) were rearrested during the 18-month followup. Value: 27.0 percent Tags: recidivism,arrests,risk_assessment Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Low risk prison releasees rearrested Of 13 low-risk prison releasees, 6 (46.2 percent) were rearrested during the 18-month followup. Value: 46.2 percent Tags: recidivism,arrests,risk_assessment Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Medium risk IPS probationers rearrested Of 62 medium-risk IPS probationers, 21 (33.9 percent) were rearrested during the 18-month followup. Value: 33.9 percent Tags: recidivism,arrests,risk_assessment Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Medium risk regular probationers rearrested Of 58 medium-risk regular probationers, 20 (34.5 percent) were rearrested during the 18-month followup. Value: 34.5 percent Tags: recidivism,arrests,risk_assessment Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Medium risk prison releasees rearrested Of 12 medium-risk prison releasees, 7 (58.3 percent) were rearrested during the 18-month followup. Value: 58.3 percent Tags: recidivism,arrests,risk_assessment Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] High risk IPS probationers rearrested Of 69 high-risk IPS probationers, 24 (34.5 percent) were rearrested during the 18-month followup. Value: 34.5 percent Tags: recidivism,arrests,risk_assessment Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] High risk regular probationers rearrested Of 73 high-risk regular probationers, 22 (30.1 percent) were rearrested during the 18-month followup. Value: 30.1 percent Tags: recidivism,arrests,risk_assessment Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] High risk prison releasees rearrested Of 47 high-risk prison releasees, 27 (57.4 percent) were rearrested during the 18-month followup. Value: 57.4 percent Tags: recidivism,arrests,risk_assessment Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Maximum risk IPS probationers rearrested Of 57 maximum-risk IPS probationers, 25 (43.6 percent) were rearrested during the 18-month followup. Value: 43.6 percent Tags: recidivism,arrests,risk_assessment Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Maximum risk regular probationers rearrested Of 58 maximum-risk regular probationers, 26 (44.8 percent) were rearrested during the 18-month followup. Value: 44.8 percent Tags: recidivism,arrests,risk_assessment Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Maximum risk prison releasees rearrested Of 25 maximum-risk prison releasees, 16 (64.0 percent) were rearrested during the 18-month followup. Value: 64.0 percent Tags: recidivism,arrests,risk_assessment Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS probationers violated probation conditions more than regular probationers Although more IPS probationers violated the conditions of probation than regular probationers (7 percent compared to 4.5 percent), this might be anticipated because IPS probationers were so closely supervised. Value: 7.0 percent (vs. 4.5 regular probationers violation rate) Tags: probation,operations,recidivism Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS probationers who absconded Only one of the sample of 200 IPS probationers absconded compared to four of the 200 regular probationers. Value: 1.0 probationers (vs. 4 regular probationers who absconded) Tags: probation,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [estimated] Cost avoidance per IPS probationer Preliminary estimates suggest a savings of $6,775 for each case diverted from prison. Value: 6775.0 dollars Tags: budget,cost,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [estimated] Total savings from IPS diversion If all 2,322 offenders placed in IPS through the end of 1985 were diverted, considerable savings were realized—more than $13 million. Value: 13000000.0 dollars Tags: budget,cost,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Incarceration cost per day Incarceration costs were $30.43 per day. Value: 30.43 dollars per day Tags: budget,cost,incarceration Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS supervision cost per day IPS supervision cost $4.37 per day. Value: 4.37 dollars per day Tags: budget,cost,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Regular probation supervision cost per day Regular probation supervision cost $0.76 per day. Value: 0.76 dollars per day Tags: budget,cost,probation Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Average incarceration duration for incarcerated offenders Incarcerated offenders averaged 255 days incarcerated at a cost of $7,759.65 (excluding capital outlay). Value: 255.0 days Tags: budget,cost,incarceration Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Average IPS supervision duration IPS probationers averaged 196 days under IPS supervision at a cost of $856.22. Value: 196.0 days Tags: budget,cost,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Average regular probation supervision duration IPS probationers averaged 169 days under regular probation at a cost of $128.44. Value: 169.0 days Tags: budget,cost,probation Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [estimated] IPS offenders under supervision at any given time If the 1,000 offenders under the IPS program at any given time had been incarcerated, they would have filled two moderate-sized prisons. Value: 1000.0 offenders Tags: operations,facilities,budget Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Probation supervision fee range The fees currently range from $10 to $50 per month. Value: 10.0 dollars per month (vs. 50 upper range) Tags: budget,policy,probation Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS probationer demographic profile: race Looking at the 2,322 offenders sentenced to the program through 1985, 68 percent were white. Value: 68.0 percent Tags: demographics,race Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS probationer demographic profile: sex Looking at the 2,322 offenders sentenced to the program through 1985, 89 percent were male. Value: 89.0 percent Tags: demographics,sex Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS probationer demographic profile: age 25 or younger Looking at the 2,322 offenders sentenced to the program through 1985, 46 percent were 25 years old or younger. Value: 46.0 percent Tags: demographics,age Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS probationer demographic profile: age 26-30 Looking at the 2,322 offenders sentenced to the program through 1985, another 24 percent were between 26 and 30 years old. Value: 24.0 percent Tags: demographics,age Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS probationer offense profile: property offenses Forty-three percent were convicted of property offenses. Value: 43.0 percent Tags: demographics,crime,property Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS probationer offense profile: drug and alcohol offenses Forty-one percent were convicted of drug- and alcohol-related offenses. Value: 41.0 percent Tags: demographics,drugs,alcohol,crime Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS probationer offense profile: violent personal crimes Nine percent were convicted of violent personal crimes. Value: 9.0 percent Tags: demographics,violence,crime Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Drug offenders success rate in IPS Drug offenders responded better to the IPS program than they did to regular probation (90 percent success rate during the 18-month followup study). Value: 90.0 percent Tags: drugs,recidivism,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Discriminant analysis prediction accuracy The evaluators used discriminant analysis techniques to predict which offenders might be most effectively supervised under an intensive program. These techniques enabled the evaluators to predict 64 to 68 percent of the variation in outcome. Value: 64.0 percent (vs. 68 upper range) Tags: methodology,risk_assessment Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Low risk scores among incarcerated cohort The low risk scores for 5.2 percent of the incarcerated cohort confirm this reality. Value: 5.2 percent Tags: risk_assessment,incarceration,methodology Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Sample size of regular probationers in evaluation A computer selected the sample of 200 regular probationers and 200 IPS probationers matched by age, sex, race, crime type, risk score, and need score. Value: 200.0 probationers Date: 1983-01-01 Tags: methodology,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Sample size of incarcerated offenders in evaluation To select the group of incarcerated offenders, newly admitted inmates were screened at the institutional intake centers; 176 were selected. Of this group, 97 were eventually released and tracked for 18 months from the date they were released. Value: 176.0 inmates (vs. 97 inmates eventually released and tracked) Date: 1983-01-01 Tags: methodology,incarceration Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [estimated] Sentence modification success rate for IPS cases Some success was achieved: about half the cases assigned to IPS had their sentences modified—a technique that provided obvious evidence that the offender was diverted from prison. Value: 50.0 percent Tags: sentencing,operations,methodology Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Districts with IPS programs in calendar year 1984 Characteristics were analyzed of all offenders sentenced in the 26 districts that had IPS programs during calendar year 1984. Value: 26.0 districts Date: 1984-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] National prison population passed half million mark As the number of offenders behind bars continues to grow—passing the half million mark last year—crime as measured by the National Crime Survey has declined for the fourth straight year. Value: 500000.0 offenders Date: 1986-01-01 Tags: incarceration,demographics,trend Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Only one quarter of offenders under correctional supervision incarcerated But what is less well known is that only one quarter of offenders under correctional supervision are actually incarcerated. The remainder are in the community on probation or parole. Value: 25.0 percent Date: 1986-01-01 Tags: incarceration,probation,parole,demographics Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Alameda County felon probationer rearrest rate Earlier research by the National Institute of Justice showed that fully two-thirds of a sample of felons on probation in Alameda County, California, were rearrested within 3 years. Value: 66.7 percent Date: 1986-01-01 Tags: recidivism,arrests,probation Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) FINDINGS (53) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] IPS probationers with serious bodily injury crimes To date, no IPS probationer has committed a subsequent crime that resulted in serious bodily injury to a victim. Tags: violence,recidivism Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Prison releasees had highest rearrest rate in all risk categories Prison releasees had the highest rate of rearrest in all risk categories. Tags: recidivism,arrests,trend Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS probationers had higher rearrest rate than regular probationers IPS probationers had a higher rate of rearrest than regular probationers, which is not surprising considering the higher level of surveillance. Tags: recidivism,arrests,methodology Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Recidivism pattern of greater intervention with more negative outcomes The recidivism pattern that begins to emerge from Table 1 involves greater intervention (e.g., more incarceration, tighter supervision) paired with more negative outcomes. This pattern tends to hold for most risk groups except offenders with high risk classifications. Tags: recidivism,trend,methodology Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] High risk incarcerated offenders lowest state prison reincarceration Offenders with high risk classifications who had been incarcerated showed the lowest percentage of reincarcerations in State prison; however, this same subgroup had the highest rate of rearrest, reconviction, and reincarceration in jail. Tags: recidivism,risk_assessment,incarceration Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS group convicted of fewer serious new crimes The IPS group was convicted of fewer serious new crimes against persons than either of the other two groups. The most serious new offenses were 4 burglaries and 1 armed robbery in which no one was injured. Tags: recidivism,violence,crime Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Regular probationers committed more serious offenses The regular probationers had more serious offenses; they committed 8 burglaries, 1 rape, and 2 aggravated assaults in addition to other less serious new crimes. Tags: recidivism,violence,crime Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Prison releasees convicted of most new crimes The prison releasees were convicted of the most new crimes: 13 burglaries, 3 aggravated assaults, 2 rapes, and 2 armed robberies. Tags: recidivism,violence,crime Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [reported] IPS surveillance provided early detection This comparison suggests that IPS surveillance provided early detection of uncooperative behavior or substance abuse and effectively reduced danger before citizens were harmed. Tags: operations,violence,recidivism Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Probation fee collection exceeded IPS costs Over the 4 years of operation, the money collected for probation fees exceeded IPS costs and was used for numerous additional special probation needs. Tags: budget,policy,probation Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Females succeeded at slightly higher rate than males Females succeeded at a slightly higher rate than males, as they did under regular supervision. There was no significant difference in outcome by race. Tags: demographics,sex,race,recidivism Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Risk score most important predictor of IPS failure The analysis identified risk score as the most important variable in predicting that a probationer is likely to fail in the IPS program. Being a property offender was the next most important predictor. Tags: risk_assessment,methodology,recidivism Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS staff morale remained high IPS staff have maintained high morale throughout the life of the program despite long, irregular work hours and heavy paperwork. Few have abandoned the program; most who leave the program have been promoted to other jobs. Tags: staffing,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Probation Officers on waiting list for IPS Probation Officers who are interested in joining the program must add their names to a waiting list. Tags: staffing,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Treatment and enforcement functions difficult to separate One of the most interesting findings of the IPS evaluation is the near impossibility of separating treatment from enforcement. Tags: operations,staffing,methodology Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Role overlap between Probation and Surveillance Officers Both the Probation and Surveillance Officers report a great deal of overlap of functions and even a reversal of their roles. Tags: operations,staffing Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Team approach benefit for staff support The evaluators report that one major benefit of the team approach may be the support that officers give one another. This enables them to maintain high morale in very demanding jobs. Tags: operations,staffing Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS as integral part of Georgia correctional system IPS has proven itself to Georgia officials and has become an integral part of the correctional system. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Georgia prisons were full The prisons in Georgia are full. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: facilities,conditions,incarceration Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Judges among strongest supporters of IPS Judges are now among the strongest supporters of the program in part because the program has a high degree of accountability. A judge can contact an IPS officer about a case knowing that the officer has had direct, recent contact with the offender. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [reported] IPS program considered most stringent in nation While probation programs with varying degrees of supervision have been implemented throughout the country, Georgia's IPS is widely regarded as one of the most stringent in the Nation. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Rural circuits more severe in sentencing than urban In general, sentences in the rural circuits are more severe than in urban circuits. Tags: sentencing,demographics Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Judges' reaction to minor repeat offenses Minor repeat offenses, primarily marijuana possession, were numerous. Judges reacted strongly in such cases since they felt the offender had already been given his last chance. Tags: drugs,sentencing,recidivism Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [reported] Judges may use jail or work camps for early releasees It is not unusual for a Georgia judge to decide that an offender may have been released from prison too soon. When that individual appears before the judge on a subsequent offense, the judge will often use jail, county work camps, or some other method of detention and supervision to ensure more direct control over the offender and the period of incarceration. Tags: sentencing,incarceration,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS program initially considered discouraging substance abuse offenders The finding that offenders convicted of drug- and alcohol-related offenses had the highest success rates raises interesting questions because the program initially considered discouraging substance abuse offenders from being accepted in the program. But judges were obviously looking for constructive alternatives for substance abuse cases; hence staff training and urinalysis capabilities were increased. Tags: drugs,alcohol,policy,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS cost much greater than regular probation The cost of IPS, while much greater than regular probation, is considerably less than the cost of a prison stay, even when construction costs are not considered. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: budget,cost,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Society receives thousands of hours of community service In addition, society receives thousands of hours of community service from IPS offenders. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: operations,community_service Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Criminal justice practitioners accept IPS as intermediate punishment Criminal justice practitioners seem to accept the program as suitable intermediate punishment. Judges particularly like it because it increases local control. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS as one option on continuum of control In Georgia, IPS is seen as one option on a continuum of increasing levels of control. Probation administrators, mindful of the public's increasing demand that probation clearly demonstrate appropriate punishment, have responded with a creative range of options. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Georgia's approach to diversion well deserved attention The attention focused on approaches developed in Georgia for identifying and diverting offenders from prison is well deserved. Georgia has exhibited ingenuity and commitment to try new ways to address a nationwide problem. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS lessons applicable to other locations The lessons gained through Georgia's experience are applicable in other locations that are experiencing similar problems with prison costs and crowding, although the population of offenders who could be diverted may vary a great deal. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] No magic formula for diversion programs There is no magic formula, but Georgia's experience demonstrates that enough people can be diverted to achieve significant cost savings without serious threat to the community. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,budget Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Majority of charges against Alameda County felons were robbery, burglary, theft The majority of charges filed against them were for crimes the public fears the most—robbery, burglary, and theft. Date: 1986-01-01 Tags: recidivism,crime,probation Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS program stirred nationwide interest Georgia's Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) program, implemented in 1982, has stirred nationwide interest among criminal justice professionals because it seems to satisfy two goals that have long appeared mutually contradictory: (1) restraining the growth of prison populations and associated costs by controlling selected offenders in the community and (2) at the same time, satisfying to some extent the demand that criminals be punished for their crimes. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS evaluation suggests cost effective and less risk to public safety The evaluation suggests that the intensive supervision approach is cost effective and poses less of a risk to public safety than does ordinary probation. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: budget,operations,violence Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS reduced risk to community Most important, the study suggests that in Georgia, the more stringent supervision reduced the risk to the community. Offenders in IPS committed fewer and less serious crimes than comparison groups of regular probationers and those released from prison. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: violence,recidivism,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS provides greater controls than regular probation The study suggests that intensive supervision provides greater controls than regular probation and costs far less than incarceration. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: operations,budget Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS program diverted substantial number of offenders from prison The evidence indicates that intensive probation supervision diverted a substantial number of offenders from prison. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: operations,sentencing Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS sufficiently controls offenders to limit community risk The experience suggests that IPS sufficiently controls offenders so that risk to the community is markedly limited. The recidivism rates are considerably better for IPS offenders than for groups under regular probation and for those released from prison. IPS offenders commit fewer and less serious crimes. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: violence,recidivism,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Most new IPS crimes were drug and alcohol related Most new crimes have been drug- and alcohol-related offenses. Tags: drugs,alcohol,recidivism Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [reported] Frequent contact effective for supervising drug offenders Frequent contact during the evening and on weekends and the urinalysis monitoring may be particularly effective for supervising drug offenders. Tags: drugs,operations,recidivism Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Sex, need score, race, and drug possession minor predictors Sex of the offender, need score (a scale depicting the social service needs of the probationer), race, and drug possession each made small additional contributions to the predictions. Tags: risk_assessment,demographics,drugs,methodology Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Surveillance Officer develops close supportive relationship Because the Surveillance Officer is in frequent contact with the probationer, a close supportive relationship often develops. Tags: operations,staffing Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Probation Officer viewed as representative of repressive aspects The Probation Officer spends a great deal of time with court matters and screening potential cases and is thus sometimes viewed as the representative of the repressive aspects of probation. Tags: operations,staffing Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Small caseloads contribute to close staff communication The small caseloads contribute to close, often daily communication among the staff. Thus the probationer's needs—whether for control or support—are clearly identified and the team develops a coordinated plan and follows it closely. Tags: operations,staffing Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Officers absorbed in attaining case goals During the evaluation period, each officer became absorbed in attaining the goals of the cases rather than simply performing according to the job description. Roles overlapped and officers exhibited an impressive, cooperative team spirit. Tags: operations,staffing Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Officers interchanged roles when circumstances required Some officers interchanged roles whenever circumstances required scheduling adjustments. Staff seemed to function with mutual respect and concern for each other and for the continuity of supervision. Tags: operations,staffing Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [reported] Freshly trained staff seen as emissaries of new intensive supervision The freshly trained and invigorated staff were seen as emissaries of the new intensive supervision, and their energetic and dedicated response to the program may well have contributed significantly to the program's success. Tags: operations,staffing,training Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS satisfies public demand for tough response to crime Intensive Probation Supervision is a highly visible probation option that satisfies public demand for a tough response to crime while avoiding the costs of prison construction. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,budget Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Georgia Department of Corrections responded seriously to repeat violators By providing a series of graduated options, Georgia's Department of Corrections has responded seriously to repeat violators but also has shown a commitment to try alternatives to prison whenever possible. Instead of a stark prison-versus-probation decision, judges have a wider choice of sanctions. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,sentencing Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Highly innovative staff took initiative to use full range of options A highly innovative staff has taken the initiative to use the full range of options. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: operations,staffing Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [estimated] Community service hours valued at minimum wage Another benefit of IPS is the thousands of hours of public service IPS offenders provide. If these hours are valued at even minimum wage, the contribution to society would be considerable. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: budget,community_service,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Fee collection exceeded expectations The amount of money collected from fees exceeded expectations. Tags: budget,policy,probation Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) METHODOLOGY NOTES (21) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] Risk assessment instrument origin The risk assessment instrument was based on a Wisconsin instrument and had been validated on Georgia offenders as a predictor of recidivism. Tags: methodology,risk_assessment Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Risk score categories Risk scores are (0-7) Low Risk, (8-14) Medium Risk, (15-24) High Risk, and (25 and over) Maximum Risk. Tags: methodology,risk_assessment Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Tracking period for comparison groups Comparison groups were tracked for 18 months, and the evaluators measured the number of arrests, convictions, and incarcerations. Tags: methodology,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Prison releasees tracked had short incarceration periods Because screening for this group was done in December 1983, only those offenders who were released before July 1984 could be tracked. Thus, those tracked had experienced a short period of incarceration—2 to 6 months. Tags: methodology,incarceration Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [reported] Early release suggests less serious offenders in prison releasee group The early release means they were apparently deemed less serious offenders. This suggests that comparisons with more serious offenders released from prison would reflect an even more favorable view of the IPS group. Tags: methodology,incarceration Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS evaluation funded in part by National Institute of Justice The study was conducted by the Georgia Department of Corrections, Office of Evaluation and Statistics, and was assisted by an Advisory Board funded by the National Institute of Justice. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: methodology,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Independent advisory board for IPS evaluation To ensure an objective evaluation, the National Institute of Justice provided an independent advisory board of experienced correctional practitioners and researchers. The board worked with the Office of Evaluation and Statistics of the Georgia Department of Corrections to assess the Intensive Probation Supervision program. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: methodology,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Evaluation consulted probation officials in other states The evaluators consulted probation officials in other States who assisted in formulating evaluation questions about the ease with which the program could be transferred. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: methodology,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Evaluation analyzed all probationers processed 1982-1985 The evaluation analyzed data on all probationers processed through the program between 1982 and 1985. Tags: methodology,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Constructed samples make conclusions tentative Using constructed samples makes conclusions fairly tentative, but applying truly experimental conditions is often not possible in operational situations. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: methodology Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Criminal activity measurement limitations Such measures cannot quantify the precise extent of criminal activity, but because the measures are applied to each of the various samples, they probably represent a fair comparative assessment. Also, because of the close contact between the Surveillance Officers and the probationers in the IPS program, the actual amount of criminal activity might be presumed to be somewhat less than for those under regular probation supervision or for those released from prison. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: methodology,recidivism Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Factors analyzed for prison-versus-probation decision To determine the extent to which offenders were diverted from prison, the researchers analyzed a set of factors that would best predict the prison-versus-probation decision. To ensure that offenders accepted into the IPS program were true diversions from prison, the staff screened offenders who had already been sentenced to prison. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: methodology,sentencing Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Judges declined to amend sentences as regular procedure Many judges—even those who were committed to the program and its criteria—declined to amend sentences as a regular procedure. For those cases, special procedures were developed to screen cases and make recommendations prior to sentencing. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: methodology,sentencing Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Characteristics analyzed for 1984 sentencing districts Characteristics were analyzed of all offenders sentenced in the 26 districts that had IPS programs during calendar year 1984. The characteristics included age, race, sex, risk score, need score, crime type, and location of the district (rural or urban). Date: 1984-01-01 Tags: methodology,demographics Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS evaluation compared three groups sentenced in 1983 For offenders sentenced during 1983, the first year the program was fully operational, evaluators compared the profiles of three groups: IPS probationers, regular probationers, and prison releasees. Date: 1983-01-01 Tags: methodology,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS evaluation contact information For those interested in more information on the evaluation of the Georgia IPS program, a complete report will be available in the near future. Call the National Institute of Justice/National Criminal Justice Reference Service (800-851-3420) or contact the Office of Evaluation and Statistics, Georgia Department of Corrections, Floyd Veterans Memorial Building, Room 756, East Tower, Atlanta, Georgia 30334 (404-656-4609). Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: methodology,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Billie S. Erwin author affiliation Billie S. Erwin is a Senior Operations Analyst with the Office of Research and Evaluation, Georgia Department of Corrections. She has been active in the area of correctional program evaluation and has been associated with the Intensive Probation Supervision evaluation since its inception. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: methodology,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Lawrence A. Bennett author affiliation Dr. Lawrence A. Bennett is Director of the Crime Prevention and Police Research Division of the National Institute of Justice's Office of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Research. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: methodology,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS diversion impact cannot be precisely determined The precise extent of the impact of intensive probation supervision cannot be determined, however, because many factors influenced judges' decisions to consider alternative sentences. Nevertheless, in view of the shift toward increased use of probation, the influence of intensive supervision must be considered substantial. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: methodology,sentencing Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS probation fees alone did not support program This does not mean that IPS probation fees alone have supported the program—regular probation fees also were included. Georgia judges impose probation fees on a case-by-case basis. Tags: budget,policy,probation Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS cost estimates exclude capital outlay It should be noted that these estimates are based on incarceration costs ($30.43 per day) and supervision costs only. The estimates do not include any capital outlay, which could quite legitimately be included because the prisons in Georgia are full. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: budget,methodology,cost Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) POLICYS (17) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] IPS program selection criteria Most offenders chosen for the IPS pilot program were already sentenced to prison, presented an acceptable risk to the community, and had not committed a violent offense. A risk assessment instrument was used to screen offenders. Tags: policy,operations,risk_assessment Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS targeted serious but nonviolent offenders IPS administrators targeted a particular type of offender—specifically serious but nonviolent offenders who, without the intensive supervision option, would have gone to prison in the jurisdiction where they were sentenced. Tags: policy,operations,sentencing Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Probation supervision fee policy instituted in 1982 In 1982, the Georgia Department of Corrections instituted a policy that allowed judges to order probationers to pay supervision fees. Date: 1982-01-01 Tags: policy,budget,probation Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] No legislative funds requested for IPS No funds were requested from the legislature for IPS implementation. Date: 1982-01-01 Tags: policy,budget,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Probation Officer role in IPS The Georgia design places the Probation Officer in charge of case management, treatment and counseling services, and court-related activities. Tags: operations,staffing,policy Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Surveillance Officer role in IPS Surveillance Officers, who usually have law enforcement or correctional backgrounds, have primary responsibility for frequently visiting the home unannounced, checking curfews, performing drug and alcohol screening tests using portable equipment, and checking arrest records weekly. Tags: operations,staffing,policy,drugs Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Probation Officers selected from most experienced The program's Probation Officers were selected from among the most experienced and best available. Tags: staffing,policy,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Surveillance Officers hired specifically for IPS The Surveillance Officers were hired by the Probation Division specifically for the new program. Tags: staffing,policy,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] National Institute of Corrections training grant A National Institute of Corrections grant supported concentrated staff training coordinated through the Criminal Justice Department of Georgia State University. Tags: staffing,training,policy,budget Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Community Service Program as alternative sanction One rapidly growing alternative is the Community Service Program in which probationers perform court-ordered community service under the conditions of regular probation. The Community Service Program is far less intensive and less costly than most and is therefore able to manage a large volume of cases. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,probation Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Special Alternative Incarceration program Other alternative sanctions include placement in a community diversion center and Special Alternative Incarceration, which is a 90-day 'shock' incarceration program. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,incarceration Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS standards include mandatory curfew and employment IPS standards include mandatory curfew and mandatory employment. Tags: policy,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS standards include weekly arrest record checks IPS standards include weekly check of local arrest records and automatic notification of arrest elsewhere via the State Crime Information Network listing. Tags: policy,operations,arrests Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS standards include routine drug and alcohol testing IPS standards include routine and unannounced alcohol and drug testing. Tags: policy,operations,drugs,alcohol Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS counseling designed to help offender become law-abiding The counseling is designed to help the offender direct his energies toward productive activities, to assume responsibilities, and to become a law-abiding citizen. Tags: policy,operations,reentry Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS implemented simultaneously with probation fee collection IPS was implemented at the same time the probation fee collection system was initiated. Date: 1982-01-01 Tags: policy,budget,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Judges advised intensive supervision phased in using fee collection Judges, who had been vocal in requesting stricter supervision standards, were advised that intensive supervision would be phased in using resources made available through fee collection. Date: 1982-01-01 Tags: policy,budget,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) LEGAL FACTS (2) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] Attorney General ruling on probation fees The policy followed an Attorney General's ruling that existing statutes permitted court-ordered fee collection if the fees were used to improve probation supervision. Date: 1982-01-01 Tags: legal,policy,budget,probation Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Georgia lacks determinate or presumptive sentencing guidelines Because Georgia does not have determinate or presumptive sentencing guidelines, the judicial circuits historically have exhibited a great deal of sentencing disparity. Tags: legal,sentencing Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) DATA GAPS (1) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] Probation supervision fees issue outside scope of brief The issue of probation supervision fees is of considerable interest—what level of fees should be levied on which offenders; what is the most effective collection process; and what kinds of penalties are imposed for nonpayment—but represents an entire study outside the scope of this Brief. Date: 1987-01-01 Tags: budget,policy,probation,data_gap Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) TRENDS (4) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] IPS program expanded to 33 circuits by end of 1985 By the end of 1985, the IPS program had expanded to 33 circuits and had supervised 2,322 probationers. Tags: trend,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] IPS program expansion from 13 to 33 circuits The IPS program expanded from 13 circuits in 1982 to 33 circuits by the end of 1985. Tags: trend,operations Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] Shift toward increased use of probation In view of the shift toward increased use of probation, the influence of intensive supervision must be considered substantial. Tags: trend,sentencing,probation Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) - [confirmed] National crime declined for fourth straight year Crime as measured by the National Crime Survey has declined for the fourth straight year. Date: 1986-01-01 Tags: trend,crime Sources: New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) DATASETS (3) ---------------------------------------- # Outcomes for offender groups after 18-month tracking by risk classification Table 1 from the IPS evaluation showing rearrests, reconvictions, jail/prison sentences, and state prison incarcerations for IPS probationers, regular probationers, and prison releasees across four risk categories (Low, Medium, High, Maximum). Risk Classification Offender Group Number of Cases Rearrested Count Rearrested Percent Reconvicted Count Reconvicted Percent Sentenced to Jail or Prison Count Sentenced to Jail or Prison Percent Incarcerated in State Prison Count Incarcerated in State Prison Percent -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Low Risk IPS probationers 12 5 41.6 3 25 3 25 2 16.7 Low Risk Regular probationers 11 3 27 0 0 1 9.1 1 9.1 Low Risk Prison releasees 13 6 46.2 5 38.5 4 30.8 3 23.1 Medium Risk IPS probationers 62 21 33.9 10 16.1 10 16.1 9 14.5 Medium Risk Regular probationers 58 20 34.5 14 24.1 9 15.5 6 10.3 Medium Risk Prison releasees 12 7 58.3 6 50 4 33.3 2 16.7 High Risk IPS probationers 69 24 34.5 19 27.5 14 20.3 11 15.9 High Risk Regular probationers 73 22 30.1 18 24.7 13 17.8 10 13.7 High Risk Prison releasees 47 27 57.4 21 44.7 10 21.3 6 12.8 Maximum Risk IPS probationers 57 25 43.6 15 26.3 12 21.1 11 19.3 Maximum Risk Regular probationers 58 26 44.8 16 27.6 11 19 8 13.8 Maximum Risk Prison releasees 25 16 64 9 36 7 28 6 24 Total IPS probationers 200 80 40 37 18.5 39 19.5 33 16.5 Total Regular probationers 200 71 35.5 48 24 34 17 25 12.5 Total Prison releasees 97 56 57.8 41 42.3 25 25.8 17 17.5 # New serious crimes committed during 18-month followup period Table 2 from the IPS evaluation showing the number and percentage of new serious crime convictions for IPS probationers (n=200), regular probationers (n=200), and prison releasees (n=97) during the 18-month followup period. Type of Crime IPS Probationers Count IPS Probationers Percent Regular Probationers Count Regular Probationers Percent Prison Releasees Count Prison Releasees Percent ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sale of Marijuana 0 0 1 0.5 0 0 Sale of Cocaine 0 0 1 0.5 0 0 Theft by Taking 4 2 4 2 3 3.2 Auto Theft 0 0 1 0.5 0 0 Burglary 4 2 8 4 13 14 Aggravated Assault 0 0 2 1 3 3.2 Robbery 0 0 2 1 0 0 Armed Robbery 1 0.5 0 0 2 2.2 Rape 0 0 1 0.5 2 2.2 # Comparison of costs per offender Table 3 from the IPS evaluation comparing average days incarcerated or under supervision and associated costs for incarcerated offenders versus IPS probationers. Category Days Daily Cost Total Cost -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Incarcerated Offenders 255 30.43 7759.65 IPS Probationers - Under IPS 196 4.37 856.22 IPS Probationers - Under Regular Probation 169 0.76 128.44 Cost Avoidance per IPS Probationer 6774.69 KEY ENTITIES (11) ---------------------------------------- - Billie S. Erwin [person]: Senior Operations Analyst with the Office of Research and Evaluation, Georgia Department of Corrections. Co-author of the IPS evaluation Research in Brief. Active in correctional program evaluation and associated with the IPS evaluation since its inception. - Community Service Program [program]: A Georgia alternative sanction program in which probationers perform court-ordered community service under the conditions of regular probation. Described as far less intensive and less costly than IPS, able to manage a large volume of cases. - Georgia Department of Corrections [organization]: State agency responsible for operating Georgia's prison system. Subject of federal DOJ investigation in 2022-2023 for constitutional violations including food-related deaths. (aka: GDC) - Georgia IPS Program [program]: Georgia's Intensive Probation Supervision program, implemented in 1982 as a pilot in 13 judicial circuits and expanded to 33 circuits by end of 1985, supervising 2,322 probationers. Widely regarded as one of the most stringent probation programs in the nation. (aka: Intensive Probation Supervision, IPS, Georgia's Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) program) - Georgia State University [organization]: University where the Georgia Innocence Project is based. - James K. Stewart [person]: Director of the National Institute of Justice at the time of the IPS evaluation Research in Brief publication (January 1987). - Lawrence A. Bennett [person]: Director of the Crime Prevention and Police Research Division of the National Institute of Justice's Office of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Research. Co-author of the IPS evaluation Research in Brief. (aka: Dr. Lawrence A. Bennett) - National Criminal Justice Reference Service [organization]: Federal service providing access to criminal justice research publications, including the IPS evaluation Research in Brief. (aka: NCJRS) - National Institute of Corrections [organization]: Federal agency that provides classification resources and standards; states the primary goal of classification is managing inmate risk and ensuring safety. (aka: NIC) - National Institute of Justice [organization]: DOJ research agency that commissioned studies on deaths in custody to meet DCRA 2013 requirements. (aka: NIJ) - Special Alternative Incarceration [program]: A Georgia alternative sanction program described as a 90-day 'shock' incarceration program. SOURCES (1) ---------------------------------------- - New Dimensions in Probation: Georgia's Experience With Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS), National Institute of Justice Research in Brief by Billie S. Erwin and Lawrence A. Bennett (1987-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/102848NCJRS.pdf