GPS RESEARCH LIBRARY: Nordic countries: release from prison and rehabilitation ============================================================ Georgia Prisoners' Speak — gps.press Generated: 2026-11-13 14:36:07 EST Research Date: 2026-11-11 Topic: Reentry and release JSON: https://gps.press/research-data/nordic-countries-release-from-prison-and-rehabilitation/?format=json SUMMARY ---------------------------------------- How the Nordic countries handle release from prison and rehabilitation. LEGAL FACTS (48) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] Norway § 16: transfer to serve sentence outside prison after half served Norway's straffegjennomføringsloven § 16 allows Kriminalomsorgen to transfer a convicted person to serve the sentence outside prison under special conditions once half the sentence time has been served, where suitable to secure continued especially positive development and prevent reoffending. Tags: legal,reentry,policy Sources: Lov om gjennomføring av straff mv. (straffegjennomføringsloven) - Lovdata - [confirmed] Iceland: probationary release possible after two-thirds of sentence Iceland's Act on the Enforcement of Sentences (2016 nr. 15) provides that once a prisoner has served two-thirds of the sentence, Fangelsismálastofnun (the Prison and Probation Administration) may decide that he/she shall be released on probation (reynslulausn). Date: 2016-01-01 Tags: legal,parole,policy,reentry Sources: 2016 nr. 15 23. mars/ Lög um fullnustu refsinga - [confirmed] Iceland statute defines reynslulausn as conditional waiver of part of sentence Iceland's Act No. 15/2016 on the Execution of Sentences defines 'reynslulausn' (conditional/probationary release) as a conditional waiver of part of the sentence: 'Reynslulausn: Skilorðsbundin eftirgjöf hluta refsingar.' Date: 2016-01-01 Tags: parole,legal,policy,reentry Sources: 15/2016: Lög um fullnustu refsinga | Lög | Alþingi - [confirmed] Georgia: serious violent felony sentence must be served in full O.C.G.A. § 17-10-6.1 provides that a sentence for a first conviction of a serious violent felony shall be served in its entirety as imposed by the sentencing court and shall not be reduced by any form of parole or early release administered by the State Board of Pardons and Paroles or by any earned time, early release, work release, leave, or other sentence-reducing measures under programs administered by the Department of Corrections. Tags: legal,parole,policy Sources: Official Code of Georgia Annotated § 17-10-6.1 (GPS's copy of the Code) - [confirmed] Norway § 16a: electronic monitoring for sentences up to 6 months Norway's straffegjennomføringsloven § 16a allows a sentence to be served outside prison with electronic monitoring where the unconditional prison sentence, or remaining time until expected release, is up to 6 months, and this is suitable to secure positive development and prevent reoffending. Tags: legal,reentry,policy Sources: Lov om gjennomføring av straff mv. (straffegjennomføringsloven) - Lovdata - [confirmed] Iceland: half-sentence release for non-serious offenses Iceland's Act on the Enforcement of Sentences permits probationary release after half the sentence has passed for a prisoner who is not serving a sentence for a serious or otherwise grave offense (e.g., homicide, violent or sexual offenses, deprivation of liberty, major drug offenses, arson or other public-danger offenses, robbery). Date: 2016-01-01 Tags: legal,parole,policy,reentry Sources: 2016 nr. 15 23. mars/ Lög um fullnustu refsinga - [confirmed] Georgia: parole barred until drug program completed for substance-involved inmates O.C.G.A. § 42-9-45(h) provides that an inmate whose offense or history indicates alcohol or drug involvement shall not be considered for parole until the inmate has successfully completed an Alcohol or Drug Use Risk Reduction Program offered by the Department of Corrections. Tags: legal,parole,drugs,policy Sources: Official Code of Georgia Annotated § 42-9-45 (GPS's copy of the Code) - [confirmed] Norway § 20: day release (frigang) for work, education, programs Norway's straffegjennomføringsloven § 20 allows Kriminalomsorgen to permit an inmate to participate in work, education, program or other measures outside prison (day release/'frigang'), if security reasons do not argue against it and there is no reason to believe the inmate will evade execution of the sentence. Tags: legal,reentry,policy Sources: Lov om gjennomføring av straff mv. (straffegjennomføringsloven) - Lovdata - [confirmed] Iceland: half-sentence release for grave offenses under special circumstances Iceland's Act on the Enforcement of Sentences permits probationary release after half the sentence has passed even where the prisoner is serving a sentence for a serious or grave offense, if very special personal circumstances warrant it and the prisoner's conduct and behavior during the sentence have been excellent. Date: 2016-01-01 Tags: legal,parole,policy,reentry Sources: 2016 nr. 15 23. mars/ Lög um fullnustu refsinga - [confirmed] Georgia: drug-trafficking recidivists may seek parole after criminogenic programming O.C.G.A. § 42-9-45(b)(3)(E) allows a person sentenced under the drug-trafficking recidivist provision to become eligible for parole consideration if they have completed all criminogenic programming requirements as determined by a validated risk assessment instrument approved by the Department of Corrections. Tags: legal,parole,drugs,policy Sources: Official Code of Georgia Annotated § 42-9-45 (GPS's copy of the Code) - [confirmed] Norway § 12: sentence served as round-the-clock institutional treatment Norway's straffegjennomføringsloven § 12 allows a sentence to be served, in special cases, wholly or partly as a round-the-clock stay in an institution (treatment), if the stay is necessary to improve the convicted person's ability to function socially and lawfully, or other compelling reasons support it. Tags: legal,mental_health,reentry Sources: Lov om gjennomføring av straff mv. (straffegjennomføringsloven) - Lovdata - [confirmed] Iceland: one-third release for prisoners aged 21 or younger at offense Iceland's Act on the Enforcement of Sentences permits probationary release after only one-third of the sentence has passed if the prisoner was 21 years old or younger when committing the offense, his or her conduct and behavior have been excellent, and he or she has received appropriate treatment during the sentence and addressed any substance-abuse problem. Date: 2016-01-01 Tags: legal,parole,policy,reentry,mental_health Sources: 2016 nr. 15 23. mars/ Lög um fullnustu refsinga - [confirmed] Georgia: mental health court completion may reduce or modify sentence O.C.G.A. § 15-1-16(c)(3) provides that if a mental health court division participant successfully completes the mental health court division program as part of a sentence imposed by the court, the sentence of the participant may be reduced or modified. Tags: legal,mental_health,reentry Sources: Official Code of Georgia Annotated § 15-1-16 (GPS's copy of the Code) - [confirmed] Sweden: conditional release at two-thirds (under 6 years) or three-quarters (6+ years) Under Sweden's Brottsbalk (1962:700), a person serving a fixed-term prison sentence shorter than six years is conditionally released when two-thirds of the sentence has been served; for sentences of six years or more, conditional release occurs after three-quarters has been served. Tags: legal,reentry,parole Sources: Brottsbalk (1962:700) | Sveriges riksdag Brottsbalk (1962:700) undefined Till innehåll på sidan - [confirmed] Iceland: electronic monitoring for sentences of 12 months or longer Iceland's Act on the Enforcement of Sentences provides that when the sentence imposed is 12 months of unconditional imprisonment or longer, Fangelsismálastofnun may allow the prisoner to complete the sentence outside prison, provided the person wears equipment that makes it possible to monitor his or her movements. Date: 2016-01-01 Tags: legal,policy,reentry Sources: 2016 nr. 15 23. mars/ Lög um fullnustu refsinga - [confirmed] Sweden: Kriminalvården decides postponed conditional release; immediate effect Under Sweden's Brottsbalk, Kriminalvården (the Swedish Prison and Probation Service) decides on postponed conditional release, and such decisions take immediate effect unless decided otherwise. Tags: legal,parole,policy Sources: Brottsbalk (1962:700) | Sveriges riksdag Brottsbalk (1962:700) undefined Till innehåll på sidan - [confirmed] Iceland: electronic-monitoring duration formula (60 days at 12 months, +5 days/month, max 360) Iceland's Act on the Enforcement of Sentences provides that when the sentence imposed is 12 months of unconditional imprisonment, service under electronic monitoring can be 60 days, lengthening by five days for each additional sentenced month, up to a maximum of 360 days. Date: 2016-01-01 Tags: legal,policy,reentry Sources: 2016 nr. 15 23. mars/ Lög um fullnustu refsinga - [confirmed] Sweden: grounds for postponing conditional release Swedish law requires conditional release to be postponed if the convicted person, during enforcement in a correctional institution, has not participated in or has mishandled assigned measures aimed at preventing reoffending, or has otherwise seriously violated the rules and conditions of enforcement. Tags: legal,parole,reentry Sources: Brottsbalk (1962:700) | Sveriges riksdag Brottsbalk (1962:700) undefined Till innehåll på sidan - [confirmed] Iceland: part of sentence may be served outside prison for work, study, training or treatment Iceland's Act on the Enforcement of Sentences provides that Fangelsismálastofnun may allow a prisoner to serve part of the sentence outside prison, provided he pursues work, study, vocational training or treatment approved by Fangelsismálastofnun and that is part of his adjustment to society. Date: 2016-01-01 Tags: legal,policy,reentry Sources: 2016 nr. 15 23. mars/ Lög um fullnustu refsinga - [reported] Finland abolished preventive detention in 2006, replaced by 'in full' sentence orders In connection with the total reform of prison law in 2006, Finland abolished preventive detention and replaced it with a system allowing courts to order serious violent offenders to serve their sentence 'in full', intended to be used as restrictively as the earlier preventive detention system. Date: 2006-01-01 Tags: legal,policy,parole Sources: scandinavianlaw.se: 54 17 - [confirmed] Iceland: community service of 40-480 hours for sentences up to 12 months Iceland's Act on the Enforcement of Sentences provides that when a person has been sentenced to up to 12 months of unconditional imprisonment, it is permitted, if public interests do not weigh against it, to serve the sentence through unpaid community service, at least 40 hours and at most 480 hours. Date: 2016-01-01 Tags: legal,policy,reentry Sources: 2016 nr. 15 23. mars/ Lög um fullnustu refsinga - [reported] Finland 'in full' sentence prisoners eligible for parole after 5/6 or at least three years In Finland, prisoners ordered to serve their sentence 'in full' can be released on parole after serving 5/6 of the sentence but at least three years; the Helsinki Court of Appeal decides on release. Date: 2006-01-01 Tags: parole,legal,policy Sources: scandinavianlaw.se: 54 17 - [confirmed] Norway § 79: 21-year ceiling on aggregated ordinary prison sentence Norway's straffeloven § 79 sets an absolute ceiling of 21 years on an aggregated ordinary prison sentence: where a court increases a sentence beyond the ordinary statutory maximum (for multiple offenses, repeat offending, or organized crime), the increase can never bring the sentence beyond 21 years (or beyond 15 years for someone under 18 at the time of the act). Tags: legal,policy Sources: Lov om straff (straffeloven) - Kapittel 14. Fellesregler for reaksjonsfastsettelsen - Lovdata - [confirmed] Finland: conditional release at two-thirds, or half for first-time prisoners A person serving a fixed-term Finnish prison sentence is released on conditional release, unless otherwise provided, when two-thirds of the sentence has been served; a prisoner who had not served a prison sentence before committing the offense is released on conditional release when half of the sentence has been served. Tags: legal,parole,policy,reentry Sources: finlex.fi: 18890039001 - [reported] Finland life-sentence parole eligibility after 12 years (10 if offense under age 21) In Finland, life-sentence prisoners can be released on parole once at least 12 years of the prison sentence has been served, or ten years if the offense was committed under age 21; the Helsinki Court of Appeal decides on release. Tags: parole,legal,policy Sources: scandinavianlaw.se: 54 17 - [reported] Sweden proposition: probation period raised to at least two years, supervision as main rule A Swedish government proposition (2025/26:34) proposed that the probation period after conditional release be at least two years instead of the then-current one year, and that a conditionally released person as a general rule be placed under supervision. Tags: legal,parole,policy Sources: Skärpta regler för villkorlig frigivning (Proposition 2025/26:34) | Sveriges riksdag Skärpta regler för villkorlig frigivning Proposition 2025/26:34 Till innehåll på sidan - [reported] Sweden proposition: effective date 1 January 2026, except quota-raising amendments The Swedish proposition proposed that the law changes take effect on 1 January 2026, except for amendments raising the share of sentence time that must be served before conditional release, which were proposed to take effect on a date the government decides. Date: 2026-01-01 Tags: legal,parole,policy Sources: Skärpta regler för villkorlig frigivning (Proposition 2025/26:34) | Sveriges riksdag Skärpta regler för villkorlig frigivning Proposition 2025/26:34 Till innehåll på sidan - [confirmed] Finland: supervised probationary freedom (valvottu koevapaus) up to six months before conditional release A prisoner may be placed outside prison under technical and other supervision in valvottu koevapaus (supervised probationary freedom) at the earliest six months before conditional release. Tags: legal,policy,reentry Sources: finlex.fi: 18890039001 - [reported] Sweden proposition: three-quarters quota for sentences under 6 years to be phased in The Swedish proposition proposed that raising the quota to three-quarters of the sentence, for sentences shorter than six years, take effect in stages on a date the government decides, rather than immediately. Tags: legal,parole,policy Sources: Skärpta regler för villkorlig frigivning (Proposition 2025/26:34) | Sveriges riksdag Skärpta regler för villkorlig frigivning Proposition 2025/26:34 Till innehåll på sidan - [confirmed] Norway § 40: preventive detention (forvaring) criteria Norway's straffeloven § 40 permits a court to sentence a person to forvaring (preventive detention) in an institution under Kriminalomsorgen, instead of an ordinary prison sentence, when an ordinary prison sentence is not considered sufficient to protect others' life, health or freedom, and the offender is found guilty of having committed or attempted a violent offense, sexual offense, deprivation of liberty, arson or another specified offense, with a serious offense requiring a close danger of reoffending. Tags: legal,policy Sources: Lov om straff (straffeloven) - Kapittel 7. Forvaring - Lovdata - [confirmed] Finland: life-sentence release proceedings handled by Helsinki Court of Appeal Proceedings on the conditional release of a life-sentenced prisoner in the Helsinki Court of Appeal are governed by the Act on the release procedure for life-sentenced prisoners. Tags: legal,parole,policy Sources: finlex.fi: 18890039001 - [confirmed] Norway § 43: forvaring time-frame ordinarily max 15 years, never over 21 (30 for 30-year-max offenses) Norway's straffeloven § 43 provides that a forvaring (preventive detention) sentence carries a time-frame that ordinarily should not exceed 15 years and can never exceed 21 years, except that for offenses with a statutory maximum of imprisonment up to 30 years, the court can set a time-frame of up to 30 years. Tags: legal,policy Sources: Lov om straff (straffeloven) - Kapittel 7. Forvaring - Lovdata - [confirmed] Finland: conditional release may be postponed with prisoner's consent Conditional release of a Finnish prisoner may, with the prisoner's consent, be postponed if new prison sentences or conversion sentences for fines are to be enforced, or if the prisoner for another justified reason wishes the release to be postponed. Tags: legal,parole,policy Sources: finlex.fi: 18890039001 - [confirmed] Iceland general prison sentence limits Iceland's almenn hegningarlög (General Penal Code) provides that a person may be sentenced to prison for life or for a fixed term, not less than 30 days and not more than 16 years. Date: 1940-01-01 Tags: legal,policy Sources: 1940 19 12. febr�ar/ Almenn hegningarl�g1) - [confirmed] Norway § 31: determinate sentences over 4 months set in months/years; up to 120 days in days Norway's straffeloven § 31 states that an ordinary determinate prison sentence of more than 4 months is set in months and years, while a sentence of up to and including 120 days is set in days. Tags: legal,policy Sources: Lov om straff (straffeloven) - Kapittel 6. Fengselsstraff - Lovdata - [confirmed] Iceland increased penalty up to 20 years Iceland's almenn hegningarlög provides that where the law permits an increased penalty for an offense, the limits on ordinary sentence length shall not then prevent a sentence of imprisonment of up to 20 years. Date: 1940-01-01 Tags: legal,policy Sources: 1940 19 12. febr�ar/ Almenn hegningarl�g1) - [confirmed] Denmark § 38(2): earlier probationary release after half served (min 2 months) Denmark's straffeloven § 38, stk. 2 allows earlier probationary release, when special circumstances warrant it, once the convicted person has served half of the sentence time (at least 2 months), decided by the Minister of Justice or a delegate. Tags: legal,parole,reentry Sources: retsinformation.dk: 1360 - [confirmed] Denmark § 40a: early release for special rehabilitation effort after half served Denmark's straffeloven § 40 a allows the Minister of Justice or a delegate, once half the sentence time (at least 2 months) has been served, to decide on probationary release beyond the cases in § 38(2) where the convict has made a special effort not to reoffend, including by participating in a treatment programme, education, work training or work, or where the convict's circumstances otherwise support it. Tags: legal,parole,reentry Sources: retsinformation.dk: 1360 - [confirmed] Sweden life sentence conversion eligibility after 12 years An application for conversion of a Swedish life sentence to a fixed-term sentence may be made once the convicted person has served at least twelve years of the life sentence. Date: 2006-01-01 Tags: legal,parole Sources: Lag (2006:45) om omvandling av fängelse på livstid | Sveriges riksdag Lag (2006:45) om omvandling av fängelse på livstid undefined Till innehåll på sidan - [confirmed] Denmark § 70: forvaring (indefinite preventive detention) criteria Denmark's straffeloven § 70 permits a court to sentence a person to forvaring (indefinite preventive detention) if the person is found guilty of homicide, robbery, deprivation of liberty, a serious violent crime, certain threats, or arson (or an attempt at these), and is assessed to present a proximate danger to others' life, body, health or liberty, and forvaring in place of ordinary imprisonment is found necessary to prevent that danger. Tags: legal,policy Sources: retsinformation.dk: 1360 - [confirmed] Sweden life sentence conversion applicants An application for conversion of a Swedish life sentence may be made by the convicted person or, when there are special grounds, by Kriminalvården, and a Kriminalvården decision to apply for conversion cannot be appealed. Date: 2006-01-01 Tags: legal,parole Sources: Lag (2006:45) om omvandling av fängelse på livstid | Sveriges riksdag Lag (2006:45) om omvandling av fängelse på livstid undefined Till innehåll på sidan - [confirmed] Denmark § 38: probationary release decision at two-thirds served (min 2 months) Denmark's straffeloven § 38 provides that when two-thirds of the sentence time, but at least 2 months, has been served, the Minister of Justice or a delegate decides whether the convicted person shall be released on probation. Tags: legal,parole Sources: retsinformation.dk: 1360 - [confirmed] Denmark § 41: life-sentence probationary release review after 12 years Denmark's straffeloven § 41 provides that when 12 years of a life sentence (fængsel på livstid) have been served, the Minister of Justice or a delegate decides whether the convict shall be released on probation. Tags: legal,parole Sources: retsinformation.dk: 1360 - [confirmed] Denmark § 70(2): proximate-danger assessment based on act and prior criminality Denmark's straffeloven § 70, no. 2 requires that, based on the nature of the act and information about the person including prior criminality, it must be assumed the person presents a proximate danger to others' life, body, health or liberty. Tags: legal,policy Sources: retsinformation.dk: 1360 - [confirmed] Norway: parole MAY be granted after two-thirds of sentence plus 60 days Norway's straffegjennomføringsloven § 42 first paragraph provides that Kriminalomsorgen (the Correctional Service) may release a convicted person on parole/trial release once two-thirds of the sentence, plus at least 60 days, has been served, counting any remand time. Tags: legal,parole Sources: Lov om gjennomføring av straff mv. (straffegjennomføringsloven) - Lovdata - [confirmed] Norway: parole after half of sentence plus 60 days if special reasons Norway's straffegjennomføringsloven § 42 fourth paragraph allows Kriminalomsorgen to release a convicted person on parole after only half the prison sentence, plus at least 60 days, has been served, if special reasons indicate it. Tags: legal,parole Sources: Lov om gjennomføring av straff mv. (straffegjennomføringsloven) - Lovdata - [confirmed] Norway: parole barred if release inadvisable on overall assessment Under straffegjennomføringsloven § 42, Kriminalomsorgen must not grant parole if, on an overall assessment, circumstances make release inadvisable, and must give particular weight to the convicted person's conduct during execution of the sentence and whether there is reason to assume the person will commit new criminal acts during the probationary period. Tags: legal,parole Sources: Lov om gjennomføring av straff mv. (straffegjennomføringsloven) - Lovdata - [confirmed] Finland parole eligibility for offenders under 21 A Finnish government bill describes current Finnish law as providing that a prisoner who committed their offense while under 21 years old is released on parole after serving half or one-third of the sentence, if he has not served a prison sentence during the three years preceding the offense. Date: 2024-01-01 Tags: legal,parole Sources: HE 64/2024 vp STATISTICS (51) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Norway community sentence reconviction rate 2022 Kriminalomsorgen reports that community sentences (samfunnsstraff) had a two-year reconviction rate of ten percent in 2022, down from 16 percent in 2012. Value: 10.0 percent (vs. 16 2012 reconviction rate (percent)) Date: 2022-01-01 Tags: reentry,parole,policy Sources: Årsrapport 2025 Kriminalomsorgen Del 1 Leders beretning 1 - [reported] Norway electronic monitoring reconviction rate 2022 Kriminalomsorgen reports that electronic monitoring (EK) had the lowest reconviction rate throughout the measurement period, at five percent in 2022 for full electronic-monitoring execution (helgjennomføring med EK). Value: 5.0 percent Date: 2022-01-01 Tags: reentry,policy Sources: Årsrapport 2025 Kriminalomsorgen Del 1 Leders beretning 1 - [reported] Finland: about 99% of released prisoners released on parole In Finland, release practice is fixed such that about 99% of prisoners released each year are released on parole. Value: 99.0 % Tags: parole,reentry,policy Sources: scandinavianlaw.se: 54 17 - [reported] Norway correctional staff full-time equivalents Kriminalomsorgen's annual report states it had 4,215 full-time equivalent staff positions (årsverk). Value: 4215.0 full-time equivalents Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: staffing,operations Sources: Årsrapport 2025 Kriminalomsorgen Del 1 Leders beretning 1 - [reported] Norway total prison-days Kriminalomsorgen's annual report reports a total of 1,103,588 prison-days (fengselsdøgn) for the year covered. Value: 1103588.0 prison-days Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: operations,facilities Sources: Årsrapport 2025 Kriminalomsorgen Del 1 Leders beretning 1 - [reported] Norway operating cost per preventive detention place Kriminalomsorgen's annual report lists the operating cost per place ('driftskostnad per plass') for forvaring (preventive detention) as 3,150,000 kroner. Value: 3150000.0 NOK per place Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: budget,operations Sources: Årsrapport 2025 Kriminalomsorgen Del 1 Leders beretning 1 - [reported] Norway operating cost per high-security place Kriminalomsorgen's annual report lists the operating cost per place for high-security prison places (høyt sikkerhetsnivå) as 1,620,000 kroner. Value: 1620000.0 NOK per place Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: budget,operations Sources: Årsrapport 2025 Kriminalomsorgen Del 1 Leders beretning 1 - [reported] Norway average operating cost per place Kriminalomsorgen's annual report lists the average operating cost across all place types ('snitt alle plassene') as 1,480,000 kroner. Value: 1480000.0 NOK per place Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: budget,operations Sources: Årsrapport 2025 Kriminalomsorgen Del 1 Leders beretning 1 - [reported] Norway correctional budget allocation Kriminalomsorgen's annual report lists the total allocation under chapter 430/431 post 01-70 ('samlet tildeling') as 6,926,921 (thousand kroner). Value: 6926921.0 thousand NOK Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: budget Sources: Årsrapport 2025 Kriminalomsorgen Del 1 Leders beretning 1 - [reported] Norway prison activation rate 2025 Norway's overall result for prison activation (share of prison-days with registered work, education, programme or other activity) was 81 percent in 2025. Value: 81.0 percent Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: operations,reentry,policy Sources: Årsrapport 2025 Kriminalomsorgen Del 1 Leders beretning 1 - [reported] Norway high-security prison activation rate In Norway, prisons with a high security level had a prison activation rate of 75 percent. Value: 75.0 percent Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: operations,facilities Sources: Årsrapport 2025 Kriminalomsorgen Del 1 Leders beretning 1 - [confirmed] California: 45% of 2018 releases reconvicted within three years; 20% returned to prison The San Quentin Transformation Advisory Council report states that while 95% of people incarcerated in California will eventually be released, 45% of those released in 2018 received a conviction within three years and 20% returned to prison. Value: 45.0 percent (vs. 20 percent returned to prison) Tags: reentry,parole,legal Sources: Reimagining (cdcr.ca.gov); California on track to open revamped San Quentin rehabilitation facility - Axios San Francisco - [reported] Norway lower-security prison activation rate In Norway, prisons with a lower security level had a prison activation rate of 92 percent. Value: 92.0 percent Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: operations,facilities Sources: Årsrapport 2025 Kriminalomsorgen Del 1 Leders beretning 1 - [reported] Axios: nearly half of 2018 California releases reconvicted within three years A 2023 CDCR report found that nearly half of California inmates released from prison in 2018 received a conviction within three years, and 20% returned to prison, according to Axios San Francisco. Value: 20.0 percent Tags: reentry,parole Sources: California on track to open revamped San Quentin rehabilitation facility - Axios San Francisco - [reported] North Dakota first-year recidivism fell from 22.8% (2015) to 13% (2018) The North Dakota Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation reported that recidivism rates in a person's first year after release fell from 22.8 percent in 2015 to 13 percent in 2018, the most recent data available. Value: 13.0 percent (vs. 22.8 percent in 2015) Tags: reentry,parole Sources: North Dakota Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation Reports Positive Progress on Reducing Recidivism Rate to 13 Percent - [reported] North Dakota BIU: 493 positive behavior reports vs. 225 rule violations, 2015-2019 At North Dakota State Penitentiary's Behavior Intervention Unit, officers issued more than twice as many positive behavior reports as rule violations between 2015 and 2019 (493 PBRs versus 225 rule violations). Value: 493.0 positive behavior reports (vs. 225 rule violations) Tags: solitary,conditions,operations Sources: “We just needed to open the door”: a case study of the quest to end solitary confinement in North Dakota | Health & Justice | Springer Nature Link - [reported] North Dakota: NDSP fights rose from 1.29 to 1.98 per 100 incarcerated per month The North Dakota case study found that at NDSP, fights between incarcerated people increased across all housing units from over 1 to just under 2 incidents per 100 incarcerated persons per month (1.29 vs. 1.98, p < 0.001) comparing the pre-reform and post-reform periods. Value: 1.98 incidents per 100 incarcerated persons per month (vs. 1.29 pre-reform rate) Tags: violence,solitary,conditions Sources: “We just needed to open the door”: a case study of the quest to end solitary confinement in North Dakota | Health & Justice | Springer Nature Link - [reported] Norway 20% recidivism vs about 30% in Sweden and Finland (total population) In Norway only 20% of the total population (released prisoners and probation/supervision clients combined) recidivated, while about 30% recidivated in Sweden and Finland. Value: 20.0 percent (vs. 30 Sweden and Finland recidivism rate) Tags: reentry,parole Sources: xn--danmarksfngsler-5lb.dk: retur undersoegelse af recidiv blandt kriminalforsorgens klienter - [reported] North Dakota solitary confinement use decreased 80% after Norwegian-inspired reforms UCSF's Amend program reports that North Dakota's department of corrections decreased its use of solitary confinement by 80% after adopting Norwegian-inspired reforms. Value: 80.0 percent Tags: solitary,conditions,policy Sources: Norway’s Humane Approach to Prisons Can Work Here Too | UCSF Magazine - [reported] Oregon: 44 of 133 BHU residents (33.1%) engaged with Resource Team, Jan-Sep 2021 Of the 133 people housed in any mental health special housing unit at Oregon State Penitentiary between January and September of 2021, 44 people (33.1% of total) engaged at least once with the Oregon Resource Team. Value: 44.0 people (vs. 133 total BHU residents) Tags: mental_health,solitary,staffing Sources: The resource team: A case study of a solitary confinement reform in Oregon - PMC - [reported] Iceland prisoner work pay rate Iceland's National Audit Office reports that for all work and school attendance by prisoners, 415 krónur per hour is currently paid. Value: 415.0 ISK per hour Tags: operations,reentry,budget Sources: Ríkisendurskoðun (rikisend.is) - [reported] San Quentin rehabilitation center budget cut from $360M to about $239M The San Quentin rehabilitation center project's budget was priced at $360 million in the Budget Act of 2023 in July 2023; that December the price was changed to a lower figure of around $239 million. Value: 239.0 million USD (vs. 360 Original July 2023 budget (million USD)) Date: 2023-01-01 Tags: budget,facilities,reentry Sources: Cost to remodel San Quentin into rehabilitation center revealed Please ensure Javascript is enabled for purposes of website accessibility - [reported] Iceland prisoner daily allowance unchanged since 2011 Iceland's National Audit Office reports that if a prisoner cannot be provided work, or is unable to work due to illness, a daily allowance of 630 kr. per day is paid, an amount unchanged since 2011. Value: 630.0 ISK per day Tags: operations,budget Sources: Ríkisendurskoðun (rikisend.is) - [reported] Denmark prison population rate 69.3 per 100,000 (adjusted 67.8) Denmark's non-adjusted prison population rate was 69.3 per 100,000 inhabitants (4,129 inmates among a population of 5,961,249), with an adjusted rate of 67.8 per 100,000. Value: 69.3 per 100,000 inhabitants (vs. 67.8 Adjusted rate per 100,000) Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: Prison Populations (wp.unil.ch) - [reported] Finland prison population rate 54.3 per 100,000 Finland's prison population rate (non-adjusted, same as adjusted) was 54.3 per 100,000 inhabitants, based on 3,041 inmates among a population of 5,603,851. Value: 54.3 per 100,000 inhabitants Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: Prison Populations (wp.unil.ch) - [reported] Iceland prison population rate 35.1 per 100,000 Iceland's prison population rate (non-adjusted, same as adjusted) was 35.1 per 100,000 inhabitants, based on 140 inmates among a population of 398,940. Value: 35.1 per 100,000 inhabitants Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: Prison Populations (wp.unil.ch) - [reported] Norway 2005 release cohort new prison sentence rate Statistics Norway (SSB) reports that, for a cohort of 5,503 people released from prison in 2005, within the first year of freedom 20 percent committed a new offense that resulted in them being returned to a new prison sentence (measuring reconviction as a new prison sentence specifically, as opposed to a new charge or a new conviction of any type). Value: 20.0 percent Tags: reentry,parole Sources: Å måle gjentatt kriminalitet – hvem, hva og når? - SSB - [reported] Oregon: use-of-force down nearly 86%, assaults down almost 74% (2016-2021) A PLOS ONE case study reports that the Oregon Resource Team program, following staff training by Norwegian officers, led to a nearly 86% drop in staff use-of-force incidents in the Behavioral Health Unit and an almost 74% drop in the rate of assaults among residents who interacted with trained teams, comparing 2016 to 2021. Value: 86.0 percent (vs. 74 percent drop in assaults among residents interacting with trained teams) Tags: violence,mental_health,staffing Sources: How Norway is helping to restore humanity inside US prisons - [reported] Norway prison population rate 54.1 per 100,000 (adjusted 54.0) Norway's non-adjusted prison population rate was 54.1 per 100,000 inhabitants (3,004 inmates among a population of 5,550,203), with an adjusted rate of 54.0 per 100,000. Value: 54.1 per 100,000 inhabitants (vs. 54.0 Adjusted rate per 100,000) Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: Prison Populations (wp.unil.ch) - [reported] Sweden prison population rate 92.4 per 100,000 Sweden's prison population rate (non-adjusted, same as adjusted) was 92.4 per 100,000 inhabitants, based on 9,748 inmates among a population of 10,551,707. Value: 92.4 per 100,000 inhabitants Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: Prison Populations (wp.unil.ch) - [reported] Finland foreign-national prisoner record 2024 RISE's 2024 yearbook reports that the daily average number of foreign-national prisoners in Finland rose to a new record of 687 in 2024, about 130 more than the year before. Value: 687.0 prisoners (daily average) (vs. 130 increase over prior year) Date: 2024-01-01 Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: Tilastoja 2024 (rikosseuraamus.fi) - [reported] Pennsylvania Little Scandinavia unit has 64 single cells; pilot began with six men in 2020 The Little Scandinavia unit at SCI Chester is comprised of 64 single cells, and six men moved onto the unit as part of a pilot beginning in 2020, with remaining participants similarly chosen. Value: 64.0 single cells (vs. 6 men in initial 2020 pilot) Date: 2020-01-01 Tags: facilities,conditions,policy Sources: Focused on Rehabilitation: Pennsylvania Department of Corrections Unveils 'Little Scandinavia' at SCI Chester - [reported] Denmark average length of imprisonment 5.8 months (2023) Denmark's indicator of the average length of imprisonment based on the stock and flow during 2023 was 5.8 months. Value: 5.8 months Date: 2023-01-01 Tags: demographics,policy Sources: Prison Populations (wp.unil.ch) - [reported] Finland study share of prisoner time use 2024 RISE's 2024 yearbook reports that in 2024 the share of study (opiskelu) in sentenced prisoners' total time use was 11 percent, and other active programs such as substance-abuse rehabilitation programs, offending-behavior programs and other social rehabilitation programs accounted for seven percent of time use. Value: 11.0 percent (vs. 7 other active programs share (percent)) Date: 2024-01-01 Tags: operations,reentry,medical Sources: Tilastoja 2024 (rikosseuraamus.fi) - [reported] Finland average length of imprisonment 5.7 months (2023) Finland's indicator of the average length of imprisonment based on the stock and flow during 2023 was 5.7 months. Value: 5.7 months Date: 2023-01-01 Tags: demographics,policy Sources: Prison Populations (wp.unil.ch) - [reported] Finland five-year reoffense rate for 2019 releases RISE's statistical yearbook reports that of people released from Finnish prisons in 2019, 62 percent committed at least one new offense leading to a new unconditional (unsuspended) prison sentence or community service sentence within a five-year follow-up period. Value: 62.0 percent Tags: reentry,parole Sources: Tilastoja 2024 (rikosseuraamus.fi) - [reported] Iceland average length of imprisonment 5.4 months (2023) Iceland's indicator of the average length of imprisonment based on the stock and flow during 2023 was 5.4 months. Value: 5.4 months Date: 2023-01-01 Tags: demographics,policy Sources: Prison Populations (wp.unil.ch) - [reported] Norway average length of imprisonment 5.5 months (2023) Norway's indicator of the average length of imprisonment based on the stock and flow during 2023 was 5.5 months. Value: 5.5 months Date: 2023-01-01 Tags: demographics,policy Sources: Prison Populations (wp.unil.ch) - [reported] Finland activities share of weekday work time RISE's yearbook states that activities' share of weekday work time was about 46 percent, with about 54 percent of weekday work time being other time such as non-participation, sick days, transfer days, court-travel days or leave days. Value: 46.0 percent (vs. 54 other time share (percent)) Date: 2024-01-01 Tags: operations,facilities Sources: Tilastoja 2024 (rikosseuraamus.fi) - [reported] Sweden average length of imprisonment 5.5 months (2023) Sweden's indicator of the average length of imprisonment based on the stock and flow during 2023 was 5.5 months. Value: 5.5 months Date: 2023-01-01 Tags: demographics,policy Sources: Prison Populations (wp.unil.ch) - [reported] Denmark prison employment rate 2024 In Denmark, the completed employment rate for inmates in prisons was 84 percent in 2024. Value: 84.0 percent Date: 2024-01-01 Tags: operations,reentry Sources: Årsrapport 2024 (xn--danmarksfngsler-5lb.dk) - [confirmed] Denmark: 23% two-year recidivism for 2018 base population Within the two-year observation period, 23% of the base population from 2018 received a new sentence that led to being reincarcerated or placed under Kriminalforsorgen's supervision. Value: 23.0 percent Tags: reentry,parole Sources: Statistik 2020 (xn--danmarksfngsler-5lb.dk) - [reported] Denmark daily cost per inmate €218 (€185 pretrial, €248 sentenced), 2023 Denmark's average amount spent per day for the detention of one inmate during 2023 was 218.00 €, with 185.00 € for a detainee not serving a final sentence and 248.00 € for a sentenced prisoner. Value: 218.0 euros per day (vs. 248 Daily cost for sentenced prisoner (euros)) Date: 2023-01-01 Tags: budget,facilities Sources: Prison Populations (wp.unil.ch) - [reported] Sweden prison employment rate 2025 Sweden's prison employment rate (sysselsättningsgrad) decreased to 66 percent in 2025. Value: 66.0 percent Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: operations,reentry Sources: KOS 2025 (kriminalvarden.se) - [reported] Finland daily cost per inmate €223.40 (2023) Finland's average amount spent per day for the detention of one inmate during 2023 was 223.40 €. Value: 223.4 euros per day Date: 2023-01-01 Tags: budget,facilities Sources: Prison Populations (wp.unil.ch) - [reported] Sweden clients in prison employment In Sweden, the number of clients participating in prison employment was about 15,200. Value: 15200.0 clients Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: operations,reentry Sources: KOS 2025 (kriminalvarden.se) - [reported] Norway daily cost per inmate €532 (2023) Norway's average amount spent per day for the detention of one inmate during 2023 was 532.00 €. Value: 532.0 euros per day Date: 2023-01-01 Tags: budget,facilities Sources: Prison Populations (wp.unil.ch) - [reported] Sweden treatment-programme target group completions In Sweden in 2025, just over 9,500 clients belonging to the treatment-programme target group completed a prison sentence. Value: 9500.0 clients Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: reentry,medical Sources: KOS 2025 (kriminalvarden.se) - [reported] Sweden daily cost per inmate €361 (€342 pretrial, €370 sentenced), 2023 Sweden's average amount spent per day for the detention of one inmate during 2023 was 361.00 €, with 342.00 € for a detainee not serving a final sentence and 370.00 € for a sentenced prisoner. Value: 361.0 euros per day (vs. 370 Daily cost for sentenced prisoner (euros)) Date: 2023-01-01 Tags: budget,facilities Sources: Prison Populations (wp.unil.ch) - [reported] Sweden treatment programme participation rate In Sweden, among clients belonging to the target group for treatment programmes who completed a prison sentence, 32 percent participated in some treatment programme. Value: 32.0 percent Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: reentry,medical Sources: KOS 2025 (kriminalvarden.se) - [reported] Sweden treatment programme completion rate In Sweden, 26 percent of the clients belonging to the treatment-programme target group who completed a prison sentence completed a treatment during the prison sentence. Value: 26.0 percent Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: reentry,medical Sources: KOS 2025 (kriminalvarden.se) POLICYS (9) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Finland parole timing: two-thirds for recidivists, one-half for first-time prisoners In Finland, as a rule, recidivists are released on parole after serving two-thirds of their sentence, and first-time prisoners after serving one-half. Tags: parole,policy,legal Sources: scandinavianlaw.se: 54 17 - [reported] Finland parole decided by prison director In Finland, release on parole is based on the decision of the director of the prison. Tags: parole,policy,operations Sources: scandinavianlaw.se: 54 17 - [reported] Finland 2006 law introduced probationary liberty under supervision Finland's 2006 prison law introduced 'probationary liberty under supervision' as an early-release program for long-term prisoners, available at most six months before normal conditional release. Date: 2006-01-01 Tags: parole,policy,reentry,legal Sources: scandinavianlaw.se: 54 17 - [reported] Finland probationary liberty conditions Preconditions for Finland's probationary liberty under supervision include: it fits the prisoner's individual sentence plan; all information indicates the conditions will be met; and the prisoner abstains from alcohol and substance use and agrees to alcohol and substance abuse control. Date: 2006-01-01 Tags: parole,policy,drugs,reentry Sources: scandinavianlaw.se: 54 17 - [reported] California: Newsom announced San Quentin transformation plan in March 2023 In March 2023, Governor Newsom announced a plan to further transform San Quentin into a model rehabilitation center, and in May 2023 he assembled an Advisory Council of Californians from different professional and experiential backgrounds to collect and offer recommendations about the transformation. Date: 2023-01-01 Tags: policy,facilities,reentry Sources: Reimagining (cdcr.ca.gov) - [reported] Finland young offenders (15-20) released after 1/3 or 1/2 of sentence, minimum 14 days served In Finland, offenders between 15 and 20 years old are released after serving 1/3 of the sentence as first offenders or 1/2 as recidivists; in all cases the prisoner must have served at least fourteen days. Tags: parole,policy,legal,reentry Sources: scandinavianlaw.se: 54 17 - [reported] Iceland recidivism performance target 2022-2028 Iceland's National Audit Office reports a 2022 performance target table in which the indicator 'tölur um endurkomu' (recidivism/return numbers) stood at 22 percent in 2022, with a 2024 benchmark of not increasing and a 2028 benchmark of under 20 percent. Tags: reentry,policy Sources: Ríkisendurskoðun (rikisend.is) - [confirmed] Denmark prison employment performance target Denmark's Kriminalforsorgen set a performance target that completed employment for inmates in prisons should be at least 80 percent. Tags: policy,operations Sources: Side 1 af 8 - [confirmed] Denmark education share performance target Denmark's Kriminalforsorgen set a performance target that competency-generating education should make up at least 10 percent of total completed employment in the prisons. Tags: policy,operations Sources: Side 1 af 8 TRENDS (4) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] California prison population dropped from almost 173,000 in 2006 The San Quentin Transformation Advisory Council's report states that California's prison population has dropped from almost 173,000 in 2006 as a result of sentencing reform over the past decade that made changes to reduce sentence lengths and allow more people to earn their release. Tags: demographics,legal,reentry Sources: Reimagining (cdcr.ca.gov) - [reported] North Dakota: JRCC fights dropped after 2015 reforms, low point end of 2019 At the James River Correctional Center in North Dakota, fights were rising precipitously before reforms were implemented, but dropped substantially at the start of 2015 and reached a low point at the end of 2019. Tags: violence,solitary,conditions Sources: “We just needed to open the door”: a case study of the quest to end solitary confinement in North Dakota | Health & Justice | Springer Nature Link - [reported] Iceland prison-return rate 2016-2020 Iceland's National Audit Office reports that, in a pan-Nordic comparison measuring returns to prison within two years of completing a sentence, Iceland's prison-return rate was 20% in 2016, 14% in 2017, 21% in 2018, 22% in 2019 and 20% in 2020. Tags: reentry,parole Sources: Ríkisendurskoðun (rikisend.is) - [reported] Norway reconviction after unconditional imprisonment fell 22% (2009) to 13% (2022) Kriminalomsorgen reports that for unconditional imprisonment as a sanction, reconviction measured within two years after completed punishment fell steadily from 22 percent in 2009 to 13 percent in 2022. Tags: reentry,parole Sources: Årsrapport 2025 Kriminalomsorgen Del 1 Leders beretning 1 CASE DETAILS (6) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Dr. Brie Williams chaired San Quentin Transformation Advisory Council The San Quentin Transformation Advisory Council was chaired by Dr. Brie Williams, Professor of Medicine at the University of California San Francisco and Director of Amend at UCSF, along with Doug Bond, Ronald Broomfield, and Mayor Darrell Steinberg. Date: 2023-01-01 Tags: policy,reentry Sources: Reimagining (cdcr.ca.gov) - [reported] North Dakota returned 30 people from long-term solitary after Norway immersion In the weeks immediately following their 2015 immersion experience in Norway, North Dakota DOCR officials returned 30 people from long-term solitary confinement to the general population. Date: 2015-01-01 Tags: solitary,conditions,policy Sources: “We just needed to open the door”: a case study of the quest to end solitary confinement in North Dakota | Health & Justice | Springer Nature Link - [reported] Oregon DOC officials attended Norway prison culture program led by Amend in 2017 In 2017, amid ongoing concerns over the operation of the BHU, Oregon Department of Corrections officials participated in a public health-focused prison culture transformation program in Norway led by Amend, a group of academics based in the School of Medicine at the University of California San Francisco. Date: 2017-01-01 Tags: policy,mental_health,solitary Sources: The resource team: A case study of a solitary confinement reform in Oregon - PMC - [reported] Oregon Resource Team began Q1 2019, initiated by OSP officers trained by Norwegian officers The Oregon Resource Team began in the first quarter of 2019, initiated by a small group of Oregon State Penitentiary correctional officers who were trained by Norwegian officers through classroom-based instruction and job shadowing opportunities in Norway and Oregon. Date: 2019-01-01 Tags: staffing,mental_health,policy Sources: The resource team: A case study of a solitary confinement reform in Oregon - PMC - [reported] Pennsylvania Little Scandinavia began with 2017 Drexel-facilitated visit; DOC trip to Scandinavia in 2019 The Little Scandinavia project at SCI Chester began in 2017 when Drexel University facilitated a visit to SCI Chester with Norwegian prison officials, and a group of DOC personnel, including the superintendent, unit manager and corrections officers, later traveled to Norway, Sweden and Denmark in 2019. Tags: policy,facilities,reentry Sources: Focused on Rehabilitation: Pennsylvania Department of Corrections Unveils 'Little Scandinavia' at SCI Chester - [reported] Little Scandinavia unveiled with Norwegian, Swedish, Drexel, and Oslo partners Pennsylvania DOC's Little Scandinavia unit at SCI Chester was officially unveiled with partners from the Norwegian Correctional Service (Kriminalomsorgen), the Swedish Prison and Probation Service (Kriminalvården), Drexel University, and the University of Oslo, joined by Acting Secretary George Little. Tags: policy,facilities Sources: Focused on Rehabilitation: Pennsylvania Department of Corrections Unveils 'Little Scandinavia' at SCI Chester FINDINGS (12) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Pratt on Scandinavian welfare state and punitivity John Pratt argues that the Scandinavian welfare state builds high levels of egalitarianism, social capital and civic responsibility, with correspondingly low levels of fear of crime and punitivity, and that the Scandinavian countries have the lowest income differentials in the OECD. Tags: policy,conditions Sources: The Joseph and Gwendolyn Straus Institute - [reported] Pratt on fragility of Scandinavian exceptionalism John Pratt states that as the bedrock on which Scandinavian exceptionalism was built, particularly the emphasis on homogeneity and egalitarianism, begins to shift, there are no guarantees against penal excess, noting that in Sweden especially, signs and symbols of punishment have become more apparent. Tags: policy,conditions Sources: The Joseph and Gwendolyn Straus Institute - [reported] Retur study: Nordic recidivism differences reflect population composition The Retur study's authors state that recidivism in the individual Nordic countries reflects differences in the composition of each country's prison and probation population. Tags: reentry,demographics Sources: xn--danmarksfngsler-5lb.dk: retur undersoegelse af recidiv blandt kriminalforsorgens klienter - [reported] Finland has largest Nordic 2-year recidivism share (31%); Norway smallest (20%) The share of released prisoners and probation/supervision clients who recidivate within a 2-year follow-up period varies between the Nordic countries; overall 31% recidivate in Finland, the largest share, while only 20% recidivate in Norway. Tags: reentry,parole Sources: xn--danmarksfngsler-5lb.dk: retur undersoegelse af recidiv blandt kriminalforsorgens klienter - [reported] Oregon: 23% reduction in sick leave among participating staff A correctional administrator at the Oregon Resource Team said that the last time they analyzed the numbers, they saw a 23% reduction in the use of sick leave among participating staff members. Tags: staffing,mental_health Sources: The resource team: A case study of a solitary confinement reform in Oregon - PMC - [reported] Oregon Resource Team reached only one-third of BHU residents The Oregon Resource Team's five full-time staff members were able to provide individualized engagements to only one-third of the persons in the Behavioral Health Unit over the study period. Tags: mental_health,staffing,solitary Sources: The resource team: A case study of a solitary confinement reform in Oregon - PMC - [reported] Shammas: 'pains of freedom' in Norway's open Prison Island: five sub-categories Victor Shammas's study of Norway's open 'Prison Island' argues that even under exceptional conditions of Scandinavian incarceration, new vectors and modes of punishment arise that produce 'pains of freedom,' classified into five sub-categories: confusion; anxiety and boundlessness; ambiguity; relative deprivation; and individual responsibility. Tags: conditions,reentry,mental_health Sources: Article (victorshammas.com) - [reported] Sweden: Kristersson government elected 2022 on get-tough-on-crime platform Sweden's Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson's centre-right minority government, backed by the Sweden Democrats, came to power in 2022 with a vow to get tough on crime. Date: 2022-01-01 Tags: policy,legal Sources: Sweden plans harsher sentences as organised crime soars - [reported] Sweden: Lundh inquiry suggested doubling sentences for organised-crime ties A Swedish government inquiry (the Lundh inquiry) said that sentences could be doubled if the offender was tied to organised crime, while noting sentencing should still be up to judges. Tags: legal,policy,gangs Sources: Sweden plans harsher sentences as organised crime soars - [reported] Norway Ombudsman: solitary confinement driven by prison finances/practical challenges, not inmate conduct The Norwegian Parliamentary Ombudsman's report found that the most extensive use of solitary confinement in Norwegian prisons was not due to the conduct of the inmate, but to financial or practical challenges within the prison organisation. Date: 2019-01-01 Tags: solitary,conditions,budget Sources: Article from annual report 2019 - Special Report on Solitary Confinement in Norwegian Prisons - Sivilombudet - [reported] Norway: under-25s have highest reconviction (26% after prison); over-40s lowest Kriminalomsorgen reports that people under 25 years old have clearly the highest reconviction rate, especially after completing a prison sentence (26 percent), while people over 40 have the lowest reconviction rate. Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: reentry,demographics Sources: Årsrapport 2025 Kriminalomsorgen Del 1 Leders beretning 1 - [reported] Kristoffersen cross-Nordic two-year reoffending rates Kristoffersen's cross-Nordic relapse study finds that within two years, a fifth of all those released from prison or who started a community sanction in Norway incurred a new conviction served in the correctional services, while in the other Nordic countries the overall reoffending rate varied from 24% to 31%. Tags: reentry,parole Sources: Relapse study in the correctional METHODOLOGY NOTES (7) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Denmark defines recidivism as new sentence within two years; Finland, Iceland, Norway lacked national practice Kriminalforsorgen in Denmark defines, in its annual statistical reports, recidivism as relapse into new criminality that results in a new conditional or unconditional sentence within the first two years after release, whereas Finland, Iceland and Norway had no corresponding national practice for defining recidivism. Tags: reentry,parole,policy Sources: xn--danmarksfngsler-5lb.dk: retur undersoegelse af recidiv blandt kriminalforsorgens klienter - [confirmed] Brå definition of recidivism Brå's recidivism statistics define återfall i brott (recidivism) as new convicted crimes following a person's ingångshändelse (starting event) within a defined follow-up period, reported within one, two and three years calculated from the date of the starting event. Tags: reentry,legal Sources: Om statistiken över återfall i brott - [reported] Retur study community-sanction cohort covers 2005 completions The Retur study's category table for clients who served a community sanction covers persons who completed a sentence in the community (kriminalforsorgen i frihed) in 2005. Date: 2005-01-01 Tags: reentry,methodology Sources: xn--danmarksfngsler-5lb.dk: retur undersoegelse af recidiv blandt kriminalforsorgens klienter - [confirmed] Finland definition of uusija (reoffender) RISE's statistical yearbook defines a 'uusija' (reoffender/re-imprisoned person) as someone who, after release, has committed at least one new offense resulting in a final (res judicata) unconditional prison sentence or community-service sentence, with the follow-up period starting on the release date and ending on the date of the first reoffense or on the date of death. Date: 2024-01-01 Tags: reentry,legal Sources: Tilastoja 2024 (rikosseuraamus.fi) - [reported] Pennsylvania: Drexel and University of Oslo to evaluate Little Scandinavia Researchers led by Drexel University and the University of Oslo will collaborate with the Pennsylvania DOC to evaluate the Little Scandinavia initiative, collecting data on prison climate, staff and inmate perceptions of well-being, and disciplinary actions. Tags: policy,conditions Sources: Focused on Rehabilitation: Pennsylvania Department of Corrections Unveils 'Little Scandinavia' at SCI Chester - [confirmed] Denmark: Kriminalforsorgen recidivism definition (two-year observation period) Kriminalforsorgen defines recidivism (recidiv) as a relapse into a new unconditional sentence or a new conditional sentence with supervision, including a community-service sentence, with the new sentence being the first sentence in a two-year observation period after release from prison or the start of a supervision measure. Date: 2020-01-01 Tags: reentry,parole,methodology Sources: Statistik 2020 (xn--danmarksfngsler-5lb.dk) - [reported] Norway reconviction definition: new sentence within 2 or 5 years of completed punishment Kriminalomsorgen (Norway's Correctional Service) defines reconviction (tilbakefall) as a new court sentence within two or five years after completed punishment, with the new sentence dated to the first offense date of the new crime. Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: reentry,parole,policy Sources: Årsrapport 2025 Kriminalomsorgen Del 1 Leders beretning 1 DATASETS (8) ---------------------------------------- # North Dakota first-year recidivism rate, 2015 vs. 2018 Recidivism rate in a person's first year after release, as reported by the North Dakota Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. Year Recidivism Rate ----------------------- 2015 22.8 2018 13 # Iceland prison-return rates within two years, 2016-2020 Pan-Nordic comparison of returns to prison within two years of completing a sentence, Iceland figures by year, as reported by Iceland's National Audit Office. Year Prison-return rate -------------------------- 2016 20 2017 14 2018 21 2019 22 2020 20 # North Dakota State Penitentiary Behavior Intervention Unit: positive behavior reports vs. rule violations, 2015-2019 Counts of positive behavior reports (PBRs) and rule violations issued in the BIU between 2015 and 2019. Metric Count ---------------------------------- Positive behavior reports 493 Rule violations 225 # NDSP fights per 100 incarcerated persons per month, pre- vs. post-reform Rate of fights between incarcerated people across all housing units at North Dakota State Penitentiary, comparing pre-reform and post-reform periods. Period Fights per 100 per month --------------------------------------- Pre-reform 1.29 Post-reform 1.98 # SPACE I 2023 average length of imprisonment (Nordic countries) Average length of imprisonment in months based on stock and flow during 2023. Country Average length of imprisonment ----------------------------------------- Denmark 5.8 Finland 5.7 Iceland 5.4 Norway 5.5 Sweden 5.5 # SPACE I 2023 daily detention cost per inmate (Nordic countries) Average amount spent per day for detention of one inmate during 2023, with pretrial and sentenced breakdowns where reported. Country Daily cost (all) Daily cost (not final sentence) Daily cost (sentenced) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Denmark 218 185 248 Finland 223.4 Norway 532 Sweden 361 342 370 # Oregon Resource Team outcomes, 2016-2021 Percent change in staff use-of-force incidents in the Behavioral Health Unit and in assault rates among residents interacting with trained teams. Outcome Change --------------------------------------------------------------------- Staff use-of-force incidents in BHU -86 Assault rate among residents interacting with trained teams -74 # California releases in 2018: three-year reconviction and return-to-prison rates Outcomes within three years for people released from California prisons in 2018, per the 2023 CDCR report. Outcome Rate ------------------------------------------------ Received a conviction within three years 45 Returned to prison 20 KEY ENTITIES (54) ---------------------------------------- - Almenn hegningarlög [legislation]: Iceland's General Penal Code, setting prison sentence limits. (aka: Icelandic General Penal Code) - Alþingi [organization]: Iceland's national parliament, which enacted Act No. 15/2016 on the Execution of Sentences. (aka: Icelandic Parliament) - Amend at UCSF [organization]: Physician-led nonprofit at UCSF School of Medicine taking a public health approach to reducing health harms of incarceration. Active in California, Connecticut, North Dakota, Oregon, and Washington State. (aka: Amend) - Brå [organization]: Sweden's national council for crime prevention, producer of recidivism statistics. (aka: Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention, Brottsförebyggande rådet) - Brie Williams [person]: Professor of Medicine at UCSF and Director of Amend at UCSF; chaired the San Quentin Transformation Advisory Council. (aka: Dr. Brie Williams) - California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation [organization]: California state agency responsible for operating the state prison system; defendant in Brown v. Plata litigation (aka: CDCR, California prisons) - Council of Europe SPACE I [organization]: Annual Council of Europe prison statistics (SPACE I) covering prison populations, sentence lengths, and costs. (aka: SPACE I, wp.unil.ch Prison Populations) - Danish Prison and Probation Service [organization]: Denmark's national prison and probation service; international institutional partner for the SPP - Denmark [organization]: Jurisdiction whose straffeloven release provisions and 2020 Kriminalforsorgen statistics are documented here. - Drexel University [organization]: University partner in the Scandinavian Prison Project at SCI Chester, Pennsylvania. - Fangelsismálastofnun [organization]: Icelandic agency that administers prisons and probation, including decisions on probationary release and electronic monitoring. (aka: Iceland Prison and Probation Administration) - Finland 2006 Prison Law [legislation]: Finland's 2006 total reform of prison law, which introduced probationary liberty under supervision and abolished preventive detention. (aka: Finnish Prison Law reform 2006) - Finland Criminal Code (1889/39) [legislation]: Finnish Criminal Code, containing conditional release rules including two-thirds/half thresholds, life-sentence eligibility, and supervised probationary freedom. (aka: finlex.fi: 18890039001, Rikoslaki) - Finland prison system [organization]: Finland's prison administration and release framework described in the scandinavianlaw.se source. (aka: Finnish Prison Service, Rikosseuraamuslaitos) - Friday Report [program]: Georgia Department of Corrections' weekly standing statistical report on offender populations. (aka: GDC Friday Report) - Gavin Newsom [person]: Governor of California; political driver of the San Quentin rehabilitation center and the California Model. (aka: Governor Newsom) - George Little [person]: Then-Acting Secretary of Pennsylvania Department of Corrections who officially dedicated the Little Scandinavia unit on May 5, 2022 - Georgia Department of Corrections [organization]: State agency responsible for operating Georgia's prison system. Subject of federal DOJ investigation in 2022-2023 for constitutional violations including food-related deaths. (aka: GDC) - Georgia General Assembly [organization]: Georgia state legislature. Has not advanced legislation to address prison labor compensation or remove the state's slavery exception. A two-thirds vote in both chambers would be required to place a constitutional amendment on the ballot. - HE 64/2024 vp [legislation]: Finnish government bill describing parole eligibility rules. (aka: Finnish Government Bill 64/2024) - Helsinki Court of Appeal [organization]: Finnish appellate court that handles proceedings on conditional release of life-sentenced prisoners. (aka: Helsingin hovioikeus) - Iceland Act No. 15/2016 on the Execution of Sentences [legislation]: Icelandic statute governing execution of sentences, defining reynslulausn (conditional release) as a conditional waiver of part of the sentence. (aka: 15/2016: Lög um fullnustu refsinga) - Iceland Act on the Enforcement of Sentences [legislation]: Icelandic statute governing enforcement of sentences, including probationary release thresholds, electronic monitoring, and community service. (aka: 2016 nr. 15 23. mars/ Lög um fullnustu refsinga, Lög um fullnustu refsinga) - James River Correctional Center [facility]: A North Dakota prison where the monthly rate of solitary sanctions fell 99%. (aka: JRCC) - John Pratt [person]: Academic author of the working paper on Scandinavian exceptionalism published by the Joseph and Gwendolyn Straus Institute. - Kristoffersen [person]: Author of the cross-Nordic relapse study on reoffending. - Lag (2006:45) om omvandling av fängelse på livstid [legislation]: Swedish law governing conversion of life sentences to fixed-term sentences. (aka: Swedish Life Sentence Conversion Act) - Little Scandinavia [program]: Name of the 64-bed Scandinavian-inspired prison reform pilot at SCI Chester, Pennsylvania, opened 2022. - North Dakota Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation [organization]: Achieved a 74.28% reduction in solitary confinement use between 2016 and 2020. - North Dakota State Penitentiary [facility]: A North Dakota prison where the monthly rate of solitary sanctions fell 59.1%. (aka: NDSP) - Norway [organization]: Jurisdiction whose straffegjennomføringsloven and straffeloven provisions are documented here. - Norwegian Correctional Service [organization]: Norway's national correctional service; international institutional partner for the SPP (aka: Kriminalomsorgen) - Norwegian Parliamentary Ombudsman [organization]: Norway's Parliamentary Ombudsman, which issued a 2019 Special Report on solitary confinement in Norwegian prisons. (aka: Sivilombudet, NPM) - O.C.G.A. § 17-10-6.1 [legislation]: Statute listing seven serious violent felonies with mandatory minimum sentences during which parole is unavailable. (aka: OCGA § 17-10-6.1) - O.C.G.A. § 42-9-45 [legislation]: Georgia statute governing automatic initial parole consideration timing and eligibility thresholds, including violent-crime and felony provisions. (aka: Code Section 42-9-45) - Official Code of Georgia Annotated § 15-1-16 [legislation]: Georgia statute allowing sentence reduction or modification upon successful completion of a mental health court division program. (aka: O.C.G.A. § 15-1-16) - Oregon Department of Corrections [organization]: Operates the Resource Team program, which reduced disciplinary infractions and assaults among participants. - Oregon Resource Team [program]: Team begun Q1 2019 at Oregon State Penitentiary by correctional officers trained by Norwegian officers to provide individualized engagement in the Behavioral Health Unit. (aka: ORT) - Oregon State Penitentiary [facility]: Oregon prison housing the Behavioral Health Unit studied in the Resource Team case study. (aka: OSP) - Pennsylvania Department of Corrections [organization]: Pennsylvania corrections agency; secretary testified as expert witness about overcrowding as 'biggest inhibiting factor' in California - Retur study [case]: Nordic comparative study of recidivism among prison and probation clients in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. (aka: retur undersoegelse af recidiv blandt kriminalforsorgens klienter) - Ríkisendurskoðun [organization]: Iceland's supreme audit institution, author of the 2023 report on the prison service. (aka: Iceland National Audit Office) - RISE [organization]: Finland's Prison and Probation Service, publisher of the statistical yearbook. (aka: Finnish Prison and Probation Service, Rikosseuraamuslaitos) - San Quentin Rehabilitation Center [facility]: Flagship California rehabilitation site with 80,000 sq ft Learning Center opened February 2026. (aka: San Quentin, San Quentin State Prison) - San Quentin Transformation Advisory Council [organization]: Advisory council convened by Governor Newsom to recommend changes at San Quentin; released 44 recommendations in January 2024. - SCI Chester [facility]: Pennsylvania state correctional institution hosting the Scandinavian Prison Project experimental housing unit. - State Board of Pardons and Paroles [organization]: Georgia state entity that serves as a reporting entity for sexual abuse allegations in prisons - Statistics Norway [organization]: Norway's national statistical institute. (aka: SSB, Statistisk sentralbyrå) - straffegjennomføringsloven § 42 [legislation]: Norwegian statute governing parole/trial release timing and conditions. (aka: Lov om gjennomføring av straff mv. § 42) - Sweden [organization]: Jurisdiction whose Brottsbalk and 2025/26:34 proposition on conditional release are documented here. - Swedish Prison and Probation Service [organization]: Sweden's national prison and probation service; international institutional partner for the SPP (aka: Kriminalvården) - Ulf Kristersson [person]: Sweden's Prime Minister; his centre-right minority government came to power in 2022 with a get-tough-on-crime platform. - University of Oslo [organization]: Norwegian university; international research partner on the Little Scandinavia pilot at SCI Chester. - Victor Shammas [person]: Researcher whose study of Norway's open 'Prison Island' developed the 'pains of freedom' concept. 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