GPS RESEARCH LIBRARY: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 (NCJ 67769, 1978) ============================================================ Georgia Prisoners' Speak — gps.press Generated: 2026-09-14 13:24:15 EDT Research Date: 2026-09-06 Topic: Sentencing JSON: https://gps.press/research-data/reassessing-progress-in-implementing-georgias-youthful-offender-act-1978-ncj-67769-1978/?format=json SUMMARY ---------------------------------------- This 1978 Georgia Department of Offender Rehabilitation evaluation of the Youthful Offender Act (YOA) finds the program has become routinized in a traditional prison mold, with fragmented pre-release services, no cohesive departmental philosophy, and inadequate attention to young women offenders. Recidivism data show YOA participants had a 27.5% three-year return-to-prison rate for FY74-75 releasees, with one-year rates rising from roughly 7% to 13% across FY74-FY76 exit cohorts, suggesting program effects may be wearing off. The report recommends full implementation of the Act, separation of youthful offenders from the general adult population throughout their correctional experience, and creation of a dedicated Youthful Offender Program director position. LEGAL FACTS (9) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] Youthful Offender Act age range The Youthful Offender Act of 1972 (as amended) provides for the use of an 'alternative penal' for younger offenders ages seventeen through twenty-four. Date: 1972-01-01 Tags: legal,policy,demographics Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [confirmed] Youthful Offender Act rehabilitative services specification The rehabilitative services specified in the Youthful Offender Act are 'corrective and preventive incarceration, guidance and training designed to protect the public by correcting the anti-social tendencies of youthful offenders, which may include but is not limited to vocational, educational and other training deemed fit and necessary by the division.' Date: 1972-01-01 Tags: legal,policy,reentry Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [confirmed] Release authority designated in Youthful Offender Act The Georgia Board of Pardons and Parole is designated as the release authority in the Youthful Offender Act, and subsequent events have placed conditional release supervision responsibilities under that board as well. Date: 1972-01-01 Tags: legal,parole,policy Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [confirmed] Close security definition under Departmental Rules Departmental Rules (Chapter 125-2-4-.02) define close security as: 'Inmates assigned to this category are suspected escape risks, alcohol or drug addicts, nonconformists, habitual rule violators, sex offenders, unreliables and those against whom detainers for serious crimes are on file. These inmates require constant supervision by an armed correctional officer while outside the security boundaries and regular supervision when inside the security boundaries.' Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: classification,policy,legal,facilities Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [confirmed] Youthful Offender Act diagnostic completion period The Youthful Offender Act specifies that 'In the absence of exceptional circumstances, each study and diagnosis shall be completed within a period of sixty days from the date of commitment.' Originally the act read '30 days'. Date: 1972-01-01 Tags: legal,operations Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [confirmed] Youthful Offender Act institutional assignment examples The Youthful Offender Act cites several examples of institutions consistent with the 'alternative penalty' goals of the Act: '... minimum security institutions including training schools, hospitals, farms, forestry and other camps, including vocational training facilities and other institutions...' Date: 1972-01-01 Tags: legal,facilities,policy Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [confirmed] Youthful Offender Act treatment recommendation provision The Youthful Offender Act provides: 'The Director shall forward to the Division a report of the results of the study and diagnosis with respect to each such youthful offender and his recommendations as to the treatment (to) be afforded such offender. At least one member of the Division, other than the Director, shall as soon as practical after commitment, interview the youthful offender, review all reports concerning him, and make such recommendations to the Division as may be indicated.' Date: 1972-01-01 Tags: legal,operations,policy Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [confirmed] Youthful Offender Act conditional release provision The Youthful Offender Act provides: 'When, in the judgment of the Director, a committed youthful offender should be released conditionally upon supervision, he shall so report and recommend to the Division. Upon receipt of such recommendation or, if no such recommendation is received, upon its own recommendation after receipt of the reports and recommendations provided by Section 9(a) of this Act, the Division may after reasonable notice to the Director, release such youthful offender conditionally upon supervision provided that all such conditional releases shall be subject to final approval or disapproval by the Director.' Date: 1972-01-01 Tags: legal,parole,reentry Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [confirmed] Youthful Offender Act documentation requirement The Youthful Offender Act specifies only one item of documentation that is required for this particular population: 'a report of the results of the study and diagnosis with respect to each such youthful offender and, [the Director's] recommendations as to the treatment to be afforded such offender.' Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: legal,youthful_offenders,policy Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 FINDINGS (63) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Close security classification policy for Youthful Offenders For purposes of initial classification, Youthful Offenders are considered to have a sentence of six years. The result of this policy decision is that a typical Youthful Offender who spends an average 14 months incarcerated serves nearly half that time in close security. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: classification,policy,youthful_offenders,facilities Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [confirmed] Diagnostics performed at two institutions Diagnostics are performed at the Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Center (GDCC) and at the Georgia Earned Release Center (GERC). The addition of a supplemental diagnostic function at GERC has had the effect of extending the diagnostic period. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: operations,facilities,policy Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Close security classification despite low risk assessment Even a cursory file review turns up inmates who are not adjudged a security risk after a formal psychological assessment and yet are assigned a close security classification. Repeated efforts on the part of institutional staff to have these individuals re-classified are denied by Central Office staff because of existing policy. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: classification,policy,youthful_offenders Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] 60-day diagnostic program structure The 60-day diagnostic program is conducted in two phases: the first at GDCC (Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Center) and the second at the prison to which the youthful offender is assigned. The second phase is an essentially diagnostic time during which little practical confirming observation takes place outside of the testing and interview framework. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: classification,operations,youthful_offenders,methodology Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Vocational assignment accuracy concern Individual staff members have observed that vocational assignments based heavily on test scores lack the accuracy and dependability of trial assignment and feedback from the individual offender on his initial interest in the trade. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: classification,operations,youthful_offenders,vocational_training Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Diversion potential of Youthful Offender Program unutilized Under the present system of only cursory individual assessment at GDCC and with the current expectation of continued diagnostics at GERC, the use of the diversion potential of the Program goes unutilized. The guidelines of the Youthful Offender Program describe the Coordinator's function as essentially that of an orientation coordinator rather than a meaningful decision-making participant. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,reentry Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Diagnostic process needs reevaluation The diagnostic process used in the Youthful Offender Program needs a thorough reevaluation, especially in terms of gearing community and prison services to offender needs rather than vice versa. As now constituted, the process routinely addresses the legal and policy need for some data collection and rationality in classification and assignment decision-making but does not really provide for the thorough analysis of individual cases suggested by the community oriented and 'treatment' themes of the Act. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: classification,operations,youthful_offenders,policy Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] GERC not envisioned as Youthful Offender institution The institutions to which the prospective Youthful Offenders would be assigned under the legislation itself were not maximum security prisons like GERC. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: facilities,policy,operations Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Routinization of YOA practice around traditional prison model This evaluator's impression of the program is that the routinization of YOA practice has solidified around the traditional prison model of rehabilitation programs and prescribed 'treatment' more generally. The documents which define and interpret the agency and legislative intent are vague and offer little guidance concerning rehabilitation program planning and operations. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,conditions Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Higher program completion rates at YOA institutions Analysis of these data suggests that the successful completion rates for current and former YOA institutions exceed those for other prisons which operate well organized educational programs. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: education,vocational_training,youthful_offenders,facilities Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Group counseling emphasis in YO Program A distinct feature of this program's counseling component has been a greater use of group counseling compared with other prisons. Actual 'therapeutic communities' have operated at times in the dormitories of the YOA institutions, especially during times of emphasis in meeting alcohol and drug abuse needs of the young offenders. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: mental_health,drugs,youthful_offenders,operations Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [confirmed] Release category criteria entirely criminal history based The criteria for the six release categories -- which are entirely criminal history based -- determine the time that each offender will be incarcerated. The only 'margin of error' in this determination would be the options of special early release or an 'extension' of the contract time for positive and negative behavior, respectively. Tags: policy,parole,operations,legal Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Specialized programs losing ground relative to conventional treatment Looking at return-to-prison rates for younger offenders in each of the years FY74, FY75, and FY76 exit cohorts, the specialized YOA and VR programs seem to be 'losing ground' relative to the remainder of the prison population in this age group. Two-year rates for all groups show YOAs and VR clients up two points, GII overall down 3.5 points, and younger offenders elsewhere in the system up 1.5 points. Tags: recidivism,youthful_offender,vocational_rehabilitation,trend Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [confirmed] Indeterminate sentence converted to determinate contract-specified sentence In this manner, the indeterminant sentence has been converted into a determinant, contract-specified sentence. These changes were codified in the 1975 amendments to the Act, at least to the extent that release authority residing with the Parole Board was specified. Date: 1975-01-01 Tags: policy,legal,parole Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Youthful Offender Program lacks envisioned reforms Compared to the apparent agency purpose and legislative intent of the program, the Youthful Offender Program appears to lack the envisioned reforms in correctional practice. More particularly, the individually oriented indeterminant sentence based on a creative contracting process is lacking, and the program has become a set of administrative procedures geared to traditional prison concepts. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,conditions Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Youthful Offender Program rehabilitative philosophy The emphasis of the program on basic academic skills and vocational capabilities suggests that the rehabilitative philosophy at work is that which views the acquisition of competitive skills and conventional work attitudes as conducive to an alternative life style to the criminal career. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: policy,reentry,operations Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] YOA institutions within norms for disciplinary reports Neither disciplinary reports nor use of force reports suggest that YOA's 'act out' or 'cause problems' at a rate different from other younger offenders. The daily scheduling and routine of the YO Program operate within the norms and expectations of the agency for younger offender programs. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: violence,youthful_offenders,operations,facilities Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Earlier evaluation found contracts one-sided A previous evaluation of the Youthful Offender Program (Elizabeth Knott and John Doughtie, Evaluation of Georgia's Youthful Offender Program, DOR, November 1, 1975, pp. 22-25) observed that the contracts were 'rather one-sided documents' and questioned whether the professed goal of responsibility-taking voiced among program managers was being pursued by the contracting process' use as a behavior control/negative sanction device in the institutions. Date: 1975-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,conditions Sources: Evaluation of Georgia's Youthful Offender Program (Knott & Doughtie, 1975) - [reported] Contracting may reinforce adaptive or manipulative behavior The contracting processes of 1975 and 1977 may each reinforce either highly adaptive behavior or highly manipulative behavior, two features often associated with the youthful 'hangers-on' and clique leaders who seek gratification through criminal pursuits. Tags: operations,conditions,gangs Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Performance-based release theme 1972-1976 The motivational theory which apparently 'stands behind' the use of a contracting-for-release process in the Youthful Offender Program is a theme familiar to those who have followed the agency's public pronouncements in the years 1972-1976: performance-based release. Tags: policy,operations,reentry Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Contracting practice highly directive and prison-program oriented The Youthful Offender Program's contracting process is highly directive and oriented to available prison programs. The identification of offenders' needs is restricted to those areas in which the prisons currently conduct programs. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,conditions Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Low offender participation in needs assessment Not only does the 'diagnostic' process address a limited spectrum of needs, but the low level of participation of the individual offender in the needs assessment phase presents few opportunities for him or her to object to their 'institutionalization' under the Youthful Offender Program. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: operations,conditions,policy Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Contracts worded in terms of institution's needs Those few general phrases potentially addressing the 'whole person' needs of the individual which are found in current contracts are carefully worded in terms of the institution's needs (e.g., 'satisfactory institutional adjustment'). Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: operations,conditions,policy Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Youthful offenders taught docility and uniformity Rather than being prepared as individuals in a competitive world, youthful offenders are taught docility. Rather than being shown how to appreciate their own creativity, they are taught uniformity. Rather than being reconciled to community expectations, they are insulated from them in traditional prison environments. They are continuing to learn to be 'losers'. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: conditions,operations,reentry Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Concurrent 60-day deadlines for YO counselors Staff at Youthful Offender institutions must comply both with legal requirements that the intake 'diagnosis' be completed within 60 days 'from the date of commitment' and with ETS procedures specifying that the Extended Assessment and Performance Plan be completed within 60 days from the date of permanent institutional assignment. These two 60-day time periods are currently interpreted as occurring simultaneously, with the result that counselors for the Youthful Offender Program are required to complete the same paperwork in approximately 2/3 of the time allotted to their counterparts in other institutions. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: operations,youthful_offenders,policy,staffing Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [confirmed] Initial diagnostic process identical to general inmate intake The initial phase of the youthful offenders' diagnostic process is almost identical to that provided for all incoming inmates: medical needs screening, orientation briefings, initial counseling interview, vocational and aptitude testing, psychological testing, criminal history documentation, occupational interview, and initial classification and assignment. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: operations,medical,mental_health Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] YOA institutions one-year rates range 13-15.5% in FY76 Data from FY76 show return rates for YOA prisons to range from 13% to 15.5% while those for roughly similar institutions range from 9% to 11%. Tags: recidivism,youthful_offender,facilities Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [confirmed] No non-institutional assignment recommendation in five-year program history Assignment recommendation would assume new meaning if, in fact, the recommendation was ever a non-institutional one: that has not been the case during the Program's five-year existence. Tags: operations,policy,reentry Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Missing diagnostic data for female Youthful Offenders The lack of requisite diagnostic data is particularly evident in the files of the 14 female Youthful Offenders housed at Georgia Women's Correctional Institute. Six of these women have been incarcerated for more than six months each with no Intake or Extended Assessment in their files, although two of them do have a one and one-half page 'psychological evaluation.' Two other offenders have been at the institution for more than three months each with only an Intake Assessment. Still one other inmate was received seven months ago and has no diagnostic data in her file at all. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: data_gap,youthful_offenders,classification,women,operations Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Higher YOA one-year rates attributed to universal parole surveillance The higher one-year return-to-prison rates for YOA institutions seem to be largely a result of the universal parole surveillance provided for YOAs which is not provided for all other younger offenders leaving the system. Evidence for this conclusion is that the higher pattern for YOAs 'washes out' when three-year tracking figures are used. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: recidivism,parole,youthful_offender,supervision Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Supervisor's Evaluation quality concerns The Supervisor's Evaluations (SEs) seem to exhibit a similar quality problem to those reviewed at other institutions: with several notable exceptions the entries are one-liners that do not convey a great deal about the inmate in a behaviorally objective manner. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: operations,youthful_offenders,data_gap,methodology Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Performance Exception Report as game for inmates At GERC as at many other institutions staff members question the value of a motivator so dependent upon the personality of the individual supervisor. Earning a phone call or an extra visit thus assumes the quality of a game: students badger teachers to 'give' them a privilege or they exhibit a burst of enthusiasm long enough to 'get' a phone call and then revert to more customary behaviors. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: operations,youthful_offenders,policy Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] YOA conditional releasees disproportionately parole violators Since all YOAs are placed on conditional release, they constitute a disproportionate number of parole violators and are more frequently before the Board of Pardons and Parole for revocation hearings. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: parole,youthful_offender,supervision,recidivism Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] External vs internal motivation concern in YO Program The Y.O. program provides management and staff with a powerful control mechanism in the form of the contract, and ETS provides the inmate with a way to manipulate that program. Finally each system motivates from the outside and little time remains for teaching or encouraging the individual to develop his own internal motivation. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: youthful_offenders,operations,policy,mental_health Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Quarterly Review Summary lacks detail While the Quarterly Review Summary undoubtedly provides some ongoing information about the inmate's program involvement, the detailed account of activities envisioned in Earned Time procedures does not seem to be present. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: operations,youthful_offenders,data_gap Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Paperwork burden obstructs service delivery With documentation responsibilities laid upon them by two service delivery systems, case managers and program staff must channel much of their energy to meeting legal and procedural deadlines. The result is that the very process--case management--that was designed to track the services being provided to an inmate is itself obstructing that provision. With a population that is in need of intensive one-on-one vocational and personal counseling, repetitive case management requirements make it necessary for key program people to focus instead on the methodology for delivering those services. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: operations,youthful_offenders,staffing,policy Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Pre-release center managers reluctant to accept YOs Managers and staff both perceive the Youthful Offender population as being considerably more rambunctious and, consequently, more in need of discipline than other inmates. These special personal needs, when coupled with additional paperwork requirements peculiar to the Y.O. program have created a reluctance on the part of center managers to accept more than a minimal number of Youthful Offenders. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: reentry,youthful_offenders,operations,facilities Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Contract renegotiation at pre-release centers Once the inmate arrives at the center, his Youthful Offender contract usually must be re-negotiated in order to reflect his minimum stay at the center. In most cases this is the first time that the inmate has been apprised of the need for this transaction. Anticipating a proximate release, he is suddenly informed that three or four more months are now to be added to his time. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: reentry,youthful_offenders,operations,policy Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Inconsistent pre-release contract renegotiation policy One pre-release manager suggests that Departmental policy may simply be unclear on this matter. At that center contracts are only re-negotiated when the inmate does not fulfill the requirements of the center's own contract. Still another manager reported that the Y.O. contract could be re-negotiated locally without the Parole Board's participation. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: reentry,youthful_offenders,policy,operations Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] YOA program routinized in traditional prison mold The Youthful Offender Program seems to have become routinized in a traditional prison mold which significantly limits the effectiveness of the program. Diagnostic processes do not operate to enhance the diversion potential of the program. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: youthful_offender,policy,operations Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Pre-release services virtually non-existent for youthful offenders Pre-release services for the general adult population are fragmented and limited, but these programs are virtually non-existent for the Youthful Offenders in the state. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: youthful_offender,reentry,services,data_gap Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Central administration for YOA program severely limited Central administration and planning for fully developing the programmatic aspects of the Youthful Offender Program are severely limited. High echelon staff consume inordinately large amounts of time reviewing and negotiating contracts with other staff at GERC and the Board of Pardons and Parole. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: youthful_offender,operations,policy,staffing Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Young women offenders' needs unaddressed The needs of women Youthful Offenders are not addressed by either the current women's program or the current YO Program. Until diagnostic information is developed and synthesized for this group of younger women, their needs will likely continue to go unnoticed and unmet. Considering the rising crime rate among young women, the agency's response to this group of offenders appears to be totally inadequate. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: youthful_offender,women,data_gap,policy Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Recommendation to implement rather than repeal YOA From time to time, staff within the agency recommend that the Youthful Offender Act be repealed. The report recommends that it be implemented, noting that actions taken in the name of implementation have had beneficial effects: case management procedures improved, education programs expanded, and cooperation with the Parole Board greatly improved. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: youthful_offender,policy,legal Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Youthful Offenders not segregated at pre-release centers Youthful Offenders are not segregated in any way from the general population at pre-release centers. The services and programs available to them are identical with those available to other residents. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: youthful_offender,reentry,facilities,policy Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Pre-release center services fall into three categories The services offered at most of the centers seem to fall into three major categories: counseling (individual and/or group), consumer education, and GED. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: reentry,facilities,services,education Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Vocational counseling oriented to job contract fulfillment not career goals Any vocational counseling seems to be oriented toward helping the offender to fulfill his contract stipulation about obtaining a job rather than assisting him in identifying his long-term career goals. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: reentry,vocational_rehabilitation,services Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Academic programs restricted to GED or area vocational schools Academic programs are restricted to GED participation or, occasionally, attendance at one of the area vocational/technical schools. None of the facilities includes even a learning center for individualized program instruction. At best a Literacy Action volunteer is brought in to tutor remedial reading; at worst the individual's academic needs are ignored or translated to accommodate available 'programs.' Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: education,reentry,facilities,services Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Only one center provides follow-up services Only one of the centers provides any 'follow-up' services and those are offered only to ex-offenders in the metro Atlanta area. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: reentry,services,facilities Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Four to six months too short for treatment program A number of staff persons suggest that four or six months is simply too short a time to establish an offender in a treatment program. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: reentry,staffing,services,operations Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Youthful Offender population characteristics The gross characteristics of the Youthful Offender population indicate the difficulties that a work-release type center will have: young, male, single, typically a drug abuser with a reported 10th grade education and no previous employment. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: youthful_offender,demographics,drugs,education,employment Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] No cohesive departmental philosophy of pre-release services There seems to be no cohesive Departmental philosophy of pre-release services. Many innovations happen locally at the instigation of local management or staff. Where even this interest level is not present, services are minimal. The pre-release service delivery 'system' is fragmented as it relates to the needs of the general offender population; with few exceptions it is non-responsive as it relates to the needs of the Youthful Offender. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: reentry,services,policy,operations Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [confirmed] Younger offenders are higher risk group Any comparison of the recidivism rates of younger offenders with those of inmates more generally should respect the well documented finding that younger offenders are a 'higher risk' group than are older, more mature individuals. This finding is very common in studies conducted throughout the country and has been confirmed in the case of Georgia offenders in the evaluation report entitled 'The Relative Impact of Georgia's Institutional Training Programs on the Post-Release Behavior of Adult Male Offenders' (July 1977), p.39. Tags: recidivism,demographics,youthful_offender Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978; The Relative Impact of Georgia's Institutional Training Programs on the Post-Release Behavior of Adult Male Offenders - [reported] GERC one-year rate extraordinarily high Examining the first year figures for GERC -- actually the last three quarters' exits for FY76 -- reveals a one-year rate of 15.5%. The two institutions which had phased out the Youthful Offender Program in FY76, Walker Correctional Institution and the Georgia Training and Development Center (GTDC), were each at the 13% level of one-year returns. Although these data are fragmentary on GERC, the one-year rate for that institution seems to be extraordinarily high; the other two prisons have varied historically between 5% and 14% at GTDC and 7% and 9% at Walker C.I. during their YOA years. Tags: recidivism,facilities,youthful_offender Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] GERC program implementation concerns The report expresses major concern in the area of implementation planning across the life of the Youthful Offender Program, especially since the program has been moved to the renovated GERC facility. Even as the report is being written, there remain few stable vocational training opportunities for the youthful offenders at GERC. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: youthful_offender,vocational_rehabilitation,facilities,operations Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [estimated] Shortage of programs and chaotic opening may have contributed to high GERC return rate It is entirely possible that the shortage of programs and the many distractions to staff and inmates of the chaotic 'opening' that continues at GERC may have contributed to the disproportionately high return rate of that institution. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: recidivism,facilities,youthful_offender,operations Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] GII youngest average age among comparison institutions Offenders at GII, where the average age is the youngest at 20 to 21 years, show the highest return rate when three-year figures are examined. Tags: recidivism,demographics,facilities Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] GII one-year rate relatively small but catches up by three years Inmates leaving the larger, more security oriented prison with longer term offenders, Georgia Industrial Institute, have a relatively small one year rate but more than 'catch up' by the end of a three year tracking period. Individuals who are located at neither GII nor GERC follow a roughly similar pattern but never reach the almost 30% figure for GII overall. This probably reflects a selective process whereby offenders who perform acceptably at GII are allowed to transfer to less secure institutions. Tags: recidivism,facilities,transfers Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] VR clients at GII have almost identical outcomes to YOAs The VR clients at GII have almost identical post-release outcomes when compared with the YOAs. Their return-to-prison rate seems to level off near but below the 30% figure. In the case of both programs, a higher percentage come back in the first year than for the system more generally, suggesting more universal and intensive supervision upon release. Tags: recidivism,vocational_rehabilitation,youthful_offender,supervision Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Universal parole policy case made by evaluation The evaluation may inadvertently make the case for a universal parole policy. Although youthful offenders have their conditional release revoked and come back into the system earlier than other offenders, they do not ultimately fail at any higher rate than young inmates elsewhere in the system. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: parole,policy,recidivism,youthful_offender Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Early return may protect public and offender The fact that youthful offenders come back for failure to adjust early after release may operate to protect the public and the offender if his behavior is leading to a serious problem with the law. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: parole,recidivism,youthful_offender,public_safety Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Parole selectivity rationale questioned The report assumes that the rationale for not offering all inmates parole is based on the assumption that selectivity will protect the public and retain the threatening offender in an incapacitated state. Yet the inmate will eventually be released with or without the supervision and surveillance of the parole officer. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: parole,policy,public_safety Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] On-Site Evaluation of Education Program at GERC findings A report entitled 'On-Site Evaluation of Education Program at GERCC' compiled in October 1976 by a team headed by William Crump noted that students were not making as rapid progress as expected in their academic education classes. The report also noted that there were no active vocational programs at GERC at that time. However, Dr. Crump's evaluation team gave the staff and management of the institution 'high marks' in terms of their professionalism, morale, and leadership. Date: 1976-10-01 Tags: education,vocational_rehabilitation,facilities,staffing Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978; On-Site Evaluation of Education Program at GERCC STATISTICS (58) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] YOA three-year return-to-prison rate FY74-75 The three-year return-to-prison rate for Youthful Offenders released during fiscal years 1974 and 1975 was 27.5%. Value: 27.5 percent Tags: recidivism,youthful_offender,facilities Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Average incarceration length for Youthful Offenders A typical Youthful Offender spends an average of 14 months incarcerated. Value: 14.0 months Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: youthful_offenders,facilities,operations Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] YOA two-year return-to-prison rate under one fourth Less than one fourth of the Youthful Offenders released during fiscal years 1974 and 1975 were back in Georgia prisons after two years 'on the street.' Value: 25.0 percent Tags: recidivism,youthful_offender Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] YOA one-year return-to-prison rate FY74-76 The one-year return-to-prison rate for Youthful Offenders was 12.0% for offenders released during fiscal years 1974, 1975, and 1976. Value: 12.0 percent Tags: recidivism,youthful_offender Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] GII overall one-year return-to-prison rate The one-year return-to-prison rate for Georgia Industrial Institute (GII) overall was 9.6% for offenders released during fiscal years 1974, 1975, and 1976. Value: 9.6 percent Tags: recidivism,facilities Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] GII Vocational Rehabilitation one-year return-to-prison rate The one-year return-to-prison rate for GII Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) clients was 12.5% for offenders released during fiscal years 1974, 1975, and 1976. Value: 12.5 percent Tags: recidivism,vocational_rehabilitation,facilities Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Other LT 25 one-year return-to-prison rate The one-year return-to-prison rate for offenders under 25 at institutions other than GII or GERC was 10.9% for offenders released during fiscal years 1974, 1975, and 1976. Value: 10.9 percent Tags: recidivism,youthful_offender Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] YOA two-year return-to-prison rate FY74-75 The two-year return-to-prison rate for Youthful Offenders was 23.4% for offenders released during fiscal years 1974 and 1975. Value: 23.4 percent Tags: recidivism,youthful_offender Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] GII overall two-year return-to-prison rate The two-year return-to-prison rate for Georgia Industrial Institute overall was 20.0% for offenders released during fiscal years 1974 and 1975. Value: 20.0 percent Tags: recidivism,facilities Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] GII VR two-year return-to-prison rate The two-year return-to-prison rate for GII Vocational Rehabilitation clients was 22.1% for offenders released during fiscal years 1974 and 1975. Value: 22.1 percent Tags: recidivism,vocational_rehabilitation,facilities Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Other LT 25 two-year return-to-prison rate The two-year return-to-prison rate for offenders under 25 at institutions other than GII or GERC was 18.3% for offenders released during fiscal years 1974 and 1975. Value: 18.3 percent Tags: recidivism,youthful_offender Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] GII overall three-year return-to-prison rate The three-year return-to-prison rate for Georgia Industrial Institute overall was 29.6% for offenders released during fiscal year 1974. Value: 29.6 percent Tags: recidivism,facilities Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] GTDC academic program completion rate FY77 One-half of all academic terminations are successes at GTDC while only 31% are successes at GIl. Vocationally, these two institutions show 47% and 9%, respectively. Value: 50.0 percent (vs. 31.2 GIl academic completion rate) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: education,vocational_training,youthful_offenders,facilities Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] GII VR three-year return-to-prison rate The three-year return-to-prison rate for GII Vocational Rehabilitation clients was 27.3% for offenders released during fiscal year 1974. Value: 27.3 percent Tags: recidivism,vocational_rehabilitation,facilities Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] GTDC vocational program completion rate FY77 GTDC showed a 47.4% vocational program completion rate in State FY77, compared to 9.1% at GIl. Value: 47.4 percent (vs. 9.1 GIl vocational completion rate) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: vocational_training,youthful_offenders,facilities Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Other LT 25 three-year return-to-prison rate The three-year return-to-prison rate for offenders under 25 at institutions other than GII or GERC was 21.5% for offenders released during fiscal year 1974. Value: 21.5 percent Tags: recidivism,youthful_offender Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Walker CI disciplinary report rate FY77 Walker Correctional Institute had a disciplinary report rate of 120.2 per 1,000 inmate population during 1977, the highest among institutions serving younger offenders, representing a 10.3% increase over FY76. Value: 120.2 reports per 1,000 inmates Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: violence,facilities,operations,youthful_offenders Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] GTDC disciplinary report rate FY77 GTDC had a disciplinary report rate of 113.4 per 1,000 inmate population during 1977, representing a 33.7% decrease over FY76. Value: 113.4 reports per 1,000 inmates Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: violence,facilities,operations,youthful_offenders Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] GERC disciplinary report rate FY77 GERC had a disciplinary report rate of 109.3 per 1,000 inmate population during 1977, representing a 38.0% increase over FY76. Value: 109.3 reports per 1,000 inmates Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: violence,facilities,operations,youthful_offenders Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Lee CI disciplinary report rate FY77 Lee Correctional Institute had a disciplinary report rate of 105.5 per 1,000 inmate population during 1977, representing an 11.3% increase over FY76. Value: 105.5 reports per 1,000 inmates Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: violence,facilities,operations,youthful_offenders Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] GIl disciplinary report rate FY77 Georgia Industrial Institute had a disciplinary report rate of 102.4 per 1,000 inmate population during 1977, representing a 34.4% increase over FY76. Value: 102.4 reports per 1,000 inmates Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: violence,facilities,operations,youthful_offenders Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] GERC one-year return-to-prison rate FY76 The one-year return-to-prison rate for GERC (Georgia Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center) based on the last three quarters' exits for FY76 was 15.5%. Value: 15.5 percent Tags: recidivism,facilities,youthful_offender Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] GTDC one-year return-to-prison rate FY76 The one-year return-to-prison rate for Georgia Training and Development Center (GTDC) based on FY76 exits was 12.9%. Value: 12.9 percent Tags: recidivism,facilities,youthful_offender Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] GIl use of force report rate FY77 Georgia Industrial Institute had 60 use of force reports during FY77, with a rate of .044 based on average monthly population, compared to 61 reports and a rate of .050 in FY76. Value: 0.044 reports per inmate (vs. 0.05 FY76 rate) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: violence,facilities,operations,youthful_offenders Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Walker CI one-year return-to-prison rate FY76 The one-year return-to-prison rate for Walker Correctional Institution based on FY76 exits was 13.1%. Value: 13.1 percent Tags: recidivism,facilities,youthful_offender Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [estimated] GERC use of force report rate FY77 Georgia Evaluation and Reception Center had 6 use of force reports during FY77 (based on 6 months data, figure is an estimate), with a rate of .026 based on average monthly population, compared to 17 reports and a rate of .041 in FY76. Value: 0.026 reports per inmate (vs. 0.041 FY76 rate) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: violence,facilities,operations,youthful_offenders Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Lee CI one-year return-to-prison rate FY76 The one-year return-to-prison rate for Lee Correctional Institution based on FY76 exits was 10.7%. Value: 10.7 percent Tags: recidivism,facilities Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Walker CI use of force report rate FY77 Walker Correctional Institute had 7 use of force reports during FY77, with a rate of .023 based on average monthly population, compared to 7 reports and a rate of .022 in FY76. Value: 0.023 reports per inmate (vs. 0.022 FY76 rate) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: violence,facilities,operations,youthful_offenders Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Montgomery CI one-year return-to-prison rate FY76 The one-year return-to-prison rate for Montgomery Correctional Institution based on FY76 exits was 8.9%. Value: 8.9 percent Tags: recidivism,facilities Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] GTDC use of force report rate FY77 Georgia Training and Development Center had 4 use of force reports during FY77, with a rate of .018 based on average monthly population, compared to 3 reports and a rate of .014 in FY76. Value: 0.018 reports per inmate (vs. 0.014 FY76 rate) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: violence,facilities,operations,youthful_offenders Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] GII overall one-year return-to-prison rate FY76 The one-year return-to-prison rate for GII overall based on FY76 exits was 9.9%. Value: 9.9 percent Tags: recidivism,facilities Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Montgomery CI use of force report rate FY77 Montgomery Correctional Institute had 3 use of force reports during FY77, with a rate of .009 based on average monthly population, compared to 5 reports and a rate of .015 in FY76. Value: 0.009 reports per inmate (vs. 0.015 FY76 rate) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: violence,facilities,operations,youthful_offenders Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] GERC three-year return-to-prison rate FY74 The three-year return-to-prison rate for GERC based on FY74 exits was 24.6%. Value: 24.6 percent Tags: recidivism,facilities,youthful_offender Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Lee CI use of force report rate FY77 Lee Correctional Institute had 1 use of force report during FY77, with a rate of .005 based on average monthly population, compared to 16 reports and a rate of .080 in FY76. Value: 0.005 reports per inmate (vs. 0.08 FY76 rate) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: violence,facilities,operations,youthful_offenders Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] GTDC three-year return-to-prison rate FY74 The three-year return-to-prison rate for GTDC based on FY74 exits was 17.8%. Value: 17.8 percent Tags: recidivism,facilities,youthful_offender Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Walker CI three-year return-to-prison rate FY74 The three-year return-to-prison rate for Walker Correctional Institution based on FY74 exits was 23.2%. Value: 23.2 percent Tags: recidivism,facilities,youthful_offender Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Lee CI three-year return-to-prison rate FY74 The three-year return-to-prison rate for Lee Correctional Institution based on FY74 exits was 18.1%. Value: 18.1 percent Tags: recidivism,facilities Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] GII overall three-year return-to-prison rate FY74 The three-year return-to-prison rate for GII overall based on FY74 exits was 29.6%. Value: 29.6 percent Tags: recidivism,facilities Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Extended Assessment backlog for Youthful Offenders 22% of Youthful Offenders presently eligible for the practical observation period (Extended Assessment) are, instead, in a holding pattern at the assigned institution awaiting additional testing. Put another way, only 78% of Youthful Offenders eligible for Extended Assessment under even the more liberal ETS allowance of '60 days from permanent assignment' have, in fact, received such assessment. Value: 22.0 percent Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: operations,youthful_offenders,classification,data_gap Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [estimated] 70% of youthful offenders avoiding return after three years As many as 70% of youthful offenders appear to be coping and avoiding return to prison after three years. Value: 70.0 percent Tags: recidivism,youthful_offender,parole Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] FY72 parole award rate In FY72, over half (55.5%) of those considered for parole were awarded this form of release. Value: 55.5 percent Tags: parole,policy Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] FY73 parole award rate In FY73, 48.2% of those considered for parole were awarded this form of release. Value: 48.2 percent Tags: parole,policy Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] FY74 parole award rate In FY74, 45.4% of those considered for parole were awarded this form of release. Value: 45.4 percent Tags: parole,policy Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] FY75 parole award rate In FY75, 40.4% of those considered for parole were awarded this form of release. Value: 40.4 percent Tags: parole,policy Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] FY76 parole award rate In FY76, 30.0% of those considered for parole were awarded this form of release. Value: 30.0 percent Tags: parole,policy Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Pre-release center waiting period up to two months Since current practice is to manage the population of any one center so that Youthful Offenders are proportionately represented, the inmate may wait at the institution for as long as two months before an opening occurs at a pre-release center. Value: 2.0 months Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: reentry,youthful_offenders,operations,facilities Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] FY72 parolee one-year return-to-prison rate The one-year return-to-prison rate for parolees leaving in FY72 was 3.5%. Value: 3.5 percent Tags: parole,recidivism Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] FY73 parolee one-year return-to-prison rate The one-year return-to-prison rate for parolees leaving in FY73 was 3.6%. Value: 3.6 percent Tags: parole,recidivism Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] FY74 parolee one-year return-to-prison rate The one-year return-to-prison rate for parolees leaving in FY74 was 4.6%. Value: 4.6 percent Tags: parole,recidivism Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] FY75 parolee one-year return-to-prison rate The one-year return-to-prison rate for parolees leaving in FY75 was 5.8%. Value: 5.8 percent Tags: parole,recidivism Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] FY76 parolee one-year return-to-prison rate The one-year return-to-prison rate for parolees leaving in FY76 was 5.3%. Value: 5.3 percent Tags: parole,recidivism Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] FY72 parolee two-year return-to-prison rate The two-year return-to-prison rate for parolees leaving in FY72 was 9.1%. Value: 9.1 percent Tags: parole,recidivism Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] FY73 parolee two-year return-to-prison rate The two-year return-to-prison rate for parolees leaving in FY73 was 10.3%. Value: 10.3 percent Tags: parole,recidivism Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] FY74 parolee two-year return-to-prison rate The two-year return-to-prison rate for parolees leaving in FY74 was 12.2%. Value: 12.2 percent Tags: parole,recidivism Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] FY75 parolee two-year return-to-prison rate The two-year return-to-prison rate for parolees leaving in FY75 was 12.7%. Value: 12.7 percent Tags: parole,recidivism Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] FY72 parolee three-year return-to-prison rate The three-year return-to-prison rate for parolees leaving in FY72 was 12.8%. Value: 12.8 percent Tags: parole,recidivism Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] FY73 parolee three-year return-to-prison rate The three-year return-to-prison rate for parolees leaving in FY73 was 15.5%. Value: 15.5 percent Tags: parole,recidivism Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] FY74 parolee three-year return-to-prison rate The three-year return-to-prison rate for parolees leaving in FY74 was 17.3%. Value: 17.3 percent Tags: parole,recidivism Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 POLICYS (22) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] Six release categories under Youthful Offender Program The system of 'release categories' utilized by the Board of Pardons and Parole and the Youthful Offender Division suggests a continuum of supervision options. The first three of six possible 'categories' call for no term of imprisonment at all: (I) conditional release upon completion of the diagnostic process, (II) conditional release to a community center upon completion of the diagnostic process, and (III) the use of a short-term contract for the direct placement in a community facility of offenders still on 'inmate status'. Categories IV through VI provide for conditional release following various lengths of institutional program performance. Tags: policy,parole,reentry,operations Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Security reduction waiting period for inmates with sentences of five years or more According to criteria spelled out in a directive from Offender Administration, any inmate having a sentence of five years or more must serve at least six months before receiving a security reduction from 'close' to 'medium' or from 'medium' to 'minimum.' Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: classification,policy,facilities Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [confirmed] Thirty-day intake processing policy at GDCC The requirement that offenders stay only up to thirty days at GDCC is an agency policy and is no longer required under the Youthful Offender Act. The Act specifies that 'In the absence of exceptional circumstances, each study and diagnosis shall be completed within a period of sixty days from the date of commitment.' (Originally the act read '30 days'.) Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,legal Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Youthful Offender Contract drafting process Contracts are drafted by the correctional counselors at the youthful offender institutions. The categories are applied through the use of criminal history criteria, and a representative of the Parole Board interacts with the Director of the Youthful Offender Division on ambiguous cases. Draft contracts are reviewed and approved by the Director and the Parole Board representative, but the volume of such documents makes this a largely exception-oriented process. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,youthful_offenders,parole Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Contract stipulations format The stipulations noted in the Contract are stated in terms of program performance goals and general adjustment behaviors to be exhibited by the individual offender. These specifics follow the form of the goals 'to successfully complete the welding trade course, improve reading ability by two grade levels, participate in the alcoholic counseling group, and avoid major disciplinary reports.' Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: policy,youthful_offenders,operations Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [confirmed] Contracting-for-release structure The agency and the Parole Board have determined that a form of contracting-for-release provides the structure and motivation needed for effective self-rehabilitation on the part of the Youthful Offender. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,reentry Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Contract extension for failure to meet terms Inability to meet the terms of the Contract results in an extension of the period of time to be served in prison. This may take the form of more time to meet the positive goals or may be a punishment for exhibiting prohibited behaviors. Three-month extensions are common in either case. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: policy,youthful_offenders,operations,parole Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [confirmed] Contract negotiation process in Operational Guidelines The 'Operational Guidelines' interpret the second thirty-day assessment period to be the time at which '... training and treatment objectives are prescribed, the inmate prepares a plan for himself, and a contract is negotiated involving the inmate, the institutional staff, and the Board of the Youthful Offender Division.' Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [confirmed] Original indeterminate sentence under Youthful Offender Program The Youthful Offender Program originally operated with an indeterminant sentence. Contracted releases were approved in advance by the Division and actual release was finalized by a Youthful Offender 'Board'. Tags: policy,legal,operations Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [confirmed] Board of Pardons and Parole initiated six release categories in October 1975 In October of 1975, the Board of Pardons and Parole initiated the system of six release categories. The six categories specify the length of contracts allowed for each offender in the category and itemize the criteria by which individuals are assigned to each category. Date: 1975-10-01 Tags: policy,parole,operations Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [confirmed] Release contingent upon program completion The Youthful Offender Program attempts to channel the principal motivating factor of incarceration, the desire to be released from prison, in the effort to provide effective programs and services. This is done by making release contingent upon completion of a specific set of programs and services. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,reentry Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] ETS case management documents The Earned Time System case management documents include: (1) Intake and Extended Assessment; (2) the Supervisor's Evaluation, a quarterly assessment of the inmate's 'activity' performance; (3) the Performance Exception Report, an optional monthly document for noting especially good or especially poor performance; and (4) the Quarterly Review Summary, on which the inmate's program involvement and performance are tracked. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,youthful_offenders Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [confirmed] Security classification policy memorandum date Security classification decisions are predicated upon a policy memorandum dated February 15, 1977 from the Deputy Commissioner of Offender Rehabilitation. Date: 1977-02-15 Tags: policy,operations Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Pre-release center assignment based on family residence When the correctional counselor is in the process of drawing up a Y.O. contract, one of the variables considered is the offender's post-release plans. If evidence exists that the family intends to provide the offender with a place of residence, the contract does not include a condition that he complete the program offered by a pre-release center. If, however, such residence is not made available, successful program completion at a pre-release center is specified. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: policy,youthful_offenders,reentry,operations Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Institutional pre-release curriculum The offender who falls into the first category (post-release residence with family) is required in his contract to complete a pre-release curriculum of consumer education at the institution. This program typically includes personal finance matters such as budgeting, check-writing and establishing credit. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: policy,youthful_offenders,reentry,operations Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Recommendation for Board transfer of volunteer young offenders into YO Program The report recommends that DOR and the Parole Board institute a methodology for Board transfer of selected, volunteer young offenders into the YO Program, supplementing the population which the judiciary is sentencing under the Act. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: youthful_offender,policy,transfers,parole Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Recommendation for dedicated YO Program director The report recommends that responsibility for all Youthful Offenders, their program and program development needs, be vested in the Director of the Youthful Offender Program, and that this individual enjoy a special relationship within the agency similar to that of the Director of Women's Services. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: youthful_offender,policy,operations,staffing Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Recommendation for continuum of assignment options A continuum of assignment options should be made available to the YO staff stationed at GDCC, including at least one diversion center, appropriate Youthful Offender institutions of the traditional and community models, and special transitional services. Contracting as now practiced would be eliminated altogether. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: youthful_offender,policy,facilities,operations Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Recommendation for community center pre-release for all YOAs Every Youthful Offender should be pre-released through a community center program designed for that population and designed to 'fit with' other elements of the Youthful Offender Program. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: youthful_offender,reentry,policy,facilities Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Recommendation for expanded programs and services Principal additions to programs and services should include far more involvement of citizens in the community, far greater use of community training resources, increased career development counseling, more vigorous and service oriented follow-up during the transitional period following confinement, and sustained support for drug and alcohol abuse therapy programs. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: youthful_offender,reentry,policy,drugs,mental_health Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] YOA contract minimum stay at pre-release centers The new Y.O. contract is drawn up to reflect a minimum stay at the pre-release center, generally four to six months, depending on the type of program. Contract stipulations vary in their specificity from one center to another, but all include a condition that the offender have a job before being released from the center. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: youthful_offender,reentry,policy,operations Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Recommendation for separate pre-release facility for youthful offenders It may well be the case that such a unique population with such specialized counseling needs would be more effectively served at a separate pre-release facility reserved specifically for Youthful Offenders. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: youthful_offender,reentry,facilities,policy Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 TRENDS (7) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] YOA one-year recidivism rates rising across exit cohorts One-year return-to-prison rates for YOA exit cohorts were roughly 7%, 12%, and 13% for fiscal years 1974, 1975, and 1976 respectively, showing a rising trend. Tags: recidivism,youthful_offender,trend Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] GII VR one-year recidivism rates rising sharply One-year return-to-prison rates for GII Vocational Rehabilitation clients rose from 10% to 13% to 20% for fiscal years 1974, 1975, and 1976 exit cohorts respectively, described as 'perhaps the most alarming' change. Tags: recidivism,vocational_rehabilitation,trend Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] GII overall one-year recidivism rate stable around 10% The one-year return-to-prison rate for GII overall hovered around the 10% figure each year for fiscal years 1974, 1975, and 1976 exit cohorts. Tags: recidivism,facilities,trend Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Other LT 25 one-year recidivism rates rising One-year return-to-prison rates for younger inmates leaving neither GERC nor GII increased from roughly 8% to 10% to 11% for fiscal years 1974, 1975, and 1976 exit cohorts respectively. Tags: recidivism,youthful_offender,trend Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Declining parole award rates trend FY72-FY76 Parole award rates declined steadily from 55.5% in FY72 to 30.0% in FY76, a trend the report says brings into serious question the efficiency of continually more restrictive parole practice. Tags: parole,policy,trend Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Parolee return rates climbing as parole awards decline In FY72, paroles were awarded to 55.5% of those considered and the three-year return-to-prison rate was 12.8%. In FY74, paroles had fallen to 45% and the return rate had climbed to 17%. Examination of shorter tracking period data for FY75 and FY76 suggests this trend continues. Tags: parole,recidivism,trend,policy Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Leveling off of return rates noted The change in the rate of 10 points between the first and second years and only 5 points between the second and third years evidences a leveling off not previously ascribed to Georgia's overall exiting population. Tags: recidivism,trend Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 METHODOLOGY NOTES (3) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Caution urged on recidivism over time findings The report recommends considerable caution in the use of 'recidivism over time' findings, noting the data represent relatively few points in time and are subject to many possible sources of data error. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: recidivism,methodology,data_gap Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Recidivism definition used in report The definition of recidivism used in this report is the return-to-prison rate for specified time periods following release from incarceration. This measure captures data for Georgia reincarcerations only, but it has the virtue of being more complete and accurate than either arrest or conviction data available for evaluative research at this time. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: recidivism,methodology,data_gap Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Data source for recidivism tables Computer runs conducted in August 1977 by the evaluators and the Statistics Unit, GSA, with data current through 6-30-77 were used for Table 3.1. Data for Table 3.2 were run by the Systems Development Section, GSA, and analyzed by the Office of Research and Evaluation. Data on paroles came from the Board of Pardons and Paroles monthly activity report compiled by the Office of Research and Evaluation, with system return-to-prison rates calculated from quarterly data and rates produced by the Statistics Unit, GSA, on 7/14/77. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: methodology,recidivism,parole Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 QUOTES (3) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Quote: Contracts as attempt to 'con' inmates From the 1975 evaluation: 'Given the skepticism and apprehension with which many youthful offenders probably view the system already, and given their frequently unrealistic (positive) expectations about the program, it seems possible that they will view a contract, which is really not a contract but a statement of goals, as an attempt to 'con' them. Facing the alternative of serving two to four years may reinforce this impression.' Date: 1975-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,conditions Sources: Evaluation of Georgia's Youthful Offender Program (Knott & Doughtie, 1975) - [reported] Offender perception of contract renegotiation as system game Several staff at pre-release centers report that offenders perceive this as one more example of the system reneging on the terms of its own agreement and 'running a game' on them again. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: reentry,youthful_offenders,operations Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] GERC described as having impressive plans not yet implemented The institution may have '...impressive, innovative, and progressive plans which when implemented should have dramatic results...' (On-Site Evaluation, p.1), but the agency and not the local unit should bear the responsibility for systematic and stable program planning and implementation. Date: 1976-10-01 Tags: facilities,operations,policy,youthful_offender Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978; On-Site Evaluation of Education Program at GERCC CASE DETAILS (2) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Andromeda pre-release center admission procedure exception One exception to the admission procedure situation is the state's pre-release center for drug rehabilitation, Andromeda. After a potential client has been cleared for participation by Central Office, a representative of the center visits the inmate at his institution and explains all implications of participation, including the re-negotiated contract, mitigating potential for misunderstanding. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: drugs,reentry,facilities,operations Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 - [reported] Columbia House multi-step program phases Columbia House offers a typical multi-step program: Phase I is a period of intensive group counseling emphasizing self-reliance. Phase II continues group counseling but adds a 'pre-employment workshop' including consumer education and job-seeking skills, lasting a minimum of 14 days. Phase III is a 14-day probationary period to assess the resident's fulfillment of job expectations. Phase IV is basically a 14-day observation period during which the resident continues in a 'holding pattern' until release. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: reentry,facilities,operations,programs Sources: Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978 DATASETS (6) ---------------------------------------- # Academic and Vocational Programs' Successful Completion Rates, State FY77 Percentage of all academic and vocational program terminations designated as successes at selected Georgia correctional institutions during State FY77. Institution Academic Completion Rate Vocational Completion Rate --------------------------------------------------------------------- GERC 58.4 GTDC 50 47.4 Walker CI 44.5 40 Montgomery CI 36.2 28.6 Lee CI 30.9 GIl 31.2 9.1 # Gross Return-to-Prison Rates for Offenders Released During Fiscal Years 74, 75, & 76 Table 3.1 comparing one-year, two-year, and three-year return-to-prison rates for YOA, GII overall, GII VR, and other offenders under 25. Group One Year Rate Two Year Rate Three Year Rate ------------------------------------------------------------ YOA 12 23.4 27.5 GII Overall 9.6 20 29.6 GII VR 12.5 22.1 27.3 Other LT 25 10.9 18.3 21.5 # Rate of Disciplinary Reports by Institution During 1977 Disciplinary report rates per 1,000 inmate population for institutions serving younger offenders during 1977, with percentage change over FY76. Institution Rate Range Actual Rate Change Over FY76 ----------------------------------------------------------- Walker CI 100+ 120.2 10.3 GTDC 100+ 113.4 -33.7 GERC 100+ 109.3 38 Lee CI 100+ 105.5 11.3 GIl 100+ 102.4 34.4 GWCI 75-99 83.1 24 Chatham CI 75-99 81.5 11 Montgomery CI 75-99 77.1 46 Ware CI 50-74 71.6 -9 Lowndes CI 50-74 69.9 23.9 West Ga. 50-74 60 Wayne CI 50-74 52 45.3 Stone Mtn. CI LT50 44.8 9.5 GSP LT50 29.9 28.3 GDCC LT50 17.5 -20.5 Putnam CI LT50 14.5 16 Colony Farm CI LT50 7.3 -5.2 # Return-to-Prison Rates for Six Institutions Table 3.2 comparing one-year rates based on FY76 exits and three-year rates based on FY74 exits for GERC, GTDC, Walker, Lee, Montgomery, and GII. Institution One Year Rate (FY76 Exits) Three Year Rate (FY74 Exits) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- GERC 15.5 24.6 GTDC 12.9 17.8 Walker 13.1 23.2 Lee 10.7 18.1 Montgomery 8.9 GII (Overall) 9.9 29.6 # Use of Force Report Rates for Younger Offender Institutions, FY76 and FY77 Annual use of force report counts and rates based on average monthly population for selected younger offender institutions, comparing FY76 and FY77. Institution FY77 Reports FY77 Rate FY76 Reports FY76 Rate ----------------------------------------------------------------- GIl 60 0.044 61 0.05 GERC 6 0.026 17 0.041 Walker CI 7 0.023 7 0.022 GTDC 4 0.018 3 0.014 Montgomery CI 3 0.009 5 0.015 Lee CI 1 0.005 16 0.08 # Parolee Return-to-Prison Rates For The System As A Whole By Fiscal Year Table 3.3 showing parole award rates and return-to-prison rates at one, two, and three years for parolees by fiscal year FY72-FY76. Fiscal Year Parole Rate One Year Return Rate Two Year Return Rate Three Year Return Rate ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- FY72 55.5 3.5 9.1 12.8 FY73 48.2 3.6 10.3 15.5 FY74 45.4 4.6 12.2 17.3 FY75 40.4 5.8 12.7 FY76 30 5.3 KEY ENTITIES (38) ---------------------------------------- - Andromeda Pre-Release Center [facility]: Georgia state pre-release center for drug rehabilitation with a distinctive admission procedure involving staff visits to inmate institutions. (aka: Andromeda) - Bob Francis [person]: Superintendent within the Institutional Operations Division who assisted the evaluators. - Columbia House [facility]: Work release center located in Atlanta, Georgia. Used for the second pre-test of the survey instrument. - David Strauss [person]: Directs the Youthful Offender Program within the Offender Administration Division of the Department of Offender Rehabilitation. - Earned Time System [program]: A performance-based rehabilitative model enacted by the Georgia legislature on July 1, 1976 to address overcrowding, negative corrections philosophy, and unspecified parole criteria. Includes case management, performance rating, and privilege systems. (aka: ETS, Earned Time Law) - Elaine T. DeCostanzo [person]: Research Consultant who prepared the Earned Time System First Annual Evaluation, September 30, 1977. (aka: Elaine T. OeCostanzo) - Elizabeth Knott [person]: Co-author of the 1975 evaluation of Georgia's Youthful Offender Program. - George H. Cox [person]: Director, Office of Research and Evaluation, Georgia Department of Offender Rehabilitation. Co-author of this 1978 evaluation report. - Georgia Board of Pardons and Parole [organization]: Designated as the release authority in the Youthful Offender Act. Initiated the system of six release categories in October 1975. Holds conditional release supervision responsibilities. (aka: Parole Board, Board of Pardons and Parole) - Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles [organization]: Georgia's parole authority, operates reentry services including Reentry Partnership Housing (RPH) - Georgia Department of Offender Rehabilitation [organization]: The state agency responsible for Georgia's correctional system, including state and county institutions. Produced the Earned Time System evaluation. (aka: DOR, DCOR, Department of Corrections/Offender Rehabilitation, Georgia Department of Corrections) - Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Center [facility]: Facility where Youthful Offender Act needs were assessed through physical examination and diagnostic testing. - Georgia Earned Release Center [facility]: Principal male Youthful Offender institution and maximum security prison. Houses a secondary diagnostic unit supplementing GDCC diagnostics. (aka: GERC) - Georgia Evaluation and Reception Center [facility]: Youthful Offender institution with intensive vocational assessments; had 58.4% academic completion rate in FY77. (aka: GERC) - Georgia Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center [facility]: Renovated facility to which the Youthful Offender Program was moved; site of the YOA program at time of report. (aka: GERC, GERCC) - Georgia Industrial Institute [facility]: Georgia correctional institution where Parole Supervisor Denny Chapman facilitated a shock probation tour for the report author. - Georgia Training and Development Center [facility]: Correctional facility in Buford, Georgia where the M.O.R.E. Project was initiated in 1972. - Georgia Women's Correctional Institute [facility]: Facility housing 14 female Youthful Offenders, with significant missing diagnostic data in their files. (aka: GWCI) - Gerald Willis [person]: Superintendent within the Institutional Operations Division who assisted the evaluators. - Jack Fair [person]: Then Assistant Superintendent for Care and Treatment at the Georgia Earned Release Center who provided assistance to the evaluators. - John Doughtie [person]: Co-author of the 1975 evaluation of Georgia's Youthful Offender Program. - Lee Correctional Institute [facility]: Institution serving younger offenders with 105.5 disciplinary reports per 1,000 inmates in 1977. (aka: Lee CI, Lee C.I.) - Lee Correctional Institution [facility]: South Carolina state prison where a 2018 riot killed 7 and injured 17, the deadliest prison incident in a quarter century. - Leon Radzinowicz [person]: Co-editor of 'Crime and Justice: The Criminal and Society' (1971), cited in the report. - Marvin E. Wolfgang [person]: Co-editor of 'Crime and Justice: The Criminal and Society' (1971), cited in the report. - Montgomery Correctional Institute [facility]: Institution serving younger offenders with 77.1 disciplinary reports per 1,000 inmates in 1977. (aka: Montgomery CI, Montgomery C.I.) - Montgomery Correctional Institution [facility]: A medium-sized institution with population of about 345. - Office of Research and Evaluation [organization]: Office within the Georgia Department of Offender Rehabilitation that prepared this evaluation report. Located at 800 Peachtree Street, NE, Suite 605, Atlanta, Georgia 30308. - Paul DeFrancis [person]: Superintendent within the Institutional Operations Division who assisted the evaluators. - Richard Sparks [person]: Co-author of 'Subcultural and Gang Delinquency' cited in the report. - Roger Hood [person]: Co-author of 'Subcultural and Gang Delinquency' cited in the report. - Walker Correctional Institute [facility]: Institution serving younger offenders with the highest disciplinary report rate (120.2 per 1,000) in 1977. (aka: Walker CI, Walker C.I.) - Walker Correctional Institution [facility]: Georgia correctional institution that phased out the Youthful Offender Program in FY76. (aka: Walker C.I., Walker) - William Crump [person]: Head of the evaluation team that compiled the 'On-Site Evaluation of Education Program at GERCC' in October 1976. (aka: Dr. Crump) - Youthful Offender Act [legislation]: Georgia legislation establishing the Youthful Offender Program, requiring a 60-day diagnostic period and a report of study and diagnosis for each youthful offender. (aka: YOA, the Act) - Youthful Offender Act of 1972 [legislation]: Georgia legislation providing for an 'alternative penal' for younger offenders ages seventeen through twenty-four, with rehabilitative services including vocational, educational and other training. Amended in 1975 to codify release authority residing with the Parole Board. (aka: Youthful Offender Act, YOA, the Act) - Youthful Offender Division [organization]: Division of the Georgia Board of Corrections responsible for the Youthful Offender Program. The term 'Youthful Offender Board' appears to have been used to refer to the membership of the Youthful Offender Division sitting as a deliberative body. (aka: Youthful Offender Board, the Division) - Youthful Offender Program [program]: A Georgia corrections program for younger inmates that specifies a contingency-based contract determining the inmate's release date. SOURCES (6) ---------------------------------------- - Crime and Justice: The Criminal and Society (Radzinowicz & Wolfgang, 1971), Crime and Justice: The Criminal and Society by Leon Radzinowicz and Marvin E. Wolfgang (Eds.); Roger Hood and Richard Sparks (chapter authors) (1971-01-01) [academic, secondary] - Evaluation of Georgia's Youthful Offender Program (Knott & Doughtie, 1975), Georgia Department of Offender Rehabilitation by Elizabeth Knott and John Doughtie (1975-11-01) [official_report, primary] - On-Site Evaluation of Education Program at GERCC, Georgia Department of Offender Rehabilitation by William Crump (1976-10-01) [official_report, primary] - Operational Guidelines and Procedures of the Youthful Offender Division, Georgia Department of Offender Rehabilitation / Youthful Offender Division [official_report, primary] - Reassessing Progress in Implementing Georgia's Youthful Offender Act: 1978, Georgia Department of Offender Rehabilitation, Office of Research and Evaluation by George H. Cox and Elaine T. DeCostanzo (1978-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/67769NCJRS.pdf - The Relative Impact of Georgia's Institutional Training Programs on the Post-Release Behavior of Adult Male Offenders, Georgia Department of Offender Rehabilitation (1977-07-01) [official_report, primary]