GPS RESEARCH LIBRARY: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) ============================================================ Georgia Prisoners' Speak — gps.press Generated: 2026-09-14 13:24:14 EDT Research Date: 2026-09-06 Topic: Sentencing JSON: https://gps.press/research-data/the-earned-time-system-first-annual-evaluation-ncj-67770-1977/?format=json SUMMARY ---------------------------------------- This document is a coding sheet appendix from the 1977 first annual evaluation of Georgia's Earned Time System, conducted by the Department of Offender Rehabilitation. It details the data coding schema used to evaluate institutional records, including performance plans, assessments, and privilege slips. The document provides methodological insight into how the Earned Time System was evaluated but contains no aggregate statistics or findings. FINDINGS (134) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] ETS represents a change from custodial care to contractual working relation For personnel involved, ETS may represent a change in the institutional goal of custodial care toward that of a contractual working relation. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,conditions Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS represents rational change consistent with performance emphasis in DOOR It can be argued that ETS represents an example of rational change. This innovation is consistent with the recent performance emphasis in Georgia's Department of Offender Rehabilitation. The notion of earning time rather than receiving good time off means that accountability reaches the level of the inmate. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] More than half of Supervisor's Evaluations contained only 'not assigned long enough' notation More than half of the Supervisor's Evaluations present in sampled files contained only the notation that the inmate had not been assigned to that detail for a long enough period of time to allow a meaningful evaluation. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,methodology_note Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS may reduce crowding and public cost through earlier release If inmates are able to leave sooner than previously, there may be a reduction in crowding and in public cost to support the prison population. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,conditions,budget,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS theoretical basis in operant learning The Earned Time System (ETS) is theoretically a positive, objective system having its base in operant learning principles. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Unsatisfactory rating process unused at all 14 institutions visited The rating procedure that allows an 'Unsatisfactory' denotation for poor performance does not seem to be utilized at any of the 14 institutions visited during the evaluation. During informal interviews with Case Managers, a completely processed unsatisfactory rating was reported on only one occasion. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,data_gap Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS implemented in every state and county institution after 15 months After 15 months as a Georgia law, the Earned Time System is implemented to a greater or lesser degree in every state and county institution. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS may reduce discipline problems through employer-employee relationship If the employer-employee relation develops, discipline problems should be reduced. This may result in a decrease in the cost of control and control implements. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,violence Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS goals for public safety Optimally, ETS will address the issue of public safety (1) by reducing overcrowding and the concomitant problem of violence in prisons; and (2) by enhancing the objectivity of parole decision-making, thereby reducing the potential for high risk offenders being discharged early. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,violence,parole,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Staff perceive unsatisfactory rating process as too cumbersome Staff generally perceive the unsatisfactory rating process as too cumbersome and time-consuming for removing an inmate from an assigned activity. Both staff and managers suggested that the distinction between unsatisfactory performance and insubordination is often so unclear that the lesser time-frame required to process the disciplinary report becomes the deciding factor in a choice of supervisory actions. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,staffing Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS based on operant learning principles The Earned Time System is a positive, objective system having its base in operant learning principles. The inmate is viewed as an individual who has not acquired the basic interpersonal skills necessary to function successfully in the community. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,mental_health Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS may compel more objective standards and uniform treatment of inmates Finally, the whole system should become more rational if ETS compels more objective standards and uniform treatment of inmates. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS views inmates as lacking interpersonal skills Under the Earned Time System, inmates are viewed neither through the traditional medical model as subjects to be 'cured,' nor through a strictly punitive model as inherently 'bad' criminals to be punished. Rather, they are viewed as individuals who have not acquired the basic, interpersonal skills necessary to function successfully in the community. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,mental_health Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Some institutions not rating performance at all Several institutions, including most of the county camps, are not rating at all, while others such as the state's largest are rating at such a low frequency level as to be non-existent. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,data_gap Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] County camp with no managerial support failed to complete ETS documentation At the county camp with similar caseloads but no managerial support, Plans were completed sporadically and Quarterlies and performance reports, not at all. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,staffing Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Georgia corrections described as loosely coupled system Although institutions may be centralized and standardized, the system of corrections in Georgia resembles what might be termed a 'loosely coupled system' with the state institutions each constituting somewhat distinct entities and the multiple county units prizing a degree of independence from each other, the large state institutions, and the central office support. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Disciplinary Report rate increase under ETS The average Disciplinary Report rate per 1,000 inmates for FY77 was 5.56 points higher than the average rate for FY76, the year immediately preceding ETS implementation. The report suggests this may reflect increased staff observation due to intensive ETS training. Tags: operations,policy,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Many supervisors refused to give excellent reports Inmates consistently noted during interviews that many supervisors refused to give excellent reports. These observations were subsequently confirmed by the supervisors themselves, many of whom seemed to interpret the concept of 'excellent performance' in its strictest context. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,staffing,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] County camp with exemplary case management lacks performance rating process The county camp with the exemplary case management system, for example, has no performance rating process. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS success may vary by institution and institution type To some degree it is difficult to apply the label 'system' to the State correctional effort or to refer to the Department of Offender Rehabilitation as a single organization. ETS success may vary with institution and institution type. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,facilities,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Disciplinary Report rates highest at youthful offender institutions Disciplinary Report rates are consistently highest across the system at institutions with younger populations. The Youthful Offender Program specifies a contingency-based contract that determines the inmate's release date, requiring close observation of behavior, which may explain the highest rates at these institutions. Tags: operations,facilities,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Performance notices often written in terms of overtime only Performance Notices and their resultant Performance Exception Reports are often written in terms of one pervasive criterion: overtime. Particularly in the Work area, little attention seems to be given to the specifics delineated on the PAD concerning satisfactory performance in that particular activity. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] FBI Transcript requirement hampers timely Plan completion at young offender institution The young offender institution with the model privilege system is hampered in its efforts toward timely Plan completion by the requirement for an FBI Transcript before classifying an inmate according to Earned Time System procedures. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Treating inmates as employees may conflict with security mindset Treating inmates as employees is an idea which may be inconsistent with confinement, dangerousness, and security in the minds of institutional personnel. For the inmate, a change in treatment may be regarded with suspicion. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,conditions Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Disciplinary Report rate drop in second quarter of FY77 During the second quarter after ETS implementation, the Disciplinary Report rate dropped at 11 of the 17 state institutions; at one facility the decrease was 55 points, at another only 5. During the comparable time frame in FY76, only 6 of the 17 institutions decreased in report rates, with declines averaging 20.8 compared with 25.4 for the second quarter of FY77. Tags: operations,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS impact on Georgia prison population Based on 4 1/2 years experience, it appears that the Earned Time System will impact favorably on population, unless the overall average performance drops below 50%. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,facilities,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Training needed in need assessment and Plan development Overall, more training of a more specific nature seems to be needed, particularly in the areas of need assessment and Plan development. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: staffing,operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS requires additional counseling, paperwork, and inmate observation Despite the willingness of personnel, they may be unconvinced that the benefits of the system justify additional counseling, paperwork, and inmate observation. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,staffing,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Staff increased caution in writing Disciplinary Reports under ETS Many institutional personnel from line officers to teachers to managers reported during interviews that they were much more careful about writing a Disciplinary Report on an Earned Time inmate than they had been under the previous system. They felt that the implications of a non-returnable time loss warranted additional deliberation and perhaps another course of action entirely. Tags: operations,policy,staffing Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Privilege lists produced almost exclusively by management and staff Insofar as could be determined, the institutional privilege lists were produced almost exclusively by management and staff with little formal input from inmates. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Habituality distinction may need reassessment after 15 months Certain processes need to be reassessed to determine their viability after 15 months' experience; one of these may well be the habituality distinction. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS positive impact on max-out population requires performance above 50% level The Earned Time System will have a positive impact on max-out inmate population to the extent that it performs at more than a 50% level; this figure can be expressed in terms of number of man-years saved. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,conditions,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] 60-day procedural deadline for Plan development may need alteration Timeline problems need to be addressed, perhaps by altering the procedural deadline of 60 days for Plan development. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Majority of inmates leave via parole making parole impact significant The possible impact [of ETS on parole] is significantly greater since the majority of inmates leave via parole. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: parole,policy,conditions Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS success coexists with unsuccessful elements at every institution Is the Earned Time System working? No simple answer will do: successful elements coexist with unsuccessful ones at every institution. The best that can be said, perhaps, is that change comes slowly, but we have at least made a beginning. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS may reduce disciplinary problems through reduced crowding and reward contingencies ETS may influence disciplinary problems in two ways. First, if crowding is reduced, the resulting reduction in stress and tension may lead to fewer disciplinary problems. Second, ETS by placing responsibility on the inmate and providing appropriate reward contingencies may reduce the rates of violence and disciplinary problems. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: violence,conditions,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Baseline data indicate low program completion rates Baseline data indicate low program completion rates. The evaluation will assess the successful program termination rate of ETS inmates compared to baseline information. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,reentry Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Performance rating frequency varies widely across system The frequency of performance rating varies widely across the system. Generally, at institutions where inmate performance is not rated, management has failed to enforce or support this process of the Earned Time System. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] PADs not utilized routinely for performance rating In their present form the Performance Activity Descriptions (PADs) have fulfilled a need for a systemwide delineation of all Work, Educational, and Vocational activities. At this point, however, they are not being utilized on a routine basis by institutional staff for purposes of inmate performance rating. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] DOR aligned with rehabilitative model of corrections Close reading of various policy documents emanating from the Georgia Department of Offender Rehabilitation indicates Departmental alignment with the rehabilitative model. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Unsatisfactory reports not used routinely 'Unsatisfactory' reports are not being used on a routine basis, and several staff members at different administrative levels suggest replacing them entirely with the Disciplinary Report. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Rating frequency differences noted by inmates and staff Differences in rating frequencies from one supervisor to another were noted by inmates and verified by interviews with staff. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Proposal to process Unsatisfactory reports through Disciplinary Committee One possible solution to the time problem might be to allow the 'Unsatisfactory' report to be processed through the Disciplinary Committee in the same manner as the Disciplinary Report. Instead of automatically opting for isolation and resultant time out, the Supervisor and the Committee would be encouraged to apply more innovative sanctions. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Recommended minimum privileges: 5 county, 10 state It is recommended that a minimum number of privileges be established for each institution: five for county camps and ten for state institutions. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS privilege slip functions as medium of exchange similar to M.O.R.E. points Elements of this token economy are evident in the Earned Time privilege system where the privilege slip rather than the actual commodity is used as a medium of exchange. Reinforcement is not as immediate as that used in the M.O.R.E. project, but it is predicated on similar principles. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,rehabilitation Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Privilege awards equitable by race and ability The award of privileges seems to be equitable in terms of race and ability groups across the system. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,demographics Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Younger offenders receive more privileges Younger offenders generally receive more privileges, but this higher rate is more a function of the total performance-based orientation of their institutions than of a discriminating attitude on the part of staff. It may also indicate that an institutional privilege is a more powerful motivator for a younger offender than it is for an older one. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: demographics,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Staff recidivism predictions only slightly better than chance Friedman and Mann attempted to determine the accuracy with which staff members at a correctional institution predicted recidivism of a group of court-adjudicated delinquents. Two factors emerge as key influences on staff predictions: (1) the level of seriousness and degree of violence of the youth's most serious offense; and (2) the extent to which the youth was liked. Overall, however, predictions were only slightly better than chance. Date: 1976-01-01 Tags: parole,mental_health,operations Sources: Friedman, C. Jack and Mann, Frederica. 'Recidivism: the Fallacy of Prediction' (1976) - [reported] Parole documentation originates mostly from Parole Board The majority of information in the parole review file on each inmate seems to originate at present with the Board of Pardons and Paroles itself. The Parole Review Summary or Inmate Evaluation is the only documentation supplied with any regularity at this point. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: parole,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Justice model advocates determinate sentencing and abolition of parole An old argument with a new name and new premises has recently been appearing in the literature: it is termed the 'justice model'. Basically, its proponents advocate a model based on individual responsibility with uniform penalties consistently imposed for like crimes (determinate sentencing) and an end to coerced institutional treatment. They recommend that parole be abolished, with the rationale that parole board 'predictions of postinstitutional behavior ... have proved disastrously inaccurate'. Tags: legal,parole,policy,sentencing Sources: Citizens' Inquiry on Parole and Criminal Justice. Prison Without Walls (1975); Fogel, David. We are the Living Proof: The Justice Model for Corrections (1975); Lipton, Douglas; Martinson, Robert; Wilks, Judith. The Effectiveness of Correctional Treatment (1975); MacNamara, Donal E. 'The Medical Model in Corrections' (1977) - [reported] Even small reduction in time served before parole can significantly reduce overcrowding Even a small reduction in time served before parole can significantly reduce overcrowded conditions. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: parole,conditions,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Proximate reinforcers have meaning even to inmates serving long sentences Proximate reinforcers, on the other hand, seem to have meaning even to inmates serving long sentences [Geller, 1977]. Although prison life does include most of the basic necessities, it also deprives the individual of the normal valued reinforcers--social, financial, etc.--present in free society. Thus, small commodities, such as cigarettes and other commissary items, as well as simple contact with the free world, assume greater importance to the inmate. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,conditions,rehabilitation Sources: Geller, E. Scott; Johnson, Daniel F.; Hamilton, Paul H.; Kennedy, Thomas D. 'Behavior Modification in a Prison: Issues, Problems, and Compromises' (1977); Hosford, Ray E. and Moss, C. Scott. 'Counseling in the Prison: Implications for Counselor Training' (1975) - [reported] Time off sentence may be too distant to act as reinforcer for many inmates For many inmates the payoff of time off the end of their sentence may be too far away to act as a reinforcer [Fitzgerald, 1974], or possibly the entire concept of a shortened prison time lacks motivating force for an incarcerant. Date: 1974-01-01 Tags: parole,operations,rehabilitation Sources: Fitzgerald, Thomas J. 'Contingency Contracting with Juvenile Offenders' (1974) - [reported] Line staff may influence behavior more than counselors due to interaction frequency Watkins discusses a model that incorporates the correctional officer as a 'behavior shaper' who relates to the inmate in a non-treatment setting. He believes that front line staff, because of the frequency of their interaction with inmates, may influence behavior more than the less frequently seen counselor. Date: 1967-01-01 Tags: staffing,operations,rehabilitation Sources: Watkins, John C. 'Organization of Institutional Resources for Behavior Change: A Model' (1967) - [reported] ETS represents organizational change in corrections From a theoretical and practical perspective, ETS represents an organizational change signifying a new direction in corrections. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Inmate consent is difficult issue in prison behavior change programs The first major issue to be considered in any program designed to change a person's behavior is that of consent. This question is an especially difficult one when the client population are prison inmates [Shapiro, 1974]. Is 'informed, voluntary consent' a viable concept when dealing with an incarcerated individual? Date: 1974-01-01 Tags: legal,operations,policy,mental_health Sources: Shapiro, M. H. 'Legislating the Control of Behavior Control: Autonomy and the Coercive Use of Organic Therapies' (1974) - [reported] Warden-Case Manager agreement in parole recommendations In none of the sampled files did the Warden disagree with the Case Manager. Generally, Wardens restricted their comments to agreement with the Case Manager and a corresponding assessment of the inmate's potential as a successful parolee. Tags: parole,operations,staffing Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS success may depend on leadership and personnel attitudes Research suggests that ETS success may depend, in part, on leadership qualities, conservatism, and the 'definition of the situation' held by the personnel involved in implementation. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] FBI Transcript delay in ETS classification Classification is dependent upon receipt of the FBI Transcript which may take as long as 6 weeks to arrive, thereby delaying the rest of the assessment process and the inmate's involvement in institutional programs. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,data_gap Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Behavior change programs require voluntary informed consent and client participation In order to safeguard the clients' rights such programs require voluntary, informed consent and client participation in the program's decision-making process [Braukmann et al., 1975]. Date: 1975-01-01 Tags: legal,operations,policy Sources: Braukmann, Curtis J.; Fixsen, Dean L.; Phillips, Elery L.; Wolf, Montrose M. 'Behavioral Approaches to Treatment in the Crime and Delinquency Field' (1975) - [reported] Organizational diversity limits implementation of change Wilson has argued that organizational diversity generates ideas and proposals for change within organizations, but he suggests that the same diversity limits the implementation of any specific one. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] 60-day timeline problem for Extended Assessment at young offender institution Complying with the 60-day timeline for Extended Assessment has posed a particular problem for one of the larger young offender institutions because of the delay in obtaining the inmate's FBI Transcript. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Some prison behavior programs aimed at institutional control rather than rehabilitation Frequently, the goal of these programs in penal institutions has been the preservation of the institution's authoritarian control. While some programs have been designed to provide academic and vocational skills to inmates, others have been directed toward making the inmates less troublesome and adjusting them to the needs of the institution [Brown, et al., 1975]. Date: 1975-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,conditions Sources: Brown, Bertram S., MD; Wienckowski, Louis A., Ph.D.; Stolz, Stephanie B., Ph.D. Behavior Modification: Perspective on a Current Issue (1975) - [reported] Program change frequency associated with decentralization Hage and Aiken have found that a high frequency of program changes is associated with decentralization, low procedural formalization, and high complexity. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] County camps difficulty with timely Extended Assessment completion Several county camps have experienced difficulty in timely completion of the Extended Assessment process, since Case Managers are often responsible for a number of other institutional duties in addition to carrying a caseload. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,staffing,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Positive reinforcement programs may not require highly trained professionals Silber suggests that a higher success rate may result from the use of positive reinforcement to increase appropriate behavior. This modality has the additional advantage of not requiring a staff of highly trained professionals. Line staff, in turn, frequently experience increased morale as they assume this new helping role. Date: 1976-01-01 Tags: staffing,operations,rehabilitation Sources: Silber, David E. 'The Place of Behavior Therapy in Correction' (1976) - [reported] Ault describes Operation Performance program to combat overcrowding Ault reviews the conditions within Georgia's correctional system from his vantage point as Commissioner, Department of Corrections/Offender Rehabilitation. He discusses the problems of overcrowding and a negative correctional philosophy and then outlines a program -- Operation Performance -- designed to combat those problems. Essentially, this program provides a correctional continuum allowing the offender to pass from intensive supervision on probation or within a prison to maintenance supervision or early termination of the sentence. Date: 1975-01-01 Tags: policy,conditions,operations,parole Sources: The Public Position on the Status of the Correctional System (Ault, 1975) - [reported] DOR deficiency declarations Only two inmates have been declared 'deficient' by DOR thus far under ETS. In both cases formal notice of this deficiency was provided to the Parole Board, along with the projected date on which the deficiency would be satisfied. Both inmates met the deficiency criterion of more than six months in a time-out status. Neither inmate has been granted parole by the Board at this review. Tags: parole,operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] County camp reported Supervisor's Evaluation not required Personnel at one of the county camps reported that the Supervisor's Evaluation was not required documentation at that facility, even on a quarterly basis. The perception is unique to this institution and is not shared by any other ETS managers. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] McKee predicts performance-contingent parole development 1971-1976 McKee offers a number of predictions concerning the development of corrections over the period from 1971 through 1976; one of the more significant of these predictions is 'performance-contingent parole.' This concept requires 'precise specification of behaviors and skills--developed through an individualized assessment and prescriptive process--necessary to earn parole.' Date: 1971-01-01 Tags: parole,policy,operations Sources: McKee, John M. New Directions in Corrections (1971) - [reported] Fitzgerald study found time off probation not as reinforcing as point-bought activities The results indicate that time off probation is not as reinforcing as the activities that could be 'bought' with accumulated points. Fitzgerald speculates that the payoff of time off probation was too far away to act as a reinforcer. Or, possibly, time off probation may not be as reinforcing as was originally assumed. Date: 1974-01-01 Tags: parole,operations,policy Sources: Contingency Contracting with Juvenile Offenders (Fitzgerald, 1974) - [reported] ETS implementation timeline The Earned Time System has existed as legislation for 15 months as of the evaluation date. Approximately half of that time was expended in normal start-up operations: forms to be printed and disseminated, procedures to be formulated, computer systems to be developed, and staff to be trained. Many state institutions did not receive their first Earned Time inmates until the end of 1976; many county institutions have yet to receive more than 20 Earned Time offenders. Tags: policy,operations,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Classification Committee rarely rejects Performance Plan content Several Classification Committee members indicated that their review rarely, if ever, resulted in their rejection of any portion of an inmate's Plan. The Case Manager is generally perceived as the best arbiter of the Performance Plan's content. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Friedman and Mann study found staff recidivism predictions only slightly better than chance Two factors emerge as key influences on staff predictions: (1) the level of seriousness and degree of violence of the youth's most serious offense; and (2) the extent to which the youth was liked. The first factor resulted in a negative prediction; the second, in a positive. Overall, however, predictions were only slightly better than chance. Date: 1976-01-01 Tags: reentry,operations,violence Sources: Recidivism: the Fallacy of Prediction (Friedman and Mann, 1976) - [reported] No inmates chose straight time under ETS It is unlikely that many inmates will choose to serve straight time, and to date none have. Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Security classification, not race, is salient factor in privilege awards The salient factor in privilege award disparities seems to be security classification rather than race. Black inmates in lower security classifications at the sampled institutions comprised 47.4% of the population, but received 70% of the privileges. White inmates in lower security classifications comprised 42.6% of the population, but received 75.7% of the privileges. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,demographics Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Counselor-inmate ratio inversely related to file completeness As the counselor-inmate ratio increases from institution to institution, the percentage of file completeness decreases. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,staffing Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Holland recommends behavior change systems controlled by those undergoing change He concludes with a suggestion that the best system of behavior change would be controlled by the people who are to undergo that change, rather than by a goal-setting third party. Date: 1975-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,conditions Sources: Behavior Modification for Prisoners, Patients, and other People as a Prescription for the Planned Society (Holland, 1975) - [reported] Lack of upper management support for ETS at some institutions At several institutions the lack of completed documentation in the file could best be explained by a lack of support on the part of upper management for the entire ETS concept. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,staffing Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Braukmann et al. recommend consumer satisfaction components in program evaluation The authors suggest continued emphasis on skills that are readily transferable to the natural environment. They also recommend development of effective training procedures for teaching staff these 'client-preferred interactions and treatment styles.' Finally, they suggest that program evaluation be more systematic and definitive and that 'consumer satisfaction' components be included to ensure that clients' needs are being met. Date: 1975-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,reentry,methodology Sources: Behavioral Approaches to Treatment in the Crime and Delinquency Field (Braukmann et al., 1975) - [reported] County camp created in-house form to replace Quarterly Review Summary One of the larger county camps responded to procedural requirements for a Quarterly Review Summary by producing their own in-house form to replace it. At the time of the evaluation visit, neither form had yet been used to record an inmate's progress. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] McArthur surveyed inmate grievance mechanisms in 209 American prisons McArthur, Virginia. 'Inmate Grievance Mechanisms: A Survey of 209 American Prisons.' Federal Probation (December 1974), 41-47. Date: 1974-01-01 Tags: operations,legal,conditions Sources: Inmate Grievance Mechanisms: A Survey of 209 American Prisons (McArthur, 1974) - [reported] Habituality determination delays Extended Assessment Timely completion of the Extended Assessment presents a particular problem for those institutions with a diagnostic component, since they must await the inmate's FBI Transcript before classifying him on the participation status form. Tags: operations,policy,staffing Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Smaller state institution with low ETS implementation At one of the smaller state institutions a pervasive attitude that the system is too time-consuming and at odds with general counseling goals is reflected in low percentages of implementation in the case management area and total absence of a performance rating system. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,staffing,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [estimated] Female offenders may serve shorter sentences The difference in the proportions seems to indicate that female offenders are serving shorter sentences than are males. This may, of course, be due to a larger proportion of the female population being misdemeanants than the comparable proportion of the male population. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: demographics,legal,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS evaluation framework includes 5 limited objectives The ETS evaluation framework identifies 5 limited objectives: (1) provide a positive motivation model and reward positive behavior, (2) insure individualized attention supporting improved performance, (3) change a negative punitive environment into a positive learning environment, (4) more effectively use limited resources, and (5) release inmates upon demonstration of responsible potential for community adjustment. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,reentry Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Performance Plan development inhibiting factors The development of effective Performance Plans is inhibited by several factors: (1) lack of precision by Case Managers in specifying inmate needs in terms of assessment rather than available programs; (2) conflicting practices at several institutions prescribing a 'holding pattern' of up to six months before program eligibility; (3) inability of Case Managers to specify enrollment dates; and (4) a pervasive sense of pressure to comply with the ETS 60-day time stricture, often at the expense of counseling sessions. Tags: operations,policy,staffing Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS evaluation framework identifies 3 purposes The ETS evaluation framework identifies 3 purposes: (1) protect public safety, (2) provide for a public accounting of the system, and (3) change the current assumptions of rehabilitation. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Intake Assessment mean entries by category During Intake Assessment heaviest emphasis is placed on Education (Mean, 3.9), followed by Work (3.7), Vocational (2.7) and Problem Behavior (2.4). Medical has a deceptively inflated mean of 6.7 because all inmates must be evaluated in 6 medical areas, with only the additional comment being voluntary. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS evaluation framework identifies 3 problems The ETS evaluation framework identifies 3 problems: (1) overcrowding and potential for violence in prisons, (2) fragmented service delivery process, and (3) passive view of the inmate's role and a negative good time system. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,conditions,violence,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Extended Assessment mean entries by category During the Extended Assessment period Work (1.6) receives most emphasis followed by Education (1.1), Leisure (0.97) and Vocational (0.96). Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS evaluation framework identifies 3 problem indicators The ETS evaluation framework identifies 3 problem indicators: (1) population greater than design capacity, (2) low rate of successful program terminations, and (3) high recidivism and revocation rates. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,conditions,recidivism,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Performance Plan mean entries by category On the Performance Plan, mean scores appear as follows: Education (0.92), Work (0.90), Vocational (0.78), and Problem Behavior (0.78). Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Case Manager specificity on Inmate Evaluation vs Parole Review Summary Case Managers tend to be more specific and seemingly more comprehensive on the Inmate Evaluation than on the Parole Review Summary. The more specific questions on the Inmate Evaluation concerning program involvement and behavior patterns seem to elicit correspondingly more specific responses. Entries on the Summary range from comprehensive evaluative statements to non-specific summaries that might apply equally to any inmate. Tags: parole,operations,staffing Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] 60-day period insufficient for new inmate information The high rate of 'No change' entries reflects observations by staff that a 60-day period is not sufficiently long for them to ascertain any new information about an inmate, even of a purely behavioral nature. One medium-sized state institution used the notation in 60% of their total Extended Assessment entries. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Low vocational program completion rate explanation Low completion rates for vocational programs are easily interpreted as verification that new inmates are generally added to the bottom of extensive waiting lists for entry into these vocational programs. As classroom space occurs, it is apportioned first to those inmates whose names have been on the list for the longest period of time. Tags: operations,policy,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS parole decisions may be little influenced by ETS The evaluation notes that many parole decisions are influenced by criteria impossible to quantify, and it may well be that parole decisions will be little influenced by ETS. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: parole,policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Work obligations may preclude education program enrollment Case Managers at several institutions reported that an inmate must comply with Work obligations before being allowed to enroll in a prescribed Education program. After 8 hours on an outside work detail, the inmate seems to lose some motivation for evening classes. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,education Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS implementation varied by institution Institutions have generally built upon what they had already developed, with the result that facilities with a strong, performance-based privilege system in the past have a similar system under ETS; institutions that had evolved a well-documented case history process have simply altered it to meet the new documentation requirements of ETS. Conversely, processes that did not function at certain institutions under Good Time are not functioning at the present under Earned Time. Tags: policy,operations,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Parole Board file contains diverse information items The Parole Board file on an inmate includes extensive social histories, legal reports of the crime, occasionally an updated case study and, on some inmates, a psychological profile. An inmate's behavior during incarceration forms only a small part of the total data file collected on him by the Parole Board. Tags: parole,operations,mental_health Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Discrepancy between staff perceptions and Intake-Extended agreement data The consistently high level of agreement between Intake and Extended (86%) is at some variance with staff perceptions. Institutional personnel at differing administrative levels conveyed their perception that diagnostic data included in the Intake was often not borne out by the actual behavior of the inmate at the institution. These observations are not reflected in the Extended Assessments at these institutions. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,data_gap,staffing Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Highest Intake-Extended correspondence at diagnostic or low-ratio institutions The highest levels of Intake-Extended correspondence were observed (1) at institutions with a diagnostic mission or component, so that inmates assigned to the permanent population had been assessed initially by colleagues, or (2) at institutions with a low counselor-inmate ratio, allowing more contact hours for assessment on the part of the Case Manager. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,staffing,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Watkins model emphasizes correctional officer as behavior shaper John C. Watkins' model for institutional behavior change emphasizes the correctional officer as the most important 'behavior shaper' who relates to the inmate in a non-treatment setting, and includes transfer to special quarters for inmates who have progressed through various stages of positive behavioral change. Tags: operations,policy,mental_health Sources: Watkins, 'Organization of Institutional Resources for Behavior Change' (1967) - [reported] McKee predicts performance-contingent parole John M. McKee's 1971 address predicted 'performance-contingent parole' requiring precise specification of behaviors and skills necessary to earn parole, citing success at the Karl Holton School for Boys in Stockton, California. Date: 1971-01-01 Tags: parole,policy,operations Sources: McKee, 'New Directions in Corrections' (1971) - [confirmed] Correspondence drops at Need assessment stage Need assessment marks a significant point in the Plan development process, because at this juncture the level of correspondence drops in every category in systemwide comparison and at 11 of the 14 individual institutions sampled. Two of the other three gained an average of three percentage points. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Silber reviews behavior therapy techniques in corrections David E. Silber's 1976 article reviews behavior therapy techniques used to correct antisocial behavior, including aversive conditioning programs using drugs or electric shocks, and suggests positive reinforcement may yield higher success rates without requiring highly trained professionals. Date: 1976-01-01 Tags: mental_health,operations,policy Sources: Silber, 'The Place of Behavior Therapy in Correction' (1976) - [reported] Case Managers difficulty utilizing diagnostic data The drop from 86% Intake-Extended agreement to 69% Extended-Need agreement seems to indicate some difficulty on the part of Case Managers to utilize diagnostic data effectively in assessing the inmate's need or objective in a given area. In some cases a verified need from the Extended Assessment was re-cast to correspond with institutional program offerings, rather than being addressed with the notation that the 'needed program is not available at this institution.' Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,data_gap Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] 'Habitual' offender designation flagged as triple penalty The report flags the offender classified as 'habitual' as a potential problem area: his sentence length is probably already longer as the result of the judge's consideration of his past offenses; his chances for favorable parole consideration are lessened because of his criminal history and return-to-prison rate; and he earns at a lower rate than the non-habitual. This triple penalty may have serious consequences for the corrections system if it is not soon mitigated, possibly through the elimination of the 'habitual' designation. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,legal,parole,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Smith and Berlin discuss self-determination in corrections Alexander B. Smith and Louis Berlin's 1974 article discusses self-determination for involuntary clients (prisoners), noting that non-submission to casework process carries punishment including non-eligibility for early parole, and cites Henry Miller's contention that offenders should have the right to refuse rehabilitation and simply 'do his time.' Date: 1974-01-01 Tags: parole,policy,legal,mental_health Sources: Smith and Berlin, 'Self-Determination in Welfare and Corrections' (1974) - [reported] Webb et al. call for more comprehensive recidivism definition Webb, Hoffman, Wakefield, and Snell's 1976 article reports that recidivist literature generally accepts a simplistic definition of recidivism and suggests supplementing recidivist measures with relative severity of second vs. first offense, cumulative time outside correctional system, and unemployment time. Date: 1976-01-01 Tags: recidivism,methodology,reentry Sources: Webb et al., 'Recidivism: In Search of a More Comprehensive Definition' (1976) - [reported] Milan and McKee report on cellblock token economy Milan and McKee's 1976 article reports on token reinforcement procedures in a maximum security correctional institution for adult male felons. Date: 1976-01-01 Tags: operations,mental_health,policy Sources: Milan and McKee, 'The Cellblock Token Economy' (1976) - [reported] Low Activity-to-Date correspondence interpretations Low levels of Activity-to-Date correspondence may be interpreted in various ways: (1) Case Managers may have no way of determining when an inmate will be enrolled in a prescribed program; (2) traditional practice at an institution may require that an inmate serve in a probationary status for a given period of time and 'earn' enrollment in programs or assignment to better details; (3) management and staff may perceive compliance with ETS procedures to be achieved when the paperwork is completed, rather than when the inmate is participating in needed activities. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] No PAD had received final approval at time of evaluation All Performance Activity Descriptions (PADs) were granted 'provisional approval' pending final review for standardization. At the time of writing, final approval had not yet been designated for any PAD. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,data_gap Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Highest Plan development correspondence at low counselor-inmate ratio institutions Generally, the highest levels of correspondence across all stages of the Plan development process seem to occur at institutions with low counselor-inmate ratios. Coincidentally, these seem also to be the institutions most amenable to change and to adopting a new philosophy of dealing with the offender. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,staffing,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Inmates may cooperate with programs to improve parole chances or relieve monotony The pressures that militate against a positive response are numerous; for example, inmates generally believe that they will improve their chances for early parole by cooperating with institutional officials' requests to participate in any program; or they may feel that participation will be a welcome relief from the monotony of prison life. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: parole,operations,conditions Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Smith and Berlin discuss self-determination of voluntary and involuntary clients Smith and Berlin consider this issue of the amount of self-determination allowed to both a 'voluntary' client, e.g., a welfare recipient, and to an 'involuntary' client, e.g., a prisoner. They observe that both classes are forced to submit to the casework process in which a counselor probes intrapsychic areas that may have nothing to do with the client's financial status or his incarceration. Non-submission to this process carries its own punishment: in the former case, loss of welfare benefits; in the latter, non-eligibility for early parole. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: parole,operations,policy,mental_health Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Quarterly Review Summary entries lack continuity Staff do not display many skills in completing the Quarterly Review Summary. Entries tend to be terse phrases that convey little information by way of update. Often the entries do not reflect the inmate's enrollment in programs cited on the Performance Plan; or progress is occasionally noted in a program that is not indicated on the inmate's Performance Plan. Overall, this particular documentation seems to lack continuity, a vital element in any effective case management process. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,data_gap Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Miller contends freedom of choice includes freedom to refuse treatment They also discuss Sociologist Henry Miller's contention that freedom of choice includes freedom to refuse treatment, provided one is willing to accept the consequences. Miller extends this assertion to the situation of the offender--who should have the right to refuse rehabilitation and simply 'do his time'. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: legal,operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Good time removal becomes aversive control procedure in automatic award systems As Smith remarks, the removal of good time in the former institutions becomes another of the more relied-upon control procedures for institutional management, with little concern about the negative side effects of this policy upon any existing programs that emphasize rehabilitation. In effect, this variety of good time award becomes an aversive control procedure at these institutions. Date: 1975-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,parole Sources: Smith, Robert R. 'A Survey of Good Time Policies and Practices in American Correctional Agencies' (1975) - [reported] Justice model proponents do not recommend discontinuing institutional programs It is important to note that they do not recommend that institutional programs be discontinued; only that an inmate's participation be truly voluntary and not tied to any decisions concerning his release. Tags: policy,operations,parole,legal Sources: Fogel, David. We are the Living Proof: The Justice Model for Corrections (1975); Lipton, Douglas; Martinson, Robert; Wilks, Judith. The Effectiveness of Correctional Treatment (1975); MacNamara, Donal E. 'The Medical Model in Corrections' (1977) - [reported] Justice model may never be fully adopted but contributes to dialogue The model itself may never be fully adopted by any correctional system but, certainly, the controversy that it has generated will contribute a new dimension to the dialogue concerning the function of prisons in our society. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,legal Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS coordinator quarterly privilege sampling recommended In order to monitor equity, ETS Coordinators or Supervisors might randomly sample privileges on a quarterly basis and compare the privilege mix with an institutional profile. Any radical change from one quarter to the next could then be identified before a problem developed. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Inmate committee to channel privilege recommendations In an effort to ensure that privileges are, in fact, motivators for inmates, a committee of inmates could be established at each facility to channel inmate recommendations concerning privileges to appropriate administrators. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] No inmate has declined ETS participation To date no inmate has decided not to participate in ETS. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS Performance Plan retains specificity of contingency contract Although the Earned Time System Performance Plan does not obligate the offender in the same consequential manner as does the contingency contract, it retains the element of specificity introduced by that contact. By his signature the inmate agrees to participate in a clearly defined program of activities based upon his assessed needs and personal objectives. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,rehabilitation Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Highest QRS means at newest institutions and smaller state institution Generally, the highest Quarterly Review Summary means were recorded at the state's newest institutions, where staff did not have to unlearn one case management process and replace it with another, and at a smaller state institution where staff expressed a notable degree of concern regarding case management processes. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,staffing Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] PAD review and standardization recommended A concerted effort should be encouraged for pertinent program staff to review and standardize the Performance Activity Descriptions so that final approval may be designated by Central Office. Their specific use by Activity Supervisors is then recommended as a method of ensuring objectivity in the rating process. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS expands case recording system with separate transaction documents The Earned Time System also continues and expands the idea of a case recording system by introducing separate transaction documents to fulfill different recording needs. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Supervisor's Evaluation comments generally one sentence or less Comments on the Supervisor's Evaluation were generally restricted to one sentence or less. This brevity may reflect the impact on the amount of time or the degree of familiarity with the inmate allowed to the Activity Supervisor with a large detail. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,staffing,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] PN and PER are core of performance rating process The Performance Notice (PN) and Performance Exception Report (PER) are the core of the performance rating process. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS case management process described as vehicle for accountability The case management process is a vehicle for Departmental accountability at the primary level of interaction with the inmate. The case record is an accurate depiction and an ongoing history of both the events in the inmate's life and the numerous encounters between him and the Department. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Academic supervisors use PAD specifics more than others Performance reports are most often written in terms of specifics delineated in the PAD when the activity is an academic one. Other supervisors seem to phrase their observations in terms of productivity alone. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Training recommended to expand excellent performance descriptions Although productivity is a key concern of any work detail supervisor, further training efforts might be directed at encouraging them to expand their description of excellent performance. The importance of the supervisor's role in the inmate's learning experience deserves constant reiteration. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Unsatisfactory report implies different deficiency than Disciplinary Report The 'Unsatisfactory' monthly report implies a different deficiency on the part of the inmate and a different way of dealing with it than does the Disciplinary Report. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) STATISTICS (195) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Use of Force Reports at state institutions FY76 The total number of Use of Force reports written at state institutions during FY76 was 161, for an average monthly rate of 13 reports. Value: 161.0 reports Tags: violence,operations,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Supervisor's Evaluation present in only 40% of sampled files The Supervisor's Evaluation (SE), the primary transaction document for periodic assessment of inmate performance under the Earned Time System, was present in only 40% of the files sampled during the first annual evaluation. Value: 40.0 percent Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,methodology_note Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Georgia prison design capacity in 1975 Georgia's correctional system was designed for 4,200 inmates in 1975, but the figure changes each year. Value: 4200.0 inmates Date: 1975-01-01 Tags: facilities,demographics,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Total ETS sample size for institutional files The total sample size for the evaluation of institutional files was 156 cases, representing 28% of Earned Time inmates assigned longer than 60 days. Value: 156.0 cases (vs. 28 percent of E's assigned longer than 60 days) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology_note Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Georgia inmate population exceeded design capacity at ETS enactment At the time of Dr. Allen Ault's public position paper (1975), Georgia's institutions housed more than 11,000 inmates in facilities designed to hold 4,200. Value: 11000.0 inmates (vs. 4200 design capacity) Date: 1975-01-01 Tags: overcrowding,facilities,conditions Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Use of Force Reports at county institutions FY76 The total number of Use of Force reports written at county institutions during FY76 was 12, for an average monthly rate of 1 report. Value: 12.0 reports Tags: violence,operations,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Georgia prison overcrowding rate in 1975 Georgia's correctional system was at 195% of design capacity in 1975, with a baseline of 8,200 inmates against a 4,200 design capacity. Value: 195.0 percent (vs. 8200 inmates vs 4200 design capacity) Date: 1975-01-01 Tags: facilities,demographics,conditions Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Georgia inmate population exceeds capacity by nearly 3x At the time of the evaluation, Georgia's institutions housed more than 11,000 inmates in facilities designed to hold 4,200. Value: 11000.0 inmates (vs. 4200 design capacity) Tags: demographics,facilities,conditions Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Total Earned Time inmates permanently assigned longer than 60 days Across all institutions sampled, 568 Earned Time inmates were permanently assigned longer than 60 days out of 2,088 total E's at sampling. Value: 568.0 inmates (vs. 2088 total E's at sampling) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,demographics Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Use of Force Reports at state institutions FY77 The total number of Use of Force reports written at state institutions during FY77 was 129, for an average monthly rate of 10.8 reports. Value: 129.0 reports Tags: violence,operations,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Square footage per inmate in Georgia prisons in 1975 In 1975, Georgia prison dormitories provided 36 square feet per inmate and cells provided 42 square feet per inmate, below the standard of 56 square feet per inmate. Value: 36.0 square feet (vs. 56 standard square feet per inmate) Date: 1975-01-01 Tags: facilities,conditions Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] GDCC Earned Time inmates permanently assigned longer than 60 days At GDCC, 30 Earned Time inmates were permanently assigned longer than 60 days out of 644 total E's at sampling; 20 files were sampled (66% of E > 60). The 644 figure includes inmates present for diagnostic processing, not necessarily assigned to GDCC. Value: 30.0 inmates (vs. 644 total E's at sampling) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Use of Force Reports at county institutions FY77 The total number of Use of Force reports written at county institutions during FY77 was 10, for an average monthly rate of 0.83 reports. Value: 10.0 reports Tags: violence,operations,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Cell square footage per inmate in Georgia prisons in 1975 In 1975, Georgia prison cells provided 42 square feet per inmate, below the standard of 56 square feet per inmate. Value: 42.0 square feet (vs. 56 standard square feet per inmate) Date: 1975-01-01 Tags: facilities,conditions Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] GIl Earned Time inmates permanently assigned longer than 60 days At GIl, 31 Earned Time inmates were permanently assigned longer than 60 days out of 330 total E's at sampling; 19 files were sampled (61% of E > 60). The 330 figure includes inmates assigned to V.R. caseload. Value: 31.0 inmates (vs. 330 total E's at sampling) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Counselor caseloads of 190 at Southwest District institution At a smaller state institution in the Southwest District, counselors were faced with caseloads of 190 each yet, encouraged by upper management, developed Performance Plans in a thorough if not timely manner. Value: 190.0 inmates per counselor Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: staffing,operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Baseline disciplinary reports per 1,000 inmates in Georgia prisons in 1974 In 1974, Georgia prisons had a baseline of 595 overall disciplinary reports and 47 violent disciplinary reports per 1,000 inmates. Value: 595.0 disciplinary reports per 1,000 inmates (vs. 47 violent disciplinary reports per 1,000 inmates) Date: 1974-01-01 Tags: violence,operations,conditions Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] GSP Earned Time inmates permanently assigned longer than 60 days At GSP, 154 Earned Time inmates were permanently assigned longer than 60 days out of 367 total E's at sampling; 15 files were sampled (10% of E > 60). Value: 154.0 inmates (vs. 367 total E's at sampling) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Three-year recidivism rate for 1971 Georgia prison exits The recidivism rate was 53% (3-year tracking period) for 1971 exits from Georgia prisons. Value: 53.0 percent Tags: recidivism,reentry Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Fulton CCI Earned Time inmates permanently assigned longer than 60 days At Fulton CCI, 98 Earned Time inmates were permanently assigned longer than 60 days out of 118 total E's at sampling; 10 files were sampled (10% of E > 60). Value: 98.0 inmates (vs. 118 total E's at sampling) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Annual reentry rate for revoked parolees and probationers in Georgia The annual reentry rate for revoked parolees and probationers in Georgia was approximately 17%. Value: 17.0 percent Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: parole,reentry,recidivism Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Clarke CCI Earned Time inmates permanently assigned longer than 60 days At Clarke CCI, 13 Earned Time inmates were permanently assigned longer than 60 days out of 15 total E's at sampling; 4 files were sampled (31% of E > 60). Value: 13.0 inmates (vs. 15 total E's at sampling) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] 53 varied privilege lists developed across institutions Each institution was encouraged by ETS program personnel to develop its own privilege list, tailoring it to its specific inmate population and available facilities. This approach resulted in some 53 varied lists of privileges, each of different size or content. Value: 53.0 privilege lists Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Chatham CCI Earned Time inmates permanently assigned longer than 60 days At Chatham CCI, 20 Earned Time inmates were permanently assigned longer than 60 days out of 54 total E's at sampling; 10 files were sampled (50% of E > 60). Value: 20.0 inmates (vs. 54 total E's at sampling) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [estimated] ETS man-year savings at 100% performance At 100% performance under the Earned Time System, the total decrease in man-years was 631 across sentence lengths of 1-10 years. Value: 631.0 man-years Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] GT&DC Earned Time inmates permanently assigned longer than 60 days At GT&DC, 30 Earned Time inmates were permanently assigned longer than 60 days out of 69 total E's at sampling; 10 files were sampled (33% of E > 60). Value: 30.0 inmates (vs. 69 total E's at sampling) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS inmates vocational program completion rate The Earned Time population produced only 1 successful completion (or 1.7% of terminations) in 20 selected vocational programs during a 12-month period, while the previous year's new admissions generated 16 successful completions or 11% of all terminations. Value: 1.7 percent (vs. 11 First year cohort completion rate) Tags: operations,policy,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Master ETS privilege list contains 68 different privileges The master privilege list for the Earned Time System presently contains 68 different privileges. Not every privilege is available at every institution, although one privilege does appear almost universally on individual institution lists: the telephone call. Value: 68.0 privileges Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [estimated] ETS man-year savings at 50% performance At 50% performance under the Earned Time System, the total decrease in man-years was 47 across sentence lengths of 1-10 years. Value: 47.0 man-years Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] GWCI Earned Time inmates permanently assigned longer than 60 days At GWCI, 25 Earned Time inmates were permanently assigned longer than 60 days out of 162 total E's at sampling; 11 files were sampled (44% of E > 60). Value: 25.0 inmates (vs. 162 total E's at sampling) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Transfers as reason for vocational program termination For the four quarters tracked in the selected vocational programs, transfers accounted for 43% of Earned Time inmate terminations and 19% of the first year cohort terminations. During the second quarter of incarceration, 5 of the 6 program terminations for ETS inmates were for transfers, while 1 of the 10 terminations for the first year cohort was for transfer. Value: 43.0 percent (vs. 19 First year cohort transfer termination rate) Tags: transfers,operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Telephone call available at 48 of 53 institutions (91%) The telephone call privilege appears on 48 of 53 institutional privilege lists, or 91% of lists, making it the most frequently recurring privilege in terms of availability. Value: 48.0 institutions (vs. 53 total institutions with privilege lists) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [estimated] ETS man-year savings at 90% performance At 90% performance under the Earned Time System, the total decrease in man-years was 539 across sentence lengths of 1-10 years. Value: 539.0 man-years Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Gwinnett CCI Earned Time inmates permanently assigned longer than 60 days At Gwinnett CCI, 14 Earned Time inmates were permanently assigned longer than 60 days out of 20 total E's at sampling; 6 files were sampled (43% of E > 60). Value: 14.0 inmates (vs. 20 total E's at sampling) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS inmates academic program completion rate Earned Time inmates sustained a successful academic program completion rate ranging from 21% to 27% over four quarters, while the first year cohort showed a steady increase from 17% to 39% successful completions over the same period. Value: 21.0 percent (vs. 17 First year cohort starting completion rate) Tags: operations,policy,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Extra or extended visit available at 41 of 53 institutions (77%) The extra or extended visit privilege appears on 41 of 53 institutional privilege lists, or 77% of lists, making it the second most frequently recurring privilege. Value: 41.0 institutions (vs. 53 total institutions with privilege lists) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS active inmate population in county institutions There were 3,670 active inmates in ETS county institutions and 5,113 active inmates in non-ETS county institutions, totaling 8,783. Value: 8783.0 inmates Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: demographics,facilities,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Lee CI Earned Time inmates permanently assigned longer than 60 days At Lee CI, 19 Earned Time inmates were permanently assigned longer than 60 days out of 63 total E's at sampling; 9 files were sampled (47% of E > 60). Value: 19.0 inmates (vs. 63 total E's at sampling) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Academic program terminations due to transfer Academic program terminations due to transfer were higher for the Earned Time group than for 1975's new admissions: 23% over four quarters versus 18%. Value: 23.0 percent (vs. 18 First year cohort transfer termination rate) Tags: transfers,operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Supervised fishing trip available at 23 of 53 institutions (43%) The supervised fishing trip privilege appears on 23 of 53 institutional privilege lists, or 43% of lists, making it the third most frequently recurring privilege. Value: 23.0 institutions (vs. 53 total institutions with privilege lists) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Felon proportion in ETS county institutions In ETS county institutions, 96% of active inmates were felons (3,539 of 3,670), compared to 99% in non-ETS county institutions (5,092 of 5,113). Value: 96.0 percent (vs. 99 percent felons in non-ETS county institutions) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Montgomery CI Earned Time inmates permanently assigned longer than 60 days At Montgomery CI, 31 Earned Time inmates were permanently assigned longer than 60 days out of 78 total E's at sampling; 10 files were sampled (32% of E > 60). Value: 31.0 inmates (vs. 78 total E's at sampling) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Combined program transfer termination rates Overall transfer termination rates are higher for ETS inmates than for the first year cohort: 38% vs. 27%; the non-Earned Time segment of the present population averages a 26% rate of program termination due to transfer. Value: 38.0 percent (vs. 27 First year cohort transfer termination rate) Tags: transfers,operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Detail change available at 17 of 53 institutions (32%) The detail change privilege appears on 17 of 53 institutional privilege lists, or 32% of lists, making it the fourth most frequently recurring privilege. Value: 17.0 institutions (vs. 53 total institutions with privilege lists) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Misdemeanant proportion in ETS county institutions In ETS county institutions, 3.6% of active inmates were misdemeanants (131 of 3,670), compared to 1% in non-ETS county institutions (21 of 5,113). Value: 3.6 percent (vs. 1 percent misdemeanants in non-ETS county institutions) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Stone Mountain CI Earned Time inmates permanently assigned longer than 60 days At Stone Mountain CI, 11 Earned Time inmates were permanently assigned longer than 60 days out of 16 total E's at sampling; 7 files were sampled (68% of E > 60). Value: 11.0 inmates (vs. 16 total E's at sampling) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Day off work or activity available at 15 of 53 institutions (28%) The day off work or activity privilege appears on 15 of 53 institutional privilege lists, or 28% of lists, making it the fifth most frequently recurring privilege. Value: 15.0 institutions (vs. 53 total institutions with privilege lists) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] White male proportion in ETS county institutions In ETS county institutions, 42% of active inmates were white males (1,552 of 3,670), compared to 34% in non-ETS county institutions (1,724 of 5,113). Value: 42.0 percent (vs. 34 percent white males in non-ETS county institutions) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Terrell CCI Earned Time inmates permanently assigned longer than 60 days At Terrell CCI, 19 Earned Time inmates were permanently assigned longer than 60 days out of 23 total E's at sampling; 9 files were sampled (47% of E > 60). Value: 19.0 inmates (vs. 23 total E's at sampling) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] More than half of American correctional agencies award good time automatically More than half (31) of American correctional agencies award good time automatically and take it away for prohibited behavior. Seventeen other agencies award good time contingent upon satisfactory work performance and/or conduct. Value: 31.0 agencies (vs. 17 agencies with contingent good time) Date: 1975-01-01 Tags: policy,parole,operations Sources: Smith, Robert R. 'A Survey of Good Time Policies and Practices in American Correctional Agencies' (1975); Smith, 'A Survey of Good Time Policies and Practices in American Correctional Agencies' (1975) - [reported] Parole Review Summary presence in sampled files A Parole Review Summary, or an Inmate Evaluation, or both, were present in all 46 of the sampled files of inmates due for parole consideration. Value: 46.0 files Tags: parole,operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Privilege list size ranges from 1 to 13 items Individual privilege lists range from a high of 13 items at a former Youthful Offender institution to a low of 1 at the institution for older and infirm inmates. Officials at the latter facility point out that the base list of daily privileges already accorded these inmates as a function of being assigned to this institution is so extensive as to preclude any additions. Value: 13.0 privileges (vs. 1 minimum list size) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Non-white male proportion in ETS county institutions In ETS county institutions, 51% of active inmates were non-white males (1,896 of 3,670), compared to 63% in non-ETS county institutions (3,208 of 5,113). Value: 51.0 percent (vs. 63 percent non-white males in non-ETS county institutions) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] West CCI Earned Time inmates permanently assigned longer than 60 days At West CCI, 56 Earned Time inmates were permanently assigned longer than 60 days out of 56 total E's at sampling; 11 files were sampled (20% of E > 60). Value: 56.0 inmates (vs. 56 total E's at sampling) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Performance Plans in sampled parole files Performance Plans were included in 13% or 6 of the sampled files of inmates due for parole consideration. Value: 13.0 percent Tags: parole,operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Mean privilege list size: 8 for state institutions, 4 for county The mean number of privileges on lists from state institutions is 8 with a median of 7.5; and from county institutions, 4 with a median of 4.5. Value: 8.0 privileges (vs. 4 county institution mean) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] White female proportion in ETS county institutions In ETS county institutions, 2% of active inmates were white females (76 of 3,670), compared to 1% in non-ETS county institutions (59 of 5,113). Value: 2.0 percent (vs. 1 percent white females in non-ETS county institutions) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Georgia Correctional Continuing Center Earned Time inmates permanently assigned longer than 60 days At Georgia Correctional Continuing Center, 68 Earned Time inmates were permanently assigned longer than 60 days out of 89 total E's at sampling; 12 files were sampled (18% of E > 60). Value: 68.0 inmates (vs. 89 total E's at sampling) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Quarterly Review Summary in sampled parole files A Quarterly Review Summary was included in 24% or 11 of the sampled files of inmates due for parole consideration. Value: 24.0 percent Tags: parole,operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Mean time between privilege award and redemption: 8.8 days Of the 1,396 privileges recorded from 11 institutions, the mean time between the date an inmate received a privilege slip and the date that he redeemed it was 8.8 days with a standard deviation of 11.3. Value: 8.8 days Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Non-white female proportion in ETS county institutions In ETS county institutions, 4% of active inmates were non-white females (146 of 3,670), compared to 2% in non-ETS county institutions (122 of 5,113). Value: 4.0 percent (vs. 2 percent non-white females in non-ETS county institutions) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Eight county institutions offer only two privileges Eight county institutions offer only two privileges while four state institutions offer fewer than six. Value: 8.0 county institutions Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Parole Board file sample size Of 175 Earned Time inmates who were either granted or denied parole since the Earned Time Law was passed, 26% or 46 of the files were sampled and given an in-depth review. The final sample included 29 inmates who had been denied parole (63%) and 17 inmates who had been granted parole (38%). Value: 46.0 files (vs. 175 total Earned Time inmates granted or denied parole) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: parole,operations,methodology_note Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Face Sheet presence in sampled parole files Face Sheets were present in 93% or 43 of the sampled files of inmates due for parole consideration. Value: 93.0 percent Tags: parole,operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] 1,396 privileges recorded from 11 institutions A total of 1,396 privileges were recorded from 11 institutions in the evaluation sample for analysis of privilege scheduling and equity. Value: 1396.0 privileges Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS active inmate population in community facilities There were 100 active inmates in ETS community facilities and 214 active inmates in non-ETS community facilities, totaling 314. Value: 314.0 inmates Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: demographics,facilities,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Four state institutions offer fewer than six privileges Four state institutions offer fewer than six privileges. Value: 4.0 state institutions Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Inmate classification noted in ETS files Of the 156 files sampled, the inmate's classification (habitual or non-habitual) was noted in 154 or 99% of the cases. Value: 154.0 files (vs. 156 total files sampled) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] DOR Case Study presence in sampled parole files DOR Case Studies were present in 46% or 21 of the sampled files of inmates due for parole consideration. Value: 46.0 percent Tags: parole,operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Average monthly privilege award rate: 0.11 The average monthly rate of privilege award actions for the 11 institutions evaluated was 0.11, with a median of 0.07. The rates range from a high of 0.22 at the former Youthful Offender institution to a low of 0 at one of the smaller state institutions. Value: 0.11 privileges per inmate per month Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Felon proportion in ETS community facilities In ETS community facilities, 64% of active inmates were felons (64 of 100), compared to 68% in non-ETS community facilities (146 of 214). Value: 64.0 percent (vs. 68 percent felons in non-ETS community facilities) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Participation status form present in ETS files The participation status form was present in 153 or 98% of the sampled files. To date no inmate has decided not to participate in ETS. Value: 153.0 files (vs. 156 total files sampled) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Complete Performance Assessment presence in sampled parole files Complete Performance Assessment Sheets were found in 44% or 20 of the sampled files of inmates due for parole consideration. An additional 13% or 6 contained only the Intake Assessment. In all, 57% or 26 of the files contained some ETS diagnostic data. Value: 44.0 percent Tags: parole,operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Misdemeanant proportion in ETS community facilities In ETS community facilities, 36% of active inmates were misdemeanants (36 of 100), compared to 32% in non-ETS community facilities (68 of 214). Value: 36.0 percent (vs. 32 percent misdemeanants in non-ETS community facilities) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Performance Assessment Sheet present in ETS files The Performance Assessment Sheet was present in 143 or 92% of the files sampled. Presence was defined as a form with the top one-third completed. Value: 143.0 files (vs. 156 total files sampled) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Intake Assessment only in sampled parole files An additional 13% or 6 of sampled parole files contained only the Intake Assessment, representing inmates assigned to a Vocational Rehabilitation counselor's caseload with no requirement for an Extended Assessment. Value: 13.0 percent Tags: parole,operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Phone call and visit privileges account for 81% of total privileges granted The two most frequently requested privileges by far were the telephone call and extended or additional visit. These accounted for 81% of the total privileges granted. Value: 81.0 percent Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] White male proportion in ETS community facilities In ETS community facilities, 12% of active inmates were white males (12 of 100), compared to 24% in non-ETS community facilities (51 of 214). Value: 12.0 percent (vs. 24 percent white males in non-ETS community facilities) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Intake Assessment completed in ETS files The Intake Assessment was completed in 141 or 90% of the cases sampled. Value: 141.0 files (vs. 156 total files sampled) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Employment Interview Data presence in sampled parole files Employment Interview Data were present in 35% or 16 of the sampled files of inmates due for parole consideration. Value: 35.0 percent Tags: parole,operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] 566 phone call privileges requested (55% of total) In all, 566 phone calls were requested or 55% of the total privileges granted. Value: 566.0 privileges Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] White female proportion in ETS community facilities In ETS community facilities, 30% of active inmates were white females (30 of 100), compared to 7% in non-ETS community facilities (15 of 214). Value: 30.0 percent (vs. 7 percent white females in non-ETS community facilities) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Extended Assessment completed in ETS files The Extended Assessment was completed in 125 or 80% of the cases sampled. Value: 125.0 files (vs. 156 total files sampled) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Computerized Psychological Profile presence in sampled parole files Computerized Psychological Profiles were present in 30% or 14 of the sampled files of inmates due for parole consideration. Value: 30.0 percent Tags: parole,operations,policy,mental_health Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] 272 visiting privileges requested (26% of total) A total of 272 visiting privileges were requested or 26% of the total privileges granted. Value: 272.0 privileges Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Non-white female proportion in ETS community facilities In ETS community facilities, 36% of active inmates were non-white females (36 of 100), compared to 17% in non-ETS community facilities (36 of 214). Value: 36.0 percent (vs. 17 percent non-white females in non-ETS community facilities) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Average entries on parole review forms range 7 to 12 The average number of entries on these forms range from 7 to 12, indicating the scarcity of concrete data items. Value: 7.0 entries minimum (vs. 12 entries maximum) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: parole,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Supervisor's Evaluations present in ETS files Supervisor's Evaluations were present in 63 or 40% of the files that were sampled. During the assessment period the need for this form is left to the discretion of the Case Manager; it is only required on a quarterly basis thereafter. Value: 63.0 files (vs. 156 total files sampled) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,staffing Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Parole Board file items from Parole Board staff Proportions present in sampled files of items provided by Parole Board staff rather than Departmental personnel: Personal History Statement 93% or 43; Pre-Parole Social 67% or 31; Pre-Parole Legal 39% or 18. Value: 93.0 percent Tags: parole,operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] 51 fishing trip privileges requested (5% of total) The next most popular privilege was the fishing trip which accounted for 51 or 5% of the total privileges granted. Value: 51.0 privileges Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Average number of inmate maxouts per year under previous good time system Under the previous good time system, the average number of inmate maxouts per year varied by sentence length: 428 for 1-year sentences, 228 for 2-year, 228 for 3-year, 73 for 4-year, 132 for 5-year, 40 for 6-year, 24 for 7-year, 19 for 8-year, 7 for 9-year, and 35 for 10-year sentences. Value: 428.0 maxouts per year Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,reentry Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Performance Plans present in ETS files Performance Plans were present in 125 or 80% of the sampled files. Of this number 108 or 69% of the total sample were at least signed, if not dated, by the Classification Committee. Value: 125.0 files (vs. 156 total files sampled) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Case Manager comments on Parole Review Summary On the Parole Review Summary, Case Managers averaged 5.1 comments and Wardens averaged 2.1 comments. Value: 5.1 comments (vs. 2.1 Warden average comments) Tags: parole,operations,staffing Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Good Time inmates show higher privilege rate than Earned Time inmates Monthly privilege rates are somewhat higher for the non-Earned Time population than they are for Earned Time inmates. Good Time inmates show an average rate of 0.11 as compared with 0.09 for Earned Time inmates. Value: 0.11 privileges per inmate per month (vs. 0.09 Earned Time inmate rate) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,demographics Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Earliest maxout for 1-year sentence under previous good time system Under the previous good time system, the earliest maxout for a 1-year sentence was 0.72 years, and the actual maxout was 0.83 years. Value: 0.72 years (vs. 0.83 actual maxout in years) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,reentry Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] DOR consists of 53 institutions Georgia's Department of Offender Rehabilitation's sub-units consist of 53 institutions of various types in addition to a central administrative support component. Value: 53.0 institutions Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: facilities,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Performance Plans signed and dated by Classification Committee 34% (53) of Performance Plans were signed and dated by the Classification Committee; 35% (55) were signed but not dated; 11% (17) were not signed and not dated; and 20% (31) had no Performance Plan in file. Value: 53.0 files (vs. 156 total files sampled) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Case Manager comments on Inmate Evaluation On the Inmate Evaluation, Case Managers averaged 10.4 comments and Wardens averaged 2.1 comments. Value: 10.4 comments (vs. 2.1 Warden average comments) Tags: parole,operations,staffing Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Total accountable population in Georgia corrections The total accountable population in Georgia's state and county correctional institutions and in community facilities is 11,697 as of September 1, 1977. Value: 11697.0 inmates Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,facilities,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Lower and medium security inmates received 74% of privileges but comprised 44% of population Inmates in lower and medium security classifications received 755 or 74% of the total privileges awarded. Inmates in these classifications, however, comprise only 44% of the population at the 11 sampled institutions. Value: 74.0 percent (vs. 44 percent of population in lower/medium security) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,demographics Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Earliest maxout for 10-year sentence under previous good time system Under the previous good time system, the earliest maxout for a 10-year sentence was 5.75 years, and the actual maxout was 6.19 years. Value: 5.75 years (vs. 6.19 actual maxout in years) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,reentry Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Quarterly Review Summary present in ETS files The Quarterly Review Summary was present in 110 or 70% of the sampled files. Value: 110.0 files (vs. 156 total files sampled) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Earned Time inmate population count Earned Time inmates comprise 40% or 4,737 of the total accountable population of 11,697. Value: 4737.0 inmates (vs. 11697 total accountable population) Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] 755 privileges awarded to lower and medium security inmates Inmates in lower and medium security classifications received 755 of the total privileges awarded at the 11 sampled institutions. Value: 755.0 privileges Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,demographics Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [estimated] ETS earliest maxout for 1-year sentence at 100% performance At 100% performance under the Earned Time System, the earliest maxout for a 1-year sentence was 0.50 years, with a net difference of +0.33 man-years and annual savings of 141 man-years. Value: 0.5 years (vs. 0.33 net difference in man-years) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,reentry Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Correlation between staff recommendations and Parole Board decisions There was approximately a 50% level of correlation between staff recommendations and the ultimate decision by the Parole Board. Value: 50.0 percent Tags: parole,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS population in state institutions State institutions hold 3,670 Earned Time inmates, or 42% of the total state institution population. Value: 3670.0 inmates Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,facilities,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Lower security classification privilege earning rate: 0.33 Inmates in lower security classifications (1-3) at the 11 sampled institutions had a privilege earning rate of 0.33, while comprising 15.4% of the sampled population and earning 33% of total privileges. Value: 0.33 privileges per inmate per month Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,demographics Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [estimated] ETS earliest maxout for 10-year sentence at 100% performance At 100% performance under the Earned Time System, the earliest maxout for a 10-year sentence was 5.00 years, with a net difference of +1.19 man-years and annual savings of 33 man-years. Value: 5.0 years (vs. 1.19 net difference in man-years) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,reentry Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Quarterly Review Summary mean entries The mean number of discrete entries in each category of the Quarterly Review Summaries present in sampled files was 1.4. When a Summary was present, it included information for one quarter; no inmate file sampled contained a Summary that reviewed progress for longer than one quarter. Value: 1.4 entries Tags: parole,operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS population in county institutions County institutions hold 967 Earned Time inmates, or 37% of the total county institution population. Value: 967.0 inmates Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,facilities,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Medium security classification privilege earning rate: 0.07 Inmates in medium security classification (4) at the 11 sampled institutions had a privilege earning rate of 0.07, while comprising 29.0% of the sampled population and earning 41% of total privileges. Value: 0.07 privileges per inmate per month Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,demographics Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [estimated] ETS earliest maxout for 1-year sentence at 50% performance At 50% performance under the Earned Time System, the earliest maxout for a 1-year sentence was 0.67 years, with a net difference of +0.16 man-years and annual savings of 20 man-years. Value: 0.67 years (vs. 0.16 net difference in man-years) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,reentry Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS population in community facilities Community facilities hold 100 Earned Time inmates, or 32% of the total community facility population. Value: 100.0 inmates Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,facilities,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Higher security classification privilege earning rate: 0.02 Inmates in higher security classifications (5-6) at the 11 sampled institutions had a privilege earning rate of 0.02, while comprising 54.0% of the sampled population and earning 27% of total privileges. Value: 0.02 privileges per inmate per month Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,demographics Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [estimated] ETS earliest maxout for 10-year sentence at 50% performance At 50% performance under the Earned Time System, the earliest maxout for a 10-year sentence was 6.67 years, with a net difference of -0.13 man-years and annual savings of -3 man-years. Value: 6.67 years (vs. -0.13 net difference in man-years) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,reentry Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS felon to misdemeanant ratio The relationship of ETS felons to misdemeanants is 95% to 5%, while for the non-ETS group, it is 98% to 2%. The ratio of number of ETS felons to misdemeanants is 18:1, while the corresponding ratio for non-ETS inmates is 67:1. For the two combined, it is 32:1. Value: 18.0 ratio (felons:misdemeanants) (vs. 67 non-ETS ratio) Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,legal,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] White males represented 38% of population but received 48% of privileges A frequency distribution of privileges by race indicated that white males represented 38% of the sampled population, but received 48% of the total privileges awarded. Value: 48.0 percent (vs. 38 percent of population) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,demographics Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [estimated] ETS earliest maxout for 1-year sentence at 90% performance At 90% performance under the Earned Time System, the earliest maxout for a 1-year sentence was 0.53 years, with a net difference of +0.30 man-years and annual savings of 123 man-years. Value: 0.53 years (vs. 0.3 net difference in man-years) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,reentry Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS male to female ratio The percentages of males vs. females in the ETS subpopulation is 94% to 6%, as opposed to 97% males and 3% females in the non-ETS subpopulation. ETS males vs. females ratio is 15.4:1; non-ETS is 28.7:1; combined is 21.4:1. Value: 15.4 ratio (males:females) (vs. 28.7 non-ETS ratio) Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [estimated] ETS earliest maxout for 10-year sentence at 90% performance At 90% performance under the Earned Time System, the earliest maxout for a 10-year sentence was 5.26 years, with a net difference of +0.93 man-years and annual savings of 33 man-years. Value: 5.26 years (vs. 0.93 net difference in man-years) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,reentry Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] No change entry recurrence in Extended Assessment The 60-day time limit for Extended Assessment seems to be placing unnecessary constraints upon institutional personnel, as reflected in the 46% recurrence of the 'No change' entry. Value: 46.0 percent Tags: operations,policy,staffing Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS non-white to white ratio The relationship of non-white ETS inmates to white ETS inmates is 57% to 43%; the same correlation for non-ETS inmates is 66% to 34%. The corresponding headcounts reduce to the following ratios: ETS non-white to ETS white, 1.3:1; non-ETS non-white to non-ETS white, 1.9:1; combined, 1.6:1. Value: 1.3 ratio (non-white:white) (vs. 1.9 non-ETS ratio) Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Black inmates in lower security: 47.4% of population, 70% of privileges Black inmates in lower security classifications at the sampled institutions comprised 47.4% of the population, but received 70% of the privileges. Value: 70.0 percent (vs. 47.4 percent of population) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,demographics Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Counselor time allocation in first three quarters of 1977 An in-house analysis of counseling time management states that only 28% of counselors' time during the first three quarters of 1977 was spent on case administration, while 45% was devoted to personal counseling. The case administration category shows an increase of 3.8 percentage points over the period immediately preceding ETS implementation. Value: 28.0 percent (vs. 45 percent devoted to personal counseling) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,staffing Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Pre-ETS male to female ratio The inmate population immediately preceding Earned Time showed a male-female ratio of 22:1. Value: 22.0 ratio (males:females) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: demographics,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] White inmates in lower security: 42.6% of population, 75.7% of privileges White inmates in lower security classifications at the sampled institutions comprised 42.6% of the population, but received 75.7% of the privileges. Value: 75.7 percent (vs. 42.6 percent of population) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,demographics Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Pre-ETS non-white to white ratio The inmate population immediately preceding ETS showed a ratio of non-white to white of 1.7:1. Value: 1.7 ratio (non-white:white) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: demographics,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Lower and medium I.Q. inmates earned proportionate share of privileges Inmates falling into the lower and medium I.Q. score ranges (i.e., with an I.Q. of less than 110) comprise 54% of the population at sampled institutions and earned 54.8% of the privileges. The ratio is thus a proportionate one. Value: 54.8 percent (vs. 54 percent of population) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,demographics Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Georgia correctional system misdemeanant count at ETS inception The Georgia correctional system included only 334 misdemeanants at the inception of ETS. Value: 334.0 misdemeanants Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: demographics,legal,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Lower I.Q. range privilege earning rate: 0.2 Inmates in the lower I.Q. score range (to 79) at the 11 sampled institutions had a privilege earning rate of 0.2, while comprising 8.8% of the sampled population and earning 15.4% of total privileges. Value: 0.2 privileges per inmate per month Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,demographics Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Medium I.Q. range privilege earning rate: 0.07 Inmates in the medium I.Q. score range (80 to 109) at the 11 sampled institutions had a privilege earning rate of 0.07, while comprising 46.0% of the sampled population and earning 39.0% of total privileges. Value: 0.07 privileges per inmate per month Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,demographics Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Higher I.Q. range privilege earning rate: 0.18 Inmates in the higher I.Q. score range (over 109) at the 11 sampled institutions had a privilege earning rate of 0.18, while comprising 20.0% of the sampled population and earning 17.0% of total privileges. Value: 0.18 privileges per inmate per month Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,demographics Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Georgia State Prison houses one-third of state inmates Georgia State Prison (GSP) is one of only two maximum security institutions in the State, housing one-third of the entire population presently incarcerated in state correctional institutions. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: facilities,demographics,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Georgia Industrial Institute population age range Georgia Industrial Institute (GII) is the second largest state institution, with a population having an age range of 19 to 23 years. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: facilities,demographics,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] West Georgia Community Correctional Center opened in Columbus during FY77 with 432 capacity A new institution with a capacity of 432 was opened in Columbus during FY77: West Georgia Community Correctional Center, with another to follow sometime in Macon. Value: 432.0 beds Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: facilities,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Lee, Stone Mountain, and Chatham Correctional Institution populations Lee, Stone Mountain and Chatham Correctional Institution are all relatively small facilities, with populations that range from 180 to 230, and each located in a different District. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: facilities,demographics,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Average state institution population increased 5% from FY76 to FY77 The average population increased by 399 inmates or 5% during the two-year period from July 1975 to June 1977, from 8,241 in FY76 to 8,640 in FY77. Value: 399.0 inmates Tags: demographics,facilities,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] No Change entries in Extended Assessment by category In the Extended Assessment, the 'No Change from Intake' entry represented the following proportions of total entries: Work, 13% (16 entries); Education, 32% (40); Leisure, 47% (59); and Vocational, 36% (45). Of all the Extended Assessments sampled, the 'No change' entry represented 46% (460) of the total entries. Value: 46.0 percent (vs. 460 total No Change entries) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Montgomery Correctional Institution and West Georgia Community Center populations Montgomery Correctional Institution and West Georgia Community Center are both medium-sized institutions with populations of about 345; West Georgia is also unique in being the most recently opened state institution, with, therefore, no non-ETS experiences. Value: 345.0 inmates Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: facilities,demographics,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] FY76 average state institution population: 8,241 The average state institution population in FY76 was 8,241 inmates. Value: 8241.0 inmates Date: 1976-01-01 Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] County work camps meeting ETS evaluation criteria Since ETS was still in its early months of implementation, only 15 of the camps had 15 or more inmates that met this criterion (permanently assigned for longer than 60 days). Value: 15.0 camps Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: facilities,operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] FY77 average state institution population: 8,640 The average state institution population in FY77 was 8,640 inmates. Value: 8640.0 inmates Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] State institutions at 112% of design capacity in FY76 The relationship of population to design capacity at state institutions was 112% in FY76. Value: 112.0 percent Date: 1976-01-01 Tags: facilities,demographics,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Incorrect entries in Performance Plan Need column Notations are occasionally entered in the 'Need' column of the Performance Plan which are not needs at all—sometimes progress updates, occasionally directive phrases for the Case Manager himself. This situation occurred in 9.8% or 98 of the total Performance Plan entries sampled. Value: 9.8 percent (vs. 98 total incorrect entries) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,data_gap Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] State institutions at 111% of design capacity in FY77 The relationship of population to design capacity at state institutions was 111% in FY77. Value: 111.0 percent Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: facilities,demographics,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Intake needs verified during Extended Assessment Of all inmate needs identified at Intake, 86% or 858 were verified during Extended Assessment in the 125 files that contained an Extended Assessment. This number includes the 460 entries of 'No change'. Value: 86.0 percent (vs. 858 total correspondences) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS felon count ETS felons number 4,487 (95% of ETS population). Value: 4487.0 inmates Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,legal,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] FY76 Q1 population: 8,144 at 111% of design capacity In FY76 Quarter 1, the average population was 8,144 against a design capacity of 7,348, representing 111% of design capacity occupied. Value: 8144.0 inmates Date: 1975-01-01 Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Medical area highest Intake-to-Extended correspondence The highest proportion of Intake-to-Extended correspondence is in the Medical area (94% or 118), reflecting the natural reluctance on the part of a non-medical individual to counter the diagnosis of a physician. Value: 94.0 percent (vs. 118 total correspondences) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,medical,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS misdemeanant count ETS misdemeanants number 250 (5% of ETS population). Value: 250.0 inmates Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,legal,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] FY76 Q2 population: 8,199 at 112% of design capacity In FY76 Quarter 2, the average population was 8,199 against a design capacity of 7,348, representing 112% of design capacity occupied. Value: 8199.0 inmates Date: 1975-01-01 Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Education and Leisure Intake-to-Extended correspondence Education and Leisure each showed 89% or 111 correspondences between Intake and Extended Assessment. Value: 89.0 percent (vs. 111 total correspondences) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,education,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Vocational and Problem Behavior lowest Intake-to-Extended correspondence Vocational and Problem Behavior showed the lowest Intake-to-Extended correspondence at 78% (97 and 98 correspondences, respectively). Value: 78.0 percent Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,mental_health Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Non-ETS felon count Non-ETS felons number 6,858 (98% of non-ETS population). Value: 6858.0 inmates Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,legal,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] FY76 Q3 population: 8,203 at 112% of design capacity In FY76 Quarter 3, the average population was 8,203 against a design capacity of 7,348, representing 112% of design capacity occupied. Value: 8203.0 inmates Date: 1976-01-01 Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Non-ETS misdemeanant count Non-ETS misdemeanants number 102 (2% of non-ETS population). Value: 102.0 inmates Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,legal,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] FY76 Q4 population: 8,407 at 114% of design capacity In FY76 Quarter 4, the average population was 8,407 against a design capacity of 7,348, representing 114% of design capacity occupied. Value: 8407.0 inmates Date: 1976-01-01 Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Recidivism rates across treatment phases in Ross and McKay study Ross and McKay's study of institutional treatment programs reported recidivism rates of 33.3% for the control group, then 53.3%, 66.6%, 60.0%, and 6.6% for the 4 phases of the treatment program respectively. Value: 33.3 percent (vs. 6.6 final phase recidivism rate) Date: 1976-01-01 Tags: recidivism,mental_health,operations Sources: Ross and McKay, 'A Study of Institutional Treatment Programs' (1976) - [confirmed] Total felon count in Georgia corrections Total felons in Georgia corrections number 11,345 (97% of total population). Value: 11345.0 inmates Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,legal,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] FY77 Q1 population: 8,467 at 109% of design capacity In FY77 Quarter 1, the average population was 8,467 against a design capacity of 7,780, representing 109% of design capacity occupied. Value: 8467.0 inmates Date: 1976-01-01 Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Extended Assessment needs verified in Performance Plan Need column Of all inmate needs that were verified during Extended Assessment, 691 or 69% showed some degree of correspondence with the need or objective stated in the 'Need' column of the Performance Plan. In 52 of the total 1000 categories present (or 5%) the 'Need' cell on the Plan was left entirely blank. Value: 69.0 percent (vs. 691 total correspondences) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Total misdemeanant count in Georgia corrections Total misdemeanants in Georgia corrections number 352 (3% of total population). Value: 352.0 inmates Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,legal,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] FY77 Q2 population: 8,549 at 110% of design capacity In FY77 Quarter 2, the average population was 8,549 against a design capacity of 7,789, representing 110% of design capacity occupied. Value: 8549.0 inmates Date: 1976-01-01 Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Education highest Extended-to-Need correspondence The degree of Extended-to-Need correspondence ranged from a high of 76% for Educational needs to a low of 62% for the category labeled 'Other' which describes an inmate's needs concerning his relationships with non-institutional persons, such as family members or friends. Value: 76.0 percent (vs. 62 lowest correspondence (Other category)) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,education,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS white male count ETS white males number 1,951 (41% of ETS population). Value: 1951.0 inmates Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] FY77 Q3 population: 8,687 at 112% of design capacity In FY77 Quarter 3, the average population was 8,687 against a design capacity of 7,780, representing 112% of design capacity occupied. Value: 8687.0 inmates Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS non-white male count ETS non-white males number 2,497 (53% of ETS population). Value: 2497.0 inmates Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] FY77 Q4 population: 8,679 at 112% of design capacity In FY77 Quarter 4, the average population was 8,679 against a design capacity of 7,780, representing 112% of design capacity occupied. Value: 8679.0 inmates Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS white female count ETS white females number 107 (2% of ETS population). Value: 107.0 inmates Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Need-to-Activity correspondence in Performance Plans Of the 1,000 category entries considered, 686 or 69% contained an activity that corresponded with the assessed need. In 172 or 17% of the categories the Activity column was blank, although a need had been identified on the Plan. Value: 69.0 percent (vs. 686 total correspondences) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS non-white female count ETS non-white females number 182 (4% of ETS population). Value: 182.0 inmates Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Work highest Need-to-Activity correspondence The level of Need-to-Activity correspondence ranged from a high of 76% in the Work category to a low of 58% under 'Other'. Value: 76.0 percent (vs. 58 lowest correspondence (Other category)) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Non-ETS white male count Non-ETS white males number 2,305 (33% of non-ETS population). Value: 2305.0 inmates Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Activity-to-Date correspondence in Performance Plans Of a total 1,000 possible correspondences, dates were entered in 635 or 64% of the categories. These range from a high of 86% for Medical to a low of 53% for Pre-Release. Value: 64.0 percent (vs. 635 total correspondences) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Non-ETS non-white male count Non-ETS non-white males number 4,421 (64% of non-ETS population). Value: 4421.0 inmates Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Non-ETS white female count Non-ETS white females number 74 (1% of non-ETS population). Value: 74.0 inmates Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Non-ETS non-white female count Non-ETS non-white females number 160 (2% of non-ETS population). Value: 160.0 inmates Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Total white male count in Georgia corrections Total white males in Georgia corrections number 4,256 (36% of total population). Value: 4256.0 inmates Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Total non-white male count in Georgia corrections Total non-white males in Georgia corrections number 6,918 (59% of total population). Value: 6918.0 inmates Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Work, Education, and Problem Behavior had highest mean discrete entries (1.7) With a mean of 1.7, Work, Education and Problem Behavior were the categories with the highest average number of discrete entries in the Quarterly Review Summary. The significance of a 1.7 average, however, is difficult to determine in a process with an overall mean of only 1.4. Value: 1.7 mean discrete entries (vs. 1.4 overall mean discrete entries) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Total white female count in Georgia corrections Total white females in Georgia corrections number 181 (2% of total population). Value: 181.0 inmates Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] 1,242 total discrete entries in Quarterly Review Summary A total of 1,242 discrete entries were recorded across all Quarterly Review Summary categories in the evaluation, with an overall mean of 1.4 discrete entries per category. Value: 1242.0 discrete entries Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Total non-white female count in Georgia corrections Total non-white females in Georgia corrections number 342 (3% of total population). Value: 342.0 inmates Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] 84 'No Change' or 'N/A' entries in Quarterly Review Summary (10%) A total of 84 entries (10%) in the Quarterly Review Summary were recorded as 'No Change' or 'Not Applicable', as a percentage of total Quarterly Review Summary categories present, or 880. Value: 84.0 entries Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS male subtotal ETS males subtotal 4,448 (94% of ETS population). Value: 4448.0 inmates Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] 880 total Quarterly Review Summary categories present The total number of Quarterly Review Summary categories present in the evaluation was 880. Value: 880.0 categories Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] GIl list of 109 E inmates for sampling The ETS Coordinator at GIl was asked to indicate on a list of 109 'E' inmates, all of whom had been permanently assigned to GIl longer than 60 days, those who were on a DOR (as opposed to VR) caseload. Value: 109.0 inmates Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology_note Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS female subtotal ETS females subtotal 289 (6% of ETS population). Value: 289.0 inmates Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Institutional mean discrete entries ranged from 0.75 to 1.9 Overall means at individual institutions ranged from a low of 0.75 at one of the smaller state institutions (where the most frequent entry was 'No change') to a high of 1.9 at a former Youthful Offender institution whose staff seems to have mastered the technique of making progress notes. Value: 1.9 mean discrete entries (vs. 0.75 minimum institutional mean) Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Non-ETS male subtotal Non-ETS males subtotal 6,726 (97% of non-ETS population). Value: 6726.0 inmates Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Non-ETS female subtotal Non-ETS females subtotal 234 (3% of non-ETS population). Value: 234.0 inmates Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Total male count in Georgia corrections Total males in Georgia corrections number 11,174 (96% of total population). Value: 11174.0 inmates Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Total female count in Georgia corrections Total females in Georgia corrections number 523 (4% of total population). Value: 523.0 inmates Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS white subtotal ETS whites subtotal 2,058 (43% of ETS population). Value: 2058.0 inmates Date: 1977-09-01 Tags: demographics,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) LEGAL FACTS (9) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] Georgia Work Release Law approval date The Georgia Work Release Law was approved on April 12, 1969. Date: 1969-04-12 Tags: policy,legal,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Georgia Earned Time Law effective date Georgia's Earned Time Law became effective on July 1, 1976. Date: 1976-07-01 Tags: policy,legal Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Earned Time Law enacted July 1, 1976 On July 1, 1976 the Georgia legislature enacted the Earned Time Law in an attempt to address the problems of overcrowding, a negative subjective philosophy of corrections, and a lack of defined criteria for release on parole. Date: 1976-07-01 Tags: legal,policy,parole Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Parole Board agreement on deficient inmates The State Board of Pardons and Paroles has agreed not to parole any inmate declared 'deficient' by DOR, at least until such time as this deficiency has been satisfied. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: parole,legal,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Georgia Youthful Offender Act of 1972 established contingency contract system The Georgia Youthful Offender Act of 1972 established a means whereby the criminal justice system could isolate offenders who appear to be amenable to treatment and provide them with prompt and individualized levels of such attention. The target population was non-capital offenders aged 17 through 24 years, male or female. Date: 1972-01-01 Tags: legal,policy,parole,demographics Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Youthful Offender Act provided indeterminate sentence of zero to six years The Act provided for an indeterminate sentence of zero to six years, the ultimate termination of which sentence depended upon the offender's specific treatment needs. Date: 1972-01-01 Tags: legal,sentencing,parole Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Youthful Offender Act contract signed by offender, institution, division, and Parole Board The conditions of this program were subsequently outlined in a contract for release consideration signed by the offender, an institutional representative, the Youthful Offender Division, and the Parole Board. Date: 1972-01-01 Tags: legal,parole,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Youthful Offender Act contract placed responsibility on inmate This contract placed full responsibility for his action upon the inmate. By his signature the offender agrees to participate in the vocational, educational and counseling programs specified, in order to be considered for release. The inmate must then maintain an acceptable, specified level of performance in these programs or his contract will be subject to renegotiation. Date: 1972-01-01 Tags: legal,parole,policy,rehabilitation Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Youthful Offender Act case record documents institutional adjustment A case recording system is an important aspect of this program, since it is used to record the progress of each inmate. According to the program's operational guidelines, the case record documents the offender's institutional adjustment, evaluates his progress, and recommends any necessary renegotiations of contract. Date: 1972-01-01 Tags: legal,operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) METHODOLOGY NOTES (80) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Coding schema for Performance Plan updates The coding sheet records the exact number of updates since the Performance Plan was signed, with codes for no form, form present with no entries, no date on Performance Plan, and no Performance Plan to date. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Coding schema for Conviction Verification requests The coding sheet tracks whether a Request for Conviction Verification form is present and whether a response from the Central Office was received, with codes for no form, form present, no response, and response received. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: legal,operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Coding schema for Habitual offender declaration The coding sheet records whether an inmate was declared Habitual or Non-Habitual, with separate codes for each designation. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: legal,operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Coding schema for Performance Assessment Sheet and Supervisor's Evaluation The coding sheet records whether a Performance Assessment Sheet and Supervisor's Evaluation form are present, with codes for no form and form present. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Coding schema for Case Manager Checklist The coding sheet records whether a Case Manager Checklist form is present, with codes for no form and form present. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Coding schema for Intake Assessment entries The coding sheet records the number of entries in each category of the Intake Assessment, with codes 0-9 for number of entries and X for no logical entries possible (e.g., no Performance Assessment Sheet). Complete Medical is indicated by 6 or 7 entries. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: medical,operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Coding schema for Extended Assessment entries The coding sheet records the number of entries in each category of the Extended Assessment, with codes 0-9 for number of entries, A for no change from Intake, B for no Extended Assessment, and X for no logical entries possible. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Coding schema for Performance Plan 'Needs' column The coding sheet records the number of entries in each category of the 'Needs' column of the Performance Plan, with codes 0-9 for number of entries, A for no entry at all, B for information incorrectly entered as 'Need', and C for no need identified. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Coding schema for correspondence between Intake and Extended Assessment The coding sheet records correspondence between Intake Assessment and Extended Assessment, with codes 0 for no correspondence, 1 for some correspondence, 9 for cannot tell, 3 for no form, A for no change from Intake, B for information incorrectly placed, and X for no logical correspondence possible. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Coding schema for correspondence between Extended Assessment and Performance Plan 'Needs' The coding sheet records correspondence between Extended Assessment and 'Needs' identified in the Performance Plan, with codes 0 for no correspondence, 1 for some correspondence, 9 for cannot tell, 8 for no entry in 'Needs' column, and X for no logical correspondence possible. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Coding schema for correspondence between 'Needs' and 'Activities' in Performance Plan The coding sheet records correspondence between 'Needs' and 'Activities' in the Performance Plan, with codes 0 for no correspondence, 1 for some correspondence, 9 for cannot tell, and 8 for no entry in 'Activities' column when a Need was entered. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Coding schema for correspondence between 'Activities' and actual program assignment The coding sheet records correspondence between 'Activities' specified and actual program assignment (the 'Date' column), with codes 0 for no correspondence, 1 for some correspondence, 4 for cannot tell, 5 for inmate refused to participate, 6 for no program available, 7 for no program assigned under 'Activities', 8 for scheduled program assignment not yet enrolled, 9 for no date entered, and X for no logical correspondence. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology,programs Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS not yet introduced into community-based facilities during evaluation Since the Earned Time System had not yet been introduced into community-based facilities during the data accumulation period of this report, the evaluation focuses on state and county correctional institutions. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Coding schema for Classification Committee approval of Performance Plan The coding sheet records approval of the Performance Plan by the Classification Committee, with codes 000000 for not signed, MMDDYY for signed and dated, 999999 for signed but not dated, and 333333 for no form. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Evaluation data accumulated over six-month period with six additional months of observation This report presents certain quantifiable data accumulated over a six-month period and with that data, an interpretation based upon six additional months' observation of the Earned Time System and its implementation. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] First-year evaluation cannot assess recidivism impact The first-year evaluation cannot assess impact on recidivism, but measures should be made during subsequent years. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: reentry,methodology,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Coding schema for Quarterly Review Summary The coding sheet records the number of entries in each category of the Quarterly Review Summary, with codes 0-9 for number of entries, A for entry is 'No Change', BBBBBBBB for no form, and C for entry is 'N/A'. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS consistency measured by ratio of E to privileges Consistency will be measured by ratio of Els to privileges (P). ETS should move toward having similar evaluation criteria, similar privileges, and similar ratios of E to P and U to time-outs. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Coding schema for Privilege Slips The coding sheet for Privilege Slips records inmate number, first three letters of inmate's last name, institution code number, date privilege granted (MMDDYY), privilege code number, and date privilege awarded. Special codes include X for missing data, REFUSD for privilege refused by inmate, and EXPIRD for privilege expired before redeemed by inmate. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS equity measured across race, class, age, sex, and offense categories Equity of ETS will be measured by the consistency within institutions among differing race, special class, age, sex and type of offense categories. The ratio E to P and U to disciplinary, or time-outs should remain constant across categories. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,demographics,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS responsiveness measured by time lag between citations and disciplinary actions Responsiveness is also related to delay between granting of Els, privileges, and usage; and between initial citations for unsatisfactory performance and subsequent disciplinary actions. The greater the time lag, the less the impact on positive behavior. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS magnitude measured by frequency of E, U, and privilege assignments The magnitude of ETS will be measured by the frequency that inmates receive Els, U's and privileges. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS equilibrium measured by ratio of E/U and P/time-outs The measure of magnitude will be refined to show equilibrium by ratio of E/U and ratio of P/Time-outs. Values greater than one will indicate a positive system, and values less than one will indicate a negative system. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS cost effectiveness measured by placement ratio after program completion Cost effectiveness will be measured by the placement of inmates after program completion. The higher the ratio of placement/no placement, the more effective the training. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,reentry,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS precision determined by comparison with Pre-ETS documentation This criterion will be determined by comparison of documentation for ETS inmates with that for Pre-ETS inmates. If the Earned Time Inmates do not have more objective behavioral information, then precision is not evident and an important goal of ETS is not being achieved. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS congruence measured by Parole Board agreement on deficiency declarations This criterion is concerned only with the degree of agreement of Parole Board decisions concerning deficiency. If many inmates declared 'deficient' by DOOR are being released, then congruence is not evident. There may be circumstances that would lead to 'deficient' inmates being paroled but these should occur rarely. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: parole,operations,policy,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Inmate interviews planned at three points during sentence Inmates will be sampled at three times during their sentence: shortly after orientation to ETS; three months after beginning ETS; and at the termination of sentence. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Inmate interview sampling planned at eight institutions We anticipate sampling between three and ten inmates from Georgia State Prison, Georgia Industrial Institute, Georgia Women's Correctional Institution, Stone Mountain Correctional Institution, Georgia Training and Development Center and five other institutions. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,facilities,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Staff interviews planned with three to five supervisors per institution Three to five supervisors from each institution will be asked the following questions: What are your impressions of ETS as compared with the older system? How do you use ETS? What changes have you noticed? What behaviors result in privileges for inmates? What behaviors result in time-outs? What changes in the Earned Time System would you suggest? Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,staffing,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Independent evaluators will conduct and analyze interviews The independent evaluators will conduct and analyze these interviews. It should be noted that all of the material collected in this fashion will be kept confidential. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS implementation evaluation covers training, materials, and coordination We are specifically concerned with such things as (1) training, (2) materials, (3) coordination. ETS as a major organizational change for a large and diverse organization (DOOR) must be assessed in terms of technical preparation of personnel, availability of supplies and procedures, and organizational clarity. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,staffing,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Evaluation will identify institutions most and least successful in ETS implementation Among the potential results of the evaluation are the following: (1) Overall strengths and weaknesses of the system (ETS); (2) Specific institutions most and least successful in terms of implementation; (3) Technical and procedural recommendations for improvement; (4) Institutional characteristics associated with degree of ETS success or failure; (5) Inmate characteristics associated with receptivity to ETS. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS evaluation design dated January 11, 1977 The Earned Time System Evaluation Design is dated January 11, 1977, authored by Elaine T. DeCostanzo, Dr. Thomas Roche, and Dr. David Smith of the Georgia Department of Offender Rehabilitation, Evaluation and Monitoring Services, 800 Peachtree Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30308. Date: 1977-01-11 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS evaluation uses quantitative and qualitative measures The evaluation design identifies measures to be employed in considering ETS impact in terms of policy objectives. Both quantitative and qualitative measures will be used in order to elucidate process as well as to attain statistical goals. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS evaluation produced under LEAA Grant No. 76ED040025 This evaluation was produced under the auspices of the Program Evaluation Section, Evaluation and Monitoring Services of the Georgia Department of Offender Rehabilitation, Atlanta, Georgia 30308. Funds were provided by the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) under Grant No. 76ED040025. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,budget Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS evaluation coding instrument for institutional file review The ETS evaluation coding instrument for institutional file review includes fields for institution code number, inmate's number, inmate's name, number of disciplinary reports, date assigned to permanent institution, inmate's year of birth, race/sex code, I.Q., classification, participation status, and performance recording sheet data. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: methodology,operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS evaluation prepared by Elaine T. DeCostanzo, Research Consultant Prepared by Elaine T. DeCostanzo, Research Consultant, September 30, 1977. Program Evaluation Section, Evaluation and Monitoring Services, Georgia Department of Offender Rehabilitation, 800 Peachtree Street, N.E., Suite 605, Atlanta, Georgia 30308. Date: 1977-09-30 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS race/sex coding scheme The ETS evaluation coding scheme used codes 1=White male, 2=Black male, 3='Other' male, 4=White female, 5=Black female, 6='Other' female for inmate race/sex classification. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: methodology,demographics Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS evaluation focuses on documentation process implementation This paper presents the results of the first-year evaluation of the Earned Time System, placing primary emphasis upon the degree of implementation of various documentation processes. Although it is too early to assess system impact thoroughly, the evaluation does present some preliminary data and suggests a direction for future data accumulation. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS participation coding scheme The ETS evaluation coding scheme used codes 0=No form, 1=Request to Participate, 2=Statement of Non-Participation for inmate participation status. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: methodology,operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS evaluation is review of rehabilitation model in Georgia facilities Since the Earned Time System impinges upon so many elements of an inmate's institutional life, an evaluation of the System is tantamount to a review of the rehabilitation model as it presently exists in Georgia's correctional facilities. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS flow chart documents 8-sheet process The Earned Time System flow chart consists of 8 sheets documenting the process from intake processing through orientation, classification, assignment to permanent institution, case management, work detail, performance evaluation, disciplinary process, and parole release. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: methodology,operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS evaluation includes checklist review of individual documents Sections 8.0 through 10.0 present a detailed assessment of the case management process, performance rating system and privilege system. This assessment includes a checklist review of individual documents and some tentative conclusions regarding the quality of the documentation. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS evaluation presents first year data on crowding and violence measures Section 11.0 presents preliminary data concerning such system impact criteria as a reduction in crowding and in institutional violence. Although significant trends in population count and disciplinary report rates may occur with further implementation of ETS, this evaluation presents only the first year's data on these measures. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: overcrowding,violence,operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Institution selection criteria for ETS evaluation Institutions were selected by any of five criteria: 1. overall size--to ensure that institutions with large, medium, and small populations were all represented; 2. population mix--to ensure that offenders of various ages, races and both sexes were represented in the sample; 3. mission--to include a sample of inmates permanently assigned to a diagnostic facility; Youthful Offender, maximum security and women's institutions; and county work camps; 4. geographical location--to ensure a distribution throughout the four Earned Time Districts; and, 5. Earned Time population--to restrict on-site visits to those institutions having at least 15 Earned Time inmates who had been permanently assigned longer than 60 days. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS evaluation compares program completion rates with first-year cohort Section 12.0 compares successful program completion rates of Earned Time inmates with those of any cohort of first-year incarcerants. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology,rehabilitation Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS evaluation reviews quality of parole documentation Section 13.0 reviews the quality of Earned Time System documentation provided to the Parole Board. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: parole,operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS evaluation sampling includes institutional files, privilege slips, and Parole Board files Section 7.0 provides the sampling technique used in selecting institutional files, privilege slips and Parole Board files for this evaluation. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS evaluation criteria include consistency, equity, responsiveness, appropriateness, magnitude, equilibrium, cost efficiency, cost effectiveness, clarity, precision, congruence, and impact The ETS evaluation criteria include consistency, equity, responsiveness, appropriateness, magnitude, equilibrium, cost efficiency, cost effectiveness, clarity, precision, congruence, and impact. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: methodology,operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS evaluation includes on-site visits and file coding Vicky Clark, Research Consultant, DOR, took part in all on-site visits, assisted in coding hundreds of files, and provided valuable insights into the case management process. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS evaluation measures include statistical comparisons of privileges earned, activities certified, and times out ETS evaluation measures include statistical comparison of privileges earned, activities certified, and times out among ETS institutions; statistical comparison of privileges earned and times out between age, race, and ability groups at each institution; verification of procedural change and case study analysis of client outcomes; sample analysis of correspondence between needs documented in records and actual program assignment; percentage of ETS inmates who receive some exception report over time; and statistical comparison of successful program completion rates. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: methodology,operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS evaluation included interviews with Parole Board staff Robertson Haworth and Michael Mackenzie, Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles, were most helpful both in interviews and in providing access to the Board's files. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: parole,operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS evaluation data processing handled by DOR Systems Section Tim Carr and Marsha Chalker, Systems Section, Department of Offender Rehabilitation, assumed unanticipated responsibility for data processing. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] County work camps selected for evaluation One camp was then selected from the reduced number within each of the four groups, resulting in the following additions to the sampled institutions: Fulton County Correctional Institution; Clarke County Correctional Institution; Terrell County Correctional Institution; and Gwinnett County Correctional Institution. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: facilities,operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS evaluation includes man-year savings table for parole decisions The ETS evaluation includes a man-year savings table comparing average time served under Good Time versus ETS for sentence lengths of 1-10 years, noting that prior parole decisions will be carefully examined to account for factors other than sentence length. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: methodology,parole,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS evaluation guided by George Cox, Director of Program Evaluation Section George Cox, Director, Program Evaluation Section, Department of Offender Rehabilitation provided much needed guidance in interpreting reams of data. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Inmate sample selection methodology From a computer-generated list of Earned Time inmates permanently assigned to each institution for longer than 60 days, a sample of not less than 10% was randomly selected from each institution's list. Whenever practicable--i.e., time restrictions permitting--the sample size was expanded to allow review of a larger number of files. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: methodology,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS evaluation includes 8-sheet flow chart The ETS evaluation includes an 8-sheet flow chart (Figure 1) documenting the Earned Time System process from intake processing through parole release. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: methodology,operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS evaluation design reviewed by Dave Smith and Tom Roche Dave Smith and Tom Roche reviewed the design measures and were available as academic resource persons during the first seven months of this evaluation. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS evaluation includes coding instruments in Appendix C The ETS evaluation includes coding instruments in Appendix C, including a code sheet for institutional file review (Table C-1) with columns for institution code, inmate number, name, disciplinary reports, assignment date, birth year, race/sex, I.Q., classification, participation, and performance recording sheet data. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: methodology,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS Supervisors organized evaluation itineraries Mike Puckett, Erskine Martin, Doug Williams, and John Bethea, ETS Supervisors, DOR, organized our various itineraries and provided invaluable assistance as liaisons within their respective districts. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology,staffing Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS evaluation includes supporting data in Appendix B The ETS evaluation includes supporting data in Appendix B, including Table B-2 (Inmate Population: County Institutions) and Table B-3 (Inmate Population: Community Facilities). Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: methodology,demographics,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Dave Otto provided information on diagnostic process programmatic aspects Dave Otto guided our first look at institutional life and provided continually updated information on programmatic aspects of the diagnostic process. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS evaluation bibliography includes behavioral modification literature The ETS evaluation bibliography includes works on behavioral modification in corrections, including McKee's 'New Directions in Corrections' (1971), Milan and McKee's 'The Cellblock Token Economy' (1976), Ross and McKay's 'A Study of Institutional Treatment Programs' (1976), Silber's 'The Place of Behavior Therapy in Correction' (1976), Smith and Berlin's 'Self-Determination in Welfare and Corrections' (1974), Smith's 'A Survey of Good Time Policies and Practices' (1975), Watkins' works on changing inmate behavior, and Webb et al.'s 'Recidivism: In Search of a More Comprehensive Definition' (1976). Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: methodology,policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Jerry Nosin and Margo Edwards shared program staff perspective Jerry Nosin and Margo Edwards allowed us to share the perspective of program staff involved with the System on a day-to-day basis. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology,staffing Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Andrea Trimm provided typing support for evaluation Finally, Andrea Trimm provided the typing support without which this evaluation could truly not have been prepared. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS evaluation includes literature review on operant learning principles Section 2.0 is a review of current literature as it pertains to the operant learning principles upon which the Earned Time System is based. Discussion centers around several recurring issues in the continuing dialogue about behavior change. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology,rehabilitation Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS evaluation includes historical perspective of Departmental programs Section 3.0 provides an historical perspective of Departmental programs that set the stage for ETS. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS evaluation outlines major evaluation criteria in terms of system processes Section 4.0 outlines the major evaluation criteria in terms of system processes. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS evaluation details new inmate activities from orientation through parole Section 5.0 presents a detailed account of a new ETS inmate and his activities from orientation through parole consideration. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology,parole Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS evaluation provides overview of ETS population compared to general population Section 6.0 is an overview of the ETS population as they compare in number, distribution, and racial and ability groups with the general population. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology,demographics Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS evaluation presents conclusions and recommendations Section 14.0 presents conclusions and recommendations based upon the data included in previous sections and upon behavioral observations. The author accepts full responsibility for the content of this evaluation. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS evaluation includes appendices with design, supporting data, and coding instruments The evaluation includes Appendix A: Earned Time System Evaluation Design; Appendix B: Supporting Data; and Appendix C: Evaluation Coding Instruments. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS evaluation includes 20 tables and 3 figures The evaluation includes a List of Tables with 20 tables (Table 1 through Table 20) and a List of Figures with 3 figures (Figure 1 through Figure 3). Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Systematic evaluation of Performance Notices administratively impossible Systematic evaluation of the Performance Notices (PNs) and Performance Exception Reports (PERs) proved to be administratively impossible since the reports were filed in individual inmate folders with no way to track their exact location once the reporting process had resulted in the recommended transaction (i.e., privilege or disciplinary action). Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,data_gap,methodology_note Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Privilege slip data collection difficulties Each ETS District Supervisor was requested to accumulate privilege slips for three months at each state institution and at one or more county camps in his district. At the end of the three-month period a number of administrative difficulties arose: most county camps had either not retained their slips or had at most three to report; several state institutions had filed their redeemed slips in the inmate's file; and two other state institutions had only transaction logs to indicate a functioning privilege system. The final sample included 12 state institutions tracked over a period ranging from two to three months. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,data_gap,methodology_note Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Parole Board file sampling methodology Initially, three computer printouts were generated: (1) all Earned Time inmates who had been granted first parole consideration since the inception of ETS, with names sorted by type of release and date of release; (2) same names, in a collapsed alpha listing, sorted only by type of release; and (3) all Earned Time inmates who had been denied parole since the beginning of ETS, sorted by denial date. Since DOR staff were required to provide ETS documentation only for those inmates who were being considered for a parole, only parole transactions were included in the sample. The sample duplicated the denied-to-granted parole ratio of the original 175. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: parole,operations,methodology_note Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Parole denial files retained by Board members Inmates granted parole were randomly sampled to draw the requisite files, but this technique proved unworkable for those denied parole since their files were being retained by Board members for further review. The sample of denials, therefore, was drawn from the number available in the records retention area. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: parole,operations,methodology_note Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Sampling deviation at GDCC, GSP, and GIl Exceptions to the sampling technique occurred in relation to files at GDCC, GSP, and GIl. Although one on-site visit had already been made to each of these institutions, a significant amount of time had elapsed since that visit, so new data were imperative. The ETS Coordinator at GDCC supplied a list of all 'E' numbered inmates permanently assigned to the general population; the ETS Coordinator at GIl indicated on a list of 109 'E' inmates those who were on a DOR (as opposed to VR) caseload; and the sample for GSP was randomly selected from a computer-generated list of all 'E' inmates permanently assigned to the institution for longer than 60 days. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology_note Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Copies of literature review articles available in DOR Reference/Resource Center N.B.: Copies of most articles discussed in the Literature Review referenced in the Bibliography may be found in the vertical file, DOR Reference/Resource Center. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,methodology Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) CASE DETAILS (7) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] Atlanta Advancement Center establishment One year after the Georgia Work Release Law was approved (April 12, 1969), a prototype work release center was established, to be known as the Atlanta Advancement Center. Date: 1970-01-01 Tags: operations,reentry,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] M.O.R.E. project initiated August 1, 1972 at Georgia Training and Development Center On August 1, 1972, the Motivation in Offender Rehabilitating Environments (M.O.R.E.) Project was initiated at the Georgia Training and Development Center in Buford, Georgia. The project was based upon behavioral principles and provided a system of incentives aimed at influencing the inmate's level of achievement in a positive manner. Date: 1972-08-01 Tags: operations,policy,facilities,rehabilitation Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] M.O.R.E. project used point-based token economy A list of institutional activities was compiled with a certain number of points being made available for achievement within that activity. Passing a test at a given level within a prescribed period of time earned the inmate a specified number of points which were recorded on his personal statement sheet. These points were then negotiable for commodities or for intangible privileges such as an extra visit or special phone call. Date: 1972-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,rehabilitation Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Geller contingency management program in Virginia correctional system faced ethico-legal criticisms Geller and several colleagues instituted and supervised a large-scale contingency management program in the Virginia correctional system. Since the program dealt with inmates confined to segregation facilities and had as its primary goal 'to provide a rehabilitative environment that was conducive to changing habitual behavioral patterns described as unmanageable', it invited a barrage of ethico-legal criticisms. Not the least of these was the charge that the program aimed at the 'institutionalization' of these inmates. Date: 1972-01-01 Tags: operations,mental_health,solitary,policy Sources: Geller, E. Scott; Johnson, Daniel F.; Hamilton, Paul H.; Kennedy, Thomas D. 'Behavior Modification in a Prison: Issues, Problems, and Compromises' (1977) - [reported] Correctional officer as behavioral technician at Federal Correctional Institution Lompoc Kenton reports that this approach is being tried at Federal Correctional Institution at Lompoc, where the correctional officer is recognized as an integral part of each inmate's environment. As such, he is in the prime spot to counsel individuals who are trying to establish goals for themselves and to work out programs within the institution to achieve those goals. Date: 1975-01-01 Tags: staffing,operations,facilities,rehabilitation Sources: Kenton, Frank P. 'Prisons: Rehabilitative or Custodial Institutions?' (1975) - [reported] Performance-contingent parole practiced at Karl Holton School for Boys McKee cites the success of this system as it is practiced at the Karl Holton School for Boys in Stockton, California. McKee predicts more valid actions by parole boards and a reduction of institutional tensions and disturbances as prisoners come to understand what is specifically expected of them. Date: 1971-01-01 Tags: parole,operations,facilities,policy Sources: McKee, John M. New Directions in Corrections (1971) - [reported] Holland describes START program at Butner federal prison discontinued by courts Holland itemizes the ostensible goals of the experiment and then suggests that START's actual goal was 'to make passive nonassertive, depersonalized inmates of the whole institution.' The program was discontinued by the courts. Date: 1975-01-01 Tags: operations,conditions,legal,mental_health Sources: Behavior Modification for Prisoners, Patients, and other People as a Prescription for the Planned Society (Holland, 1975) POLICYS (67) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] ETS replaces good time system The Earned Time System replaced the 'good time' system in Georgia's correctional institutions. Under the good time system, an inmate was given a block of time at the beginning of his sentence allowing early release, with time taken away for negative behavior and restored for good behavior. Date: 1976-01-01 Tags: policy,legal Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS participation is voluntary An important concept of ETS is the recognition of the individual's right to refuse to participate. By indicating his choice of participation at the outset of his incarceration, the inmate tacitly assumes responsibility for his own actions and affirms a desire for positive change. This decision should be documented in the inmate's file. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Performance Plan completion timeframe This entire process of needs assessment, verification, and plan development should be completed within 60 days of the inmate's arrival at an institution. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Performance Activity Description (PAD) purpose Performance criteria are specified throughout the system by means of the Performance Activity Description (PAD); thus, inmates know from the moment of their assignment to a work detail, or academic or vocational program exactly what they must do to complete that specific program, to fulfill that certain work requirement, and to earn release on parole. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,parole Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Non-participating inmates forfeit jail time credit A non-participating inmate does not receive earned time credit for jail time, is not able to earn time off his sentence, and is not able to earn institutional privileges. Tags: policy,legal Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS earning rate for satisfactory performance As long as the inmate's performance and attitude comply with those specified for that activity in the PAD, he earns a unit of time off the end of his prison term for each day he serves. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Six-month window to change non-participation decision A non-participating inmate may not change his decision whenever he wishes. If he does not request to participate in ETS within six months of his initial decision, he will only be allowed to do so annually from that date. Tags: policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS negative sanctions for poor performance Exceptionally poor performance--not resulting from a lack of skills--or any rule infraction carries a negative sanction which may include removal from this earning status for a specific period of time. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,violence Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Delayed participation forfeits earned time credit If an inmate delays his decision to participate until after diagnostic intake, he will not receive earned time credit for his jail time or for time spent at the institution up until that point. Tags: policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Privilege awards should be comparable across groups Privilege awards should be comparable in terms of age, race, and ability groups at each institution. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,demographics Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Initial processing facilities for male and female inmates An inmate entering the Georgia Penal System is processed initially at Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Center (GDCC) or at Georgia Women's Correctional Institution (GWCI). Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,facilities,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS orientation materials include comic book During the orientation session audio-visual materials are used to introduce the inmate to the corrections system generally and to the Earned Time System (ETS) specifically. Each inmate is issued a handbook containing functional and organizational information and regulations concerning inmate behavior. In addition, the inmate receives an ETS comic book that graphically illustrates the basic concepts of ETS including the implications of non-participation. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS classification based on felony convictions The staff member who will conduct the final interview with this inmate determines his ETS classification by counting the number of felony convictions reported on his FBI transcript. If the inmate has fewer than three felony convictions, he is classified as 'Non-Habitual'. If the inmate has more than three felony convictions, he is classified as an 'Habitual'. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,legal Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Non-Habitual ETS earning rate If the inmate has fewer than three felony convictions, he is classified as 'Non-Habitual'. If he subsequently agrees to participate in ETS, he earns time at the rate of two days off his prison time for each day served, including his jail time. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,legal Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Habitual ETS earning rate If the inmate has more than three felony convictions, he is classified as an 'Habitual'. If he subsequently agrees to participate in ETS, he earns time at the rate of one day off his prison time for each day served, including his jail time. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,legal Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Request for Conviction Verification process If he feels that he has been classified an Habitual offender based upon incorrect information, the interviewer assists him in completing a 'Request for Conviction Verification.' This form is submitted to Offender Administration (Central Office) for processing; if the conviction and the classification are, in fact, not valid, the inmate's earning status will be changed retroactively. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,legal Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Non-participation consequences in ETS A non-participating inmate does not receive earned time credit for jail time; is not able to earn time off his sentence; is not able to earn institutional privileges; and may not change his decision whenever he wishes. If he does not request to participate in ETS within six months of his initial decision, he will only be allowed to do so annually from that date. If he delays his decision to participate until after diagnostic intake, he will not receive earned time credit for his jail time or for time spent at the institution up until that point. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Case Manager assignment within five days After the inmate completes diagnostic processing, he is assigned to a permanent institution. Within five days after his arrival, he is assigned to a Case Manager. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Extended Assessment period duration The subsequent Extended Assessment period lasts no less than 30 days and no more than 60 days from the time of the inmate's arrival at his permanent institution. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Performance evaluation on exception basis Once the inmate has been assigned to a program or work detail, his performance is evaluated on an exception basis as the behavior occurs. 'Exception' refers to either excellent or unsatisfactory behavior. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Monthly Performance Exception Report process At the end of the month the activity supervisor reviews his accumulation of P.N.'s for each inmate and decides if the inmate's cumulative behavior warrants a monthly Performance Exception Report (PER). If the activity supervisor issues an 'Excellent' PER on an inmate, the Case Manager meets with the inmate and offers him a privilege from the list of approved institutional privileges. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Time out sanction for unsatisfactory performance The Disciplinary Committee reviews the PER-U and either declares it null and void or initiates a Disciplinary Report. This latter action results either in imposition of an institutional sanction or placement in 'time out,' i.e., relegation of the inmate to a non-earning status for a specified period of time. When his 'time out' ends, the inmate is returned to the earning continuum and begins to earn time toward his release once again. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,violence Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] 180 days time out triggers deficient status If the inmate has accrued more than 180 days in 'time out' during his incarceration, the Director of the Earned Time System declares him 'deficient' on the Parole Review Summary and indicates a date by which the deficiency will be satisfied. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,parole Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS comic book issued to inmates Each inmate receives an ETS comic book that graphically illustrates the basic concepts of ETS including the implications of non-participation. Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Inmate classification determined by FBI transcript felony count The staff member who conducts the final interview determines the inmate's ETS classification by counting the number of felony convictions reported on his FBI transcript. Tags: policy,operations,legal Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Recommendation to extend Extended Assessment period The evaluation recommends an extension of 30 days, making the Extended Assessment period 90 days long, to allow Case Managers and Activity Supervisors an opportunity to observe the inmate in a more routinized atmosphere. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,staffing Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Recommendation to redefine Performance Plan development period The evaluation recommends that the Plan development process be redefined as a distinct period of 30 days beyond Extended Assessment, resulting in a 90-day period for Extended Assessment and a total of 120 days after the inmate's permanent assignment before his Plan would become due. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,staffing Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Performance Plan specifies inmate needs and objectives The completed Performance Plan specifies to the inmate and to the staff the inmate's needs and objectives and describes the activities in which he agrees to participate in order to meet those needs. The Plan also provides documentation to the Parole Board regarding the inmate's performance. Tags: policy,parole,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Recommendation to review habituality distinction The evaluation recommends a further review of the habituality distinction to determine relative sentence lengths. If sentences are already longer for 'habituals,' the classifying mechanism should be eliminated to avoid introducing a negative element of double punishment into a basically positive model. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,legal,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Parole documentation requirements evolved under ETS During the first 12 months of ETS, institutional staff were required to supply for each inmate due for parole consideration both the Inmate Evaluation form used under the Good Time System and the Parole Review Summary that superseded it under ETS. The Quarterly Review Summary was also to be included. Recently, the requirement for an Inmate Evaluation form on ETS inmates was deleted and only the Parole Review Summary was retained. A copy of the inmate's Performance Plan is now to be part of the package sent to the Parole Board. Tags: parole,policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Unsatisfactory PER processed by Classification Committee If the activity supervisor issues an 'Unsatisfactory' PER on an inmate, the form is processed by the Classification Committee. After reviewing the PER-U, they may recommend a totally administrative action such as a no-fault exit from a program, or they may recommend a disciplinary action and refer the performance report to the Disciplinary Committee. Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] DOR parole recommendation semantics changed under ETS The semantics concerning DOR's contribution to the parole process changed since the inception of ETS. The first formulation called for DOR to communicate an inmate's parole clearance to the Board based upon performance; a subsequent agreement specified that the Department would formally declare an inmate 'deficient' if he did not maintain an acceptable level of performance. Criteria for this assessment were later defined as six months or more in a time out status. Tags: parole,policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Simultaneous excellent and unsatisfactory ratings possible A number of these actions may be occurring simultaneously. An inmate may conceivably receive an 'Excellent' performance rating in one activity and an 'Unsatisfactory' in another. He would therefore be rewarded for his positive behavior and sanctioned for his negative behavior. Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Quarterly Review Summary documents inmate behavior The Case Manager uses the monthly PERs to document the inmate's behavior on a quarterly basis. When the inmate comes up for parole consideration, the Case Manager incorporates the information from this Quarterly Review Summary into the Parole Review Summary. Tags: policy,parole,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Inmate declared deficient on Parole Review Summary If the inmate's behavior during his incarceration has been unacceptable, documented through numerous disciplinary reports, he is declared 'deficient' on the Parole Review Summary which is then forwarded to the Parole Board. Tags: policy,parole,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS emphasizes conventional behavior transferable to free society Performance criteria emphasize conventional behavior readily transferable to free society, e.g., punctuality. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,reentry Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Inmate enters contingency contract known as Performance Plan After a detailed aptitude and skills assessment, the inmate enters into a contingency contract, known as a Performance Plan. As he completes each article of this Plan successfully, he acquires a new skill - vocational, educational, or interpersonal. Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Parole Board expected diagnostic package contents According to a representative of the Board of Pardons and Paroles, the inmate file forwarded for review by institutional personnel is to contain a complete diagnostic package including the ETS Performance Assessment Sheet (Intake and Extended Assessments), employment history derived from an interview at the diagnostic point, and a computerized psychological profile. One of the more important other items is the inmate's face sheet. Tags: parole,policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Inmate earns unit of time off for each day served As long as the inmate's performance and attitude comply with those specified for that activity, he earns a unit of time off the end of his prison term for each day he serves. Tags: policy,legal Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Privileges earned through exceptionally high performance More proximate positive reinforcements are also available in the form of institutional privileges earned through an exceptionally high level of performance in an activity. Tags: policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Poor performance may result in removal from earning status Exceptionally poor performance - not resulting from a lack of skills - carries a negative sanction which may include removal from an earning status for a specific period of time. Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Cumulative behaviors projected as major parole factor By the time an inmate's case comes up for parole consideration, extensive documentation is available to the Parole Board concerning the inmate's compliance with various articles of his Performance Plan. His positive or negative cumulative behaviors are projected as a major factor in the final parole decision. Tags: parole,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS handbook issued to inmates Each inmate is issued a handbook containing functional and organizational information and regulations concerning inmate behavior. Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Performance Recording Sheet initiated at initial interview The interviewer initiates a Performance Recording Sheet for inclusion in the inmate's file. Any significant occurrences in the inmate's life during his incarceration, except for diagnostic data, are entered on this sheet. Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Department of Labor representative assesses aptitude After the initial interview the inmate undergoes a battery of psychological and vocational tests. He is then interviewed by a representative of the Department of Labor in order to assess his aptitude and educational preparation for various jobs. Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Request to Participate form signed by inmate If the inmate wishes to take part in ETS, he signs a 'Request to Participate' form which is included in his file and forwarded to the Classification Committee for processing. Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Statement of Non-Participation form If the inmate refuses to change his decision, the interviewer assists him in completing a 'Statement of Non-Participation.' This form is included in the inmate's file and forwarded to the Classification Committee. Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Classification Committee approves non-participation decision The Classification Committee meets with the inmate to ascertain his understanding of a non-participation decision. If the Committee agrees that the inmate realizes the consequences of his action and he still refuses to rescind that action, they approve his decision on the Non-Participation form and he is placed in a non-earning status. Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS earn-out rate: two days off per day served for non-habitual In theory, by consistently earning two days off time for each day served, the inmate will earn his way out at one-third of his sentence, whether or not he is granted parole. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,legal,parole Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Test scores entered in Performance Assessment Sheet The Classification Committee enters the inmate's various test scores in the Intake section of the 'Performance Assessment Sheet.' Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS earn-out rate: one day off per day served for habitual offenders If an inmate is an 'habitual' ETS offender, he earns at one day off for one day served, so the earn out point only occurs at half his sentence length. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,legal,parole Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Case Manager initial interview reviews ETS procedures The Case Manager conducts an initial interview to (1) review ETS procedures once again; (2) review and discuss intake information from the diagnostic center with the inmate, noting any possible discrepancies; and (3) discuss needs identified at the diagnostic center and confirm them in combination with the inmate's self-assessment. Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] ETS provides two levels of positive reinforcement The Earned Time System provides two levels of positive reinforcement for the inmate: (1) time off the end of his sentence, with the Department's favorable parole recommendation, predicated upon sustained acceptable performance; and (2) extra institutional privileges earned through exceptional performance in a rated activity. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations,parole Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Non-participant assessment process ended If the inmate is a Non-Participant and wishes to retain that status, the assessment process is ended. Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Inmate assigned to work detail after Case Manager interview After the interview with his Case Manager, the inmate is assigned to a work detail. The Case Manager may request a Supervisor's Evaluation from the staff member who supervises this detail. Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Extended Assessment records data in eight areas The Case Manager records all input data such as correspondence, test scores, and interview results in the eight areas of the Extended Assessment section of the Performance Assessment Sheet. Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Quarterly Review Summary forwarded to Parole Board All Quarterly Review Summaries are forwarded to the Parole Board when the inmate's consideration date arrives, for inclusion in the Board's information file. Accurate, detailed completion of this form has a potentially large impact on the parole decision, since the Quarterly provides the only continually updated history of the inmate's behavior and performance during his incarceration. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,parole,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Performance Plan discussed with inmate The Case Manager discusses the Performance Plan with the inmate, considering any input he might make, and revises the Plan as necessary. Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Completed Plan and Extended Assessment sent to Classification Committee The completed Plan and Extended Assessment are sent to the Classification Committee for approval. Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Performance Notice issued for excellent or unsatisfactory behavior The activity supervisor issues an 'Excellent' or 'Unsatisfactory' Performance Notice (P.N.) to an inmate based on performance criteria specified in the Performance Activity Description for that activity. Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Disciplinary Report for negative attitude If instead of citing the inmate for a performance deficiency, the supervisor cites him for displaying a negative attitude - as in a case of insubordination - he initiates a Disciplinary Report and forwards it to the Disciplinary Committee for processing. Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS classification determined at three institutions The classifying mechanism (habitual or non-habitual) has been highly routinized at the three institutions where the determination is presently made: GDCC, GIl, and GWCI. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,facilities Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Supervisor's Evaluation required quarterly for each assigned inmate The Supervisor's Evaluation is required on a quarterly basis for each inmate assigned to an activity under ETS Procedures. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] ETS requires inmate responsibility for rehabilitation The basic tenets of the Earned Time System require that an inmate assume responsibility for his own actions and be the decisive factor in his own rehabilitation. He decides whether he wants to participate in the Earned Time continuum; in theory, he decides whether he will participate in any institutional programs; and he decides at what level he will perform in those programs. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,reentry Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Privilege must be used within one month of award ETS Procedures specify that an inmate 'must use [an earned] privilege before the expiration date, normally one month from the date of award.' Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Eight assessment categories in ETS plan development Each of the three major documents in the plan development process—Intake Assessment, Extended Assessment, and Performance Plan—contains eight distinct areas in which to assess the inmate's needs and aptitudes: (1) Work, (2) Vocational, (3) Education, (4) Problem Behavior, (5) Leisure, (6) Pre-Release, (7) Medical and (8) Other. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Two-week phone call privilege limit at one small institution One of the small institutions has established a two-week limit on phone call privileges; that is, any inmate selecting a phone call as his privilege has two weeks from the date of the privilege slip to make his phone call. Since the phone call accounts for 75% of the privileges chosen at that institution during any given month, the two-week policy probably contributes to this institution's low turnaround time of 4.7 days. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: policy,operations Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) TRENDS (4) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Use of Force Report rate decline during FY77 The rate of Use of Force reports per quarter per 1,000 inmates dropped steadily during FY77, from 1.33 in July-September 1976 to 0.92 in April-June 1977. The report attributes this possibly to the opening of new institutions and a consequent reduction in tension levels. Tags: violence,operations,facilities,trend Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Combined program success rate trend The first year cohort showed a gradual increase in successful combined program completions from 15% to 34%; Earned Time inmates showed first a gradual increase from 13% to 24%, then a setback in Quarter 4 to a 19% rate. Tags: operations,policy,trend Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Privilege award rates higher at institutions with younger populations Rates are significantly and consistently higher at institutions with younger populations, with the two highest rates occurring at Georgia Training and Development Center and Georgia Industrial Institute. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,demographics Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Privilege earning rate increases from lower to higher I.Q. ranges The privilege earning rate increases somewhat from lower to higher I.Q. score ranges, possibly reflecting different levels of understanding and interaction with the ETS privilege mechanisms. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,demographics Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) DATA GAPS (2) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] Procedures for declaring an inmate deficient not yet established DOOR will establish procedures for declaring an inmate deficient. The evaluators will examine inmate files to determine if these procedures are being followed. It is noted here that procedures for determination of deficiencies have not been established. Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy,parole Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [reported] Low ETS diagnostic data in parole files Only 57% or 26 of sampled parole files contained some ETS diagnostic data. This low proportion suggests a need for some clarification as to the exact requisite composition of the data package forwarded to the Parole Board by Departmental staff. Tags: parole,operations,data_gap Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) QUOTES (2) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] Parole Board agreement on deficient inmates The Parole Board has agreed 'not to release an inmate upon scheduled review, if the Department of Corrections recommends that he not be released based on a lack of agreed upon performance by the inmate and the Department or disciplinary action.' Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: parole,policy,legal Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) - [confirmed] Smith and Roche conclusion on ETS organizational function Smith and Roche concluded: "The system can work organizationally with push from above [p. 16]." Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: operations,policy Sources: The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977) DATASETS (27) ---------------------------------------- # Total Inmate Population by ETS Status, Sentence Type, Sex, and Race (September 1, 1977) Table 1 from the ETS evaluation showing the breakdown of the total Georgia inmate population (11,697) by ETS participation status, felon/misdemeanant status, sex, and race. Percentages are column percentages. Description ETS Non-ETS Total -------------------------------------------- Active cases 4737 6960 11697 Felons 4487 6858 11345 Misdemeanants 250 102 352 White males 1951 2305 4256 Non-white males 2497 4421 6918 White females 107 74 181 Non-white females 182 160 342 Sub-total: males 4448 6726 11174 Sub-total: females 289 234 523 Sub-total: white 2058 2379 4437 Sub-total: non-white 2679 4581 7260 # ETS Institutional File Sample Sizes (1977) Sample sizes for the evaluation of institutional files across Georgia state institutions and county camps, showing total E's at sampling, E's permanently assigned longer than 60 days, number of files sampled, and percentage of E > 60 in sample. Institution Total E's at Sampling E's Permanently Assigned > 60 Days Files Sampled Percent of E > 60 in Sample ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chatham CCI 54 20 10 50 Clarke CCI 15 13 4 31 Fulton CCI 118 98 10 10 GDCC 644 30 20 66 GIl 330 31 19 61 GSP 367 154 15 10 GT&DC 69 30 10 33 GWCI 162 25 11 44 Gwinnett CCI 20 14 6 43 Lee CI 63 19 9 47 Montgomery CI 78 31 10 32 Stone Mountain CI 16 11 7 68 Terrell CCI 23 19 9 47 West CCI 56 56 11 20 Ga. Continuing Ctr. 89 68 12 18 Total 2088 568 156 28 # Quarterly Review Summary Discrete Category Entries Number of discrete entries by category in the Quarterly Review Summary, with mean number of discrete entries and count of 'No Change' or 'N/A' entries per category. Category Number of Discrete Entries Mean Number of Discrete Entries No Change or N/A Entries --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Work 189 1.7 1 Vocational 143 1.3 20 Education 183 1.7 10 Problem Behavior 189 1.7 2 Leisure 166 1.5 3 Pro-Release 140 1.3 20 Medical 121 1.1 13 Other 111 1 15 Total 1242 1.4 84 # Use of Force Reports: Rate per Quarter per 1,000 Inmates (FY76-FY77) Quarterly Use of Force report totals and rates per 1,000 inmates at state and county institutions, comparing FY76 (pre-ETS) and FY77 (post-ETS implementation). Quarter State Institution Total Reports County Institution Total Reports Population Average Rate per Quarter per 1,000 Inmates --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Jul-Sep 75 37 2 10763 1.2 Oct-Dec 75 39 0 10692 1.37 Jan-Mar 76 40 5 10695 1.53 Apr-Jun 76 45 5 10973 1.25 FY76 Total 161 12 10788 1.34 Jul-Sep 76 39 5 11050 1.33 Oct-Dec 76 31 2 11127 0.99 Jan-Mar 77 29 2 11205 0.92 Apr-Jun 77 30 1 11235 0.92 FY77 Total 129 10 11154 1.04 # Previous Good Time System Maxout Times by Sentence Length Earliest maxout, actual maxout, and average number of inmate maxouts per year under the previous good time system for sentence lengths of 1-10 years. Sentence Length (Years) Previous Earliest Maxout Previous Actual Maxout Average No. of Inmate Maxouts Per Year ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 0.72 0.83 428 2 1.35 1.48 228 3 1.9 2.07 228 4 2.45 2.59 73 5 3 3.22 132 6 3.55 3.64 40 7 4.01 4.35 24 8 4.65 4.87 19 9 5.2 7 10 5.75 6.19 35 # Inmate Population Ratios by Sentence, Sex, and Race Table 2 from the ETS evaluation showing ratios of felons to misdemeanants, males to females, and non-whites to whites for ETS, non-ETS, combined, and pre-ETS populations. Description ETS Non-ETS Combined Pre-ETS ---------------------------------------------------------- Felons:Misdemeanants 18:1 67:1 32.1:1 34:1 Males:Females 15.4:1 28.7:1 21.4:1 22:1 Non-whites:Whites 1.3:1 1.9:1 1.6:1 1.7:1 # ETS File Completeness Checklist Results (1977) Percentage of sampled ETS files containing each required transaction or document, based on 156 files sampled. Document Percent Present Number Present ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Inmate classification noted 99 154 Participation status form 98 153 Performance Assessment Sheet 92 143 Intake Assessment 90 141 Extended Assessment 80 125 Supervisor's Evaluation 40 63 Performance Plan (total present) 80 125 Performance Plan signed and dated 34 53 Performance Plan signed not dated 35 55 Performance Plan not signed not dated 11 17 No Performance Plan in file 20 31 Quarterly Review Summary 70 110 # Privilege Earning Rates by Security Classification at 11 Sampled Institutions Privilege earning rates, percentage of total privileges earned, and percentage of sampled population by security classification. Security Classification Percent of Total Privileges Earned Percent of Population at Sampled Institution Privilege Earning Rate ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Lower (1-3) 33 15.4 0.33 Medium (4) 41 29 0.07 Higher (5-6) 27 54 0.02 # Disciplinary Reports: Rate per Quarter per 1,000 Inmates (FY76-FY77) Quarterly Disciplinary Report totals and rates per 1,000 inmates at state and county institutions, comparing FY76 (pre-ETS) and FY77 (post-ETS implementation). Quarter State Institution Total Reports County Institution Total Reports Population Average Rate per Quarter per 1,000 Inmates --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Jul-Sep 75 1114 309 10763 44.07 Oct-Dec 75 1238 265 10692 46.85 Jan-Mar 76 1314 313 10695 50.33 Apr-Jun 76 1380 277 10973 50.71 FY76 Total 5046 1164 10788 47.97 Jul-Sep 76 1574 277 11050 55.84 Oct-Dec 76 1299 243 11127 46.2 Jan-Mar 77 1670 242 11205 56.88 Apr-Jun 77 1621 239 11235 55.18 FY77 Total 6164 1001 11154 53.53 # ETS Man-Year Savings at 100% Performance Earliest maxout, net difference, and annual savings under the Earned Time System at 100% performance for sentence lengths of 1-10 years. Sentence Length (Years) Earliest Maxout Net Difference Annual Savings -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 0.5 0.33 141 2 1 0.48 109 3 1.5 0.57 130 4 2 0.59 93 5 2.5 0.72 95 6 3 0.64 26 7 3.5 0.85 10 8 4 0.87 9 4.5 1.1 10 5 1.19 33 # ETS Discrete Category Entries: Intake Assessment (1977) Number of discrete entries, median, and mean for each of the eight assessment categories in the Intake Assessment form. Category Number of Entries Median Mean --------------------------------------------------- Work 527 3.5 3.7 Vocational 378 2.1 2.7 Education 549 3.5 3.9 Problem Behavior 336 2 2.4 Leisure 244 1.3 1.7 Pre-Release 276 1.6 2 Medical 968 6.6 6.7 Other 329 1.9 2.3 # Security Profile of Black Inmates Who Earned a Privilege Percentage of Black inmates who earned a privilege by security classification, compared to percentage of Black inmates in the sampled population. Security Classification Percent Black Who Earned a Privilege Percent Black in Sampled Population ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Lower (1-3) 30.4 15.1 Medium (4) 40.1 32.3 Higher (5-6) 29.5 51.9 # Successful Program Completions, Twenty Selected Vocational Programs: ETS Inmates vs. Any First Year Cohort Comparison of successful completions and terminations in 20 selected vocational programs between ETS inmates (FY77) and the first year new admission cohort (FY76). Program Number ETS Terminations First Year Terminations ETS Successful Completions First Year Successful Completions ETS Success Rate First Year Success Rate --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 11 83 0 1 0% 1% 2 6 6 0 4 0% 9% 3 11 35 1 5 9% 40% 4 10 41 0 6 0% 15% 5 16 6 0 0 0% 6% Total 58 145 1 16 1.7% 11% # ETS Man-Year Savings at 50% Performance Earliest maxout, net difference, and annual savings under the Earned Time System at 50% performance for sentence lengths of 1-10 years. Sentence Length (Years) Earliest Maxout Net Difference Annual Savings -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 0.67 0.16 20 2 1.33 0.15 17 3 2 0.07 8 4 2.67 -0.09 -6 5 3.33 -0.11 -15 6 4 -0.36 -14 7 4.67 -0.42 -3 8 5.34 -0.4 -9 9 6 -0.13 -3 10 6.67 -0.13 -3 # ETS Discrete Category Entries: Extended Assessment (1977) Number of discrete entries, median, mean, and No Change percentage for each of the eight assessment categories in the Extended Assessment form. Category Number of Entries Median Mean No Change Percent No Change Count --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Work 206 1.8 1.6 13 16 Vocational 120 3 0.96 36 45 Education 141 2.8 1.1 32 40 Problem Behavior 118 4 0.94 38 47 Leisure 121 5.4 0.97 47 59 Pre-Release 74 3 0.59 58 73 Medical 42 7 0.34 78 98 Other 61 4 0.49 66 82 Total 883 0.88 46 460 # Security Profile of White Inmates Who Earned a Privilege Percentage of White inmates who earned a privilege by security classification, compared to percentage of White inmates in the sampled population. Security Classification Percent White Who Earned a Privilege Percent White in Sampled Population ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Lower (1-3) 34.7 15.8 Medium (4) 41 26.8 Higher (5-6) 24.2 58.1 # Successful Program Completions, Five Academic Areas: ETS Inmates vs. Any First Year Cohort Comparison of successful completions and terminations in five academic education areas (Adult Basic Education, college courses, GED, high school courses, Literacy Remedial Education) between ETS inmates (FY77) and the first year new admission cohort (FY76). Quarter ETS Terminations First Year Terminations ETS Successful Completions First Year Successful Completions ETS Success Rate First Year Success Rate -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 47 99 2 4 22% 18% 2 100 234 10 18 21% 30% 3 147 430 27 71 27% 39% 4 9 23 33 169 22% 17% Total 303 786 72 262 24% 33% # ETS Man-Year Savings at 90% Performance Earliest maxout, net difference, and annual savings under the Earned Time System at 90% performance for sentence lengths of 1-10 years. Sentence Length (Years) Earliest Maxout Net Difference Annual Savings -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 0.53 0.3 123 2 1.05 0.43 98 3 1.58 0.49 112 4 2.1 0.49 36 5 2.63 0.59 78 6 3.16 0.48 19 7 3.68 0.67 16 8 4.21 0.66 13 9 4.73 0.87 6 10 5.26 0.93 33 # ETS Discrete Category Entries: Performance Plan (1977) Number of discrete entries, median, mean, and incorrect entry percentage for each of the eight assessment categories in the Performance Plan form. Category Number of Entries Median Mean Incorrect Entry Percent Incorrect Entry Count --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Work 113 0.8 0.9 6 7 Vocational 98 0.7 0.78 13 16 Education 115 0.8 0.92 11 14 Problem Behavior 97 0.9 0.78 14 17 Leisure 90 0.8 0.72 18 22 Pre-Release 97 0.8 0.77 10 12 Medical 52 0.2 0.42 0.8 1 Other 32 0.6 0.26 7.2 9 Total 694 0.69 9.8 98 # Privilege Earning Rates by I.Q. Range at 11 Sampled Institutions Privilege earning rates, percentage of total privileges earned, and percentage of sampled population by I.Q. score range. I.Q. Score Range Percent of Total Privileges Earned Percent of Population at Sampled Institution Privilege Earning Rate ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Lower (to 79) 15.4 8.8 0.2 Medium (80 to 109) 39 46 0.07 Higher (over 109) 17 20 0.18 # Data Provided to Parole Board by DOR Staff Frequency of various documentation items present in sampled parole review files of inmates due for parole consideration. Description Number Percent of Total Sample --------------------------------------------------------------------- Parole Review Summary only 13 28% Inmate Evaluation only 29 63% Both a Summary & Evaluation 4 8% Quarterly Review Summary 11 24% Performance Plan 6 13% Face Sheet 43 93% DOR Case Study 21 46% Complete Performance Assessment 20 44% Intake Assessment Only 6 13% Employment Interview Data 16 35% Computerized Psychological Profile 14 30% # Inmate Population: County Institutions (ETS vs Non-ETS) Active inmate population breakdown by felon/misdemeanant status, race, and sex for ETS and non-ETS county institutions. Description ETS Non-ETS Total ----------------------------------------- Active 3670 5113 8783 Felons 3539 5092 8631 Misdemeanants 131 21 152 White males 1552 1724 3276 Non-white males 1896 3208 5104 White females 76 59 135 Non-white females 146 122 268 # ETS Intake-to-Extended Correspondence by Category (1977) Number and percentage of Intake Assessment entries verified during Extended Assessment, by category. Category Possible Correspondences Actual Correspondences Percent ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Work 125 106 85 Vocational 125 97 78 Education 125 111 89 Problem Behavior 125 98 78 Leisure 125 111 89 Pre-Release 125 108 86 Medical 125 118 94 Other 125 109 87 Total 1000 858 86 # Population and Design Capacity, FY76 and FY77 Quarterly average population, design capacity, and percentage of design capacity occupied for state institutions, FY76 and FY77. Fiscal Year Quarter Population Average Design Capacity Percent of Design Capacity Occupied ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ FY76 1 8144 7348 111 FY76 2 8199 7348 112 FY76 3 8203 7348 112 FY76 4 8407 7348 114 FY76 8238 7348 112 FY77 1 8467 7780 109 FY77 2 8549 7789 110 FY77 3 8687 7780 112 FY77 4 8679 7780 112 FY77 8596 7780 110 # Inmate Population: Community Facilities (ETS vs Non-ETS) Active inmate population breakdown by felon/misdemeanant status, race, and sex for ETS and non-ETS community facilities. Description ETS Non-ETS Total ---------------------------------------- Active 100 214 314 Felons 64 146 210 Misdemeanants 36 68 104 White males 12 51 63 White females 30 15 45 Non-white females 36 36 72 # ETS Extended-to-Need Correspondence by Category (1977) Number and percentage of Extended Assessment entries corresponding with Performance Plan Need or Objective, by category. Category Possible Correspondences Actual Correspondences Percent ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Work 125 86 69 Vocational 125 87 70 Education 125 95 76 Problem Behavior 125 82 66 Leisure 125 79 63 Pre-Release 125 92 74 Medical 125 93 74 Other 125 77 62 Total 1000 691 69 # ETS Need-to-Activity Correspondence by Category (1977) Number and percentage of Performance Plan Needs corresponding with Activities, and needs with no activity, by category. Category Possible Correspondences Actual Correspondences Percent Need with No Activity No Activity Percent ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Work 125 95 76 10 8 Vocational 125 87 70 16 13 Education 125 93 74 12 10 Problem Behavior 125 87 70 17 14 Leisure 125 84 67 22 18 Pre-Release 125 78 62 30 24 Medical 125 90 72 31 25 Other 125 72 58 34 27 Total 1000 686 69 172 17 KEY ENTITIES (83) ---------------------------------------- - Alexander B. Smith [person]: Co-author of 'Self-Determination in Welfare and Corrections: Is There a Limit?' (1974). - Allen Ault [person]: Commissioner of Georgia's Department of Corrections/Offender Rehabilitation (DCOR) who identified three major problems of the Georgia correctional system: overcrowding, negative subjective philosophy of corrections, and lack of defined criteria for release on parole. (aka: Dr. Allen Ault) - Allen L. Ault [person]: Commissioner of the Georgia Department of Corrections/Offender Rehabilitation in 1975. (aka: Ault) - Andrea Trimm [person]: Provided typing support for the ETS evaluation. - Atlanta Advancement Center [facility]: A prototype work release center established approximately one year after the Georgia Work Release Law was approved (1970). Its basic goal was reintegration of the offender into gainful employment. - Chatham Correctional Institution [facility]: A relatively small facility with population ranging from 180 to 230, located in a different District. - Chatham County Correctional Institution [facility]: Georgia county correctional institution. In 1977, had 54 total E's at sampling, 20 permanently assigned longer than 60 days, and 10 files sampled. (aka: Chatham CCI) - Clarke County Correctional Institution [facility]: County work camp selected for the ETS evaluation sample. - Classification Committee [organization]: Committee that functions in an administrative capacity in the ETS process, reviewing PER-U forms and recommending administrative or disciplinary actions. - Cox [person]: Co-author with DeCostanzo of a 1977 on-site visit report referenced in the ETS evaluation. - Dave Otto [person]: Guided first look at institutional life and provided updated information on diagnostic process programmatic aspects. - Dave Smith [person]: Reviewed design measures and served as academic resource person during first seven months of ETS evaluation. - David E. Silber [person]: Author of 'The Place of Behavior Therapy in Correction' (1976). - David Smith [person]: Co-author of the Earned Time System Evaluation Design, Georgia Department of Offender Rehabilitation, Evaluation and Monitoring Services. (aka: Dr. David Smith) - Dennis E. Hoffman [person]: Co-author of 'Recidivism: In Search of a More Comprehensive Definition' (1976). - Disciplinary Committee [organization]: Committee that reviews PER-U forms and either declares them null and void or initiates Disciplinary Reports, potentially resulting in institutional sanctions or 'time out' placement. - Doug Williams [person]: ETS Supervisor, DOR, who organized evaluation itineraries and served as liaison. - Earned Time System [program]: A performance-based rehabilitative model enacted by the Georgia legislature on July 1, 1976 to address overcrowding, negative corrections philosophy, and unspecified parole criteria. Includes case management, performance rating, and privilege systems. (aka: ETS, Earned Time Law) - Elaine T. DeCostanzo [person]: Research Consultant who prepared the Earned Time System First Annual Evaluation, September 30, 1977. (aka: Elaine T. OeCostanzo) - Erskine Martin [person]: ETS Supervisor, DOR, who organized evaluation itineraries and served as liaison. - Federal Bureau of Investigation [organization]: Federal law enforcement agency that led Operation Ghost Guard investigation. (aka: FBI) - Federal Correctional Institution at Lompoc [facility]: Federal correctional institution where correctional officers are recognized as integral parts of each inmate's environment and serve as counselors. (aka: FCI Lompoc) - Fulton County Correctional Institution [facility]: County work camp selected for the ETS evaluation sample. - George Cox [person]: Director, Program Evaluation Section, Department of Offender Rehabilitation, who provided guidance for the ETS evaluation. - Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles [organization]: Georgia's parole authority, operates reentry services including Reentry Partnership Housing (RPH) - Georgia Correctional Continuing Center [facility]: Georgia correctional facility. In 1977, had 89 total E's at sampling, 68 permanently assigned longer than 60 days, and 12 files sampled. (aka: Ga. Continuing Ctr.) - Georgia Department of Labor [organization]: The state agency responsible for workforce development. Partner in the TOPPSTEP program. (aka: Department of Labor, Labor Department) - Georgia Department of Offender Rehabilitation [organization]: The state agency responsible for Georgia's correctional system, including state and county institutions. Produced the Earned Time System evaluation. (aka: DOR, DCOR, Department of Corrections/Offender Rehabilitation, Georgia Department of Corrections) - Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Center [facility]: Facility where Youthful Offender Act needs were assessed through physical examination and diagnostic testing. - Georgia Industrial Institute [facility]: Georgia correctional institution where Parole Supervisor Denny Chapman facilitated a shock probation tour for the report author. - Georgia Legislature [organization]: The legislative body that enacted the Earned Time Law on July 1, 1976. - Georgia Parole Board [organization]: Georgia state body that considers work history in parole decisions, creating coercive pressure for incarcerated people to accept unpaid labor. - Georgia Prisoners' Speak [organization]: Advocacy organization documenting conditions inside Georgia prisons through photos and insider accounts, including food inadequacy. (aka: GPS) - Georgia State Prison [facility]: Georgia state prison where Chad Ashley Allen, serving a life sentence for murder, operated drug trafficking enterprise with Ghost Face Gangsters. - Georgia Training and Development Center [facility]: Correctional facility in Buford, Georgia where the M.O.R.E. Project was initiated in 1972. - Georgia Women's Correctional Institution [facility]: The only state institution reserved strictly for women offenders. Served as initial processing facility for female inmates. (aka: GWCI, Georgia Women's Correctional Institute) - Georgia Work Release Law [legislation]: Legislation approved on April 12, 1969 that established the work release program in Georgia. - Georgia Youthful Offender Act of 1972 [legislation]: 1972 Georgia legislation establishing a contingency contract system for non-capital offenders aged 17-24, with indeterminate sentences of zero to six years. (aka: Youthful Offender Act) - Gwinnett County Correctional Institution [facility]: County work camp selected for the ETS evaluation sample. - H. Bryan McKay [person]: Co-author of 'A Study of Institutional Treatment Programs' (1976). - Henry Miller [person]: Sociologist who contended that freedom of choice includes freedom to refuse treatment, provided one is willing to accept the consequences. - Jerry Nosin [person]: Program staff member who shared perspective of day-to-day ETS operations. - Joel Snell [person]: Co-author of 'Recidivism: In Search of a More Comprehensive Definition' (1976). - John Bethea [person]: ETS Supervisor, DOR, who organized evaluation itineraries and served as liaison. - John C. Watkins [person]: Author of works on changing inmate behavior and organization of institutional resources for behavior change (1967, 1970). - John M. McKee [person]: Author of 'New Directions in Corrections' (1971) and co-author of 'The Cellblock Token Economy' (1976), associated with the Rehabilitation Research Foundation. - Karl Holton School for Boys [facility]: Correctional facility in Stockton, California cited by McKee as successfully practicing performance-contingent parole. - Law Enforcement Assistance Administration [organization]: Federal agency that provided funding for the ETS evaluation under Grant No. 76ED040025. (aka: LEAA) - Lee Correctional Institution [facility]: South Carolina state prison where a 2018 riot killed 7 and injured 17, the deadliest prison incident in a quarter century. - Louis Berlin [person]: Co-author of 'Self-Determination in Welfare and Corrections: Is There a Limit?' (1974). - M.O.R.E. Project [program]: A token economy incentive system initiated August 1, 1972 at the Georgia Training and Development Center in Buford, Georgia, providing points negotiable for commodities and privileges. (aka: Motivation in Offender Rehabilitating Environments Project) - Margo Edwards [person]: Program staff member who shared perspective of day-to-day ETS operations. - Marsha Chalker [person]: Systems Section, Department of Offender Rehabilitation, responsible for data processing for the ETS evaluation. - Michael A. Milan [person]: Co-author of 'The Cellblock Token Economy' (1976) on token reinforcement procedures in maximum security correctional institutions. - Michael Mackenzie [person]: Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles staff member who assisted with interviews and file access. - Mike Puckett [person]: ETS Supervisor, DOR, who organized evaluation itineraries and served as liaison. - Montgomery Correctional Institution [facility]: A medium-sized institution with population of about 345. - Offender Administration [organization]: Central Office unit that processes Request for Conviction Verification forms for ETS classification disputes. - Operation Performance [program]: Georgia correctional program designed by Commissioner Ault to combat overcrowding and negative correctional philosophy through a correctional continuum with mutual contractual agreements. - Performance Activity Description [program]: Document specifying performance criteria for each activity in the ETS system, written in behavioral terms to remove subjectivity. (aka: PAD) - Performance Exception Report [program]: Monthly report issued by activity supervisors documenting an inmate's cumulative excellent or unsatisfactory behavior. (aka: PER) - Performance Plan [program]: A contingency agreement developed for each ETS participant after needs assessment and verification, specifying needs, objectives, and activities the inmate agrees to participate in. - Robert R. Ross [person]: Co-author of 'A Study of Institutional Treatment Programs' (1976) on behavior modification strategies for female adolescent offenders. - Robert R. Smith [person]: Author of 'A Survey of Good Time Policies and Practices in American Correctional Agencies' (1975). - Robertson Haworth [person]: Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles staff member who assisted with interviews and file access. - Roche [person]: Co-author with Smith of a 1977 report on ETS paperwork and organizational function, cited in the evaluation. - Smith [person]: Co-author with Roche of a 1977 report on ETS paperwork and organizational function, cited in the evaluation. - Smith and Roche, 1977 [organization]: Authors cited in the evaluation for a more extensive discussion of inmate-staff perceptions of ETS. - START program [program]: Federal prison behavior modification program at Butner, North Carolina, discontinued by the courts. (aka: Special Treatment and Rehabilitative Training) - State Board of Pardons and Paroles [organization]: Georgia state entity that serves as a reporting entity for sexual abuse allegations in prisons - Stone Mountain Correctional Institution [facility]: Correctional institution audited in 1973 (box-only). (aka: Stone Mountain CI) - Terrell County Correctional Institution [facility]: County work camp selected for the ETS evaluation sample. - Thomas Roche [person]: Co-author of the Earned Time System Evaluation Design, Georgia Department of Offender Rehabilitation, Evaluation and Monitoring Services. (aka: Dr. Thomas Roche) - Tim Carr [person]: Systems Section, Department of Offender Rehabilitation, responsible for data processing for the ETS evaluation. - Tom Roche [person]: Reviewed design measures and served as academic resource person during first seven months of ETS evaluation. - Vicky Clark [person]: Research Consultant, DOR, who participated in on-site visits and coded hundreds of files for the ETS evaluation. - Vincent J. Webb [person]: Co-author of 'Recidivism: In Search of a More Comprehensive Definition' (1976). - Virginia correctional system [organization]: Correctional system where Geller and colleagues instituted a large-scale contingency management program for inmates in segregation facilities. - West Correctional Institution [facility]: Georgia correctional institution. In 1977, had 56 total E's at sampling, all 56 permanently assigned longer than 60 days, and 11 files sampled. (aka: West CCI) - West Georgia Community Center [facility]: A medium-sized institution with population of about 345. Most recently opened state institution with no non-ETS experiences. - West Georgia Community Correctional Center [facility]: A new community correctional center with a capacity of 432 opened in Columbus, Georgia during FY77. - William O. Wakefield [person]: Co-author of 'Recidivism: In Search of a More Comprehensive Definition' (1976). - Youthful Offender Program [program]: A Georgia corrections program for younger inmates that specifies a contingency-based contract determining the inmate's release date. SOURCES (55) ---------------------------------------- - Ault, Allen L. The Public Position on the Status of the Correctional System (1975), Department of Corrections/Offender Rehabilitation by Allen L. Ault (1975-01-01) [official_report, primary] - Behavior Modification for Prisoners, Patients, and other People as a Prescription for the Planned Society (Holland, 1975), Mexican Journal of Behavior Analysis, Vol. 1, No. 1 by James G. Holland (1975-01-01) [academic, secondary] - Behavioral Approaches to Treatment in the Crime and Delinquency Field (Braukmann et al., 1975), Criminology, Vol. 13, No. 3 by Curtis J. Braukmann, Dean L. Fixsen, Elery L. Phillips, Montrose M. Wolf (1975-11-01) [academic, secondary] - Braukmann, Curtis J.; Fixsen, Dean L.; Phillips, Elery L.; Wolf, Montrose M. 'Behavioral Approaches to Treatment in the Crime and Delinquency Field' (1975), Criminology, Vol. 13, No. 3 by Curtis J. Braukmann; Dean L. Fixsen; Elery L. Phillips; Montrose M. Wolf (1975-01-01) [academic, primary] - Brown, Bertram S., MD; Wienckowski, Louis A., Ph.D.; Stolz, Stephanie B., Ph.D. Behavior Modification: Perspective on a Current Issue (1975), National Institute of Mental Health by Bertram S. Brown; Louis A. Wienckowski; Stephanie B. Stolz (1975-01-01) [academic, primary] - Citizens' Inquiry on Parole and Criminal Justice. Prison Without Walls (1975), Praeger by Citizens' Inquiry on Parole and Criminal Justice (1975-01-01) [academic, primary] - Coates, Robert B. and Miller, Alden D. 'Evaluating Larger Scale Social Service Systems in Changing Environments: The Case of Correctional Agencies' (1975), Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency by Robert B. Coates; Alden D. Miller (1975-01-01) [academic, primary] - Colman, Capt. Arthur D. and Baker, Jr., Col. Stewart L. 'Utilization of an Operant Conditioning Model for the Treatment of Character and Behavior Disorder in a Military Setting' (1969), American Journal of Psychiatry, 125:10 by Arthur D. Colman; Stewart L. Baker, Jr. (1969-01-01) [academic, primary] - Contingency Contracting with Juvenile Offenders (Fitzgerald, 1974), Criminology, Vol. 12, No. 2 by Thomas J. Fitzgerald (1974-08-01) [academic, secondary] - Cox and DeCostanzo 1977 On-Site Visit Report, Georgia Department of Offender Rehabilitation by Cox and DeCostanzo (1977-01-01) [official_report, primary] - Fitzgerald, Thomas J. 'Contingency Contracting with Juvenile Offenders' (1974), Criminology, Vol. 12, No. 2 by Thomas J. Fitzgerald (1974-01-01) [academic, primary] - Fogel, David. We are the Living Proof: The Justice Model for Corrections (1975), Witt Anderson by David Fogel (1975-01-01) [academic, primary] - Friedman, C. Jack and Mann, Frederica. 'Recidivism: the Fallacy of Prediction' (1976), International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, Vol. 20, No. 2 by C. Jack Friedman; Frederica Mann (1976-01-01) [academic, primary] - Geller, E. Scott; Johnson, Daniel F.; Hamilton, Paul H.; Kennedy, Thomas D. 'Behavior Modification in a Prison: Issues, Problems, and Compromises' (1977), Criminal Justice and Behavior, Vol. 4, No. 1 by E. Scott Geller; Daniel F. Johnson; Paul H. Hamilton; Thomas D. Kennedy (1977-01-01) [academic, primary] - Glaser, Daniel. 'Achieving Better Questions: A Half Century's Progress in Correctional Research' (1975), Federal Probation by Daniel Glaser (1975-01-01) [academic, primary] - Holland, James G. 'Behavior Modification for Prisoners, Patients, and other People as a Prescription for the Planned Society' (1975), Mexican Journal of Behavior Analysis, Vol. 1, No. 1 by James G. Holland (1975-01-01) [academic, primary] - Hosford, Ray E. and Moss, C. Scott. 'Counseling in the Prison: Implications for Counselor Training' (1975), The Crumbling Walls, University of Illinois Press by Ray E. Hosford; C. Scott Moss (1975-01-01) [academic, primary] - Inmate Grievance Mechanisms: A Survey of 209 American Prisons (McArthur, 1974), Federal Probation by Virginia McArthur (1974-12-01) [academic, secondary] - Jesness, Carl F. 'The Impact of Behavior Modification and Transactional Analysis on Institution Social Climate' (1975), Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency by Carl F. Jesness (1975-01-01) [academic, primary] - Kazdin, Alan E. 'The Rich Rewards of Rewards' (1976), Psychology Today by Alan E. Kazdin (1976-01-01) [academic, primary] - Kenton, Frank P. 'Prisons: Rehabilitative or Custodial Institutions?' (1975), The Crumbling Walls, University of Illinois Press by Frank P. Kenton (1975-01-01) [academic, primary] - Lipton, Douglas; Martinson, Robert; Wilks, Judith. The Effectiveness of Correctional Treatment (1975), Praeger by Douglas Lipton; Robert Martinson; Judith Wilks (1975-01-01) [academic, primary] - MacNamara, Donal E. 'The Medical Model in Corrections' (1977), Criminology, Vol. 14, No. 4 by Donal E. MacNamara (1977-01-01) [academic, primary] - McArthur, Virginia. 'Inmate Grievance Mechanisms: A Survey of 209 American Prisons' (1974), Federal Probation by Virginia McArthur (1974-01-01) [academic, primary] - McConkie, Mark L. The Correctional Application of Change Theories (1976), University of Georgia by Mark L. McConkie (1976-01-01) [academic, primary] - McConnell, James V. 'Criminals Can Be Brainwashed-Now' (1969), Psychology Today by James V. McConnell (1969-01-01) [academic, primary] - McKee, 'New Directions in Corrections' (1971), Rehabilitation Research Foundation by John M. McKee (1971-01-01) [academic, primary] - McKee, John M. New Directions in Corrections (1971), Rehabilitation Research Foundation, RRF #315-2-72 by John M. McKee (1971-01-01) [academic, primary] - McKee, John M. The Application of Behavior Theory to Correctional Practice (1971), Rehabilitation Research Foundation, RRF #107 by John M. McKee (1971-01-01) [academic, primary] - Milan and McKee, 'The Cellblock Token Economy' (1976), Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis by Michael A. Milan, John M. McKee (1976-01-01) [academic, primary] - Milan, Michael A. and McKee, John M. 'The Cellblock Token Economy: Token Reinforcement Procedures in a Maximum Security Correctional Institution for Adult Male Felons' (1976), Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 3 by Michael A. Milan; John M. McKee (1976-01-01) [academic, primary] - Nagel, William G. 'On Behalf of a Moratorium on Prison Construction' (1977), Crime & Delinquency by William G. Nagel (1977-01-01) [academic, primary] - Recidivism: the Fallacy of Prediction (Friedman and Mann, 1976), International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, Vol. 20, No. 2 by C. Jack Friedman, Fredrica Mann (1976-01-01) [academic, secondary] - Ross and McKay, 'A Study of Institutional Treatment Programs' (1976), International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology by Robert R. Ross, H. Bryan McKay (1976-01-01) [academic, primary] - Ross, Robert R. and McKay, H. Bryan. 'A Study of Institutional Treatment Programs' (1976), International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, Vol. 20, No. 2 by Robert R. Ross; H. Bryan McKay (1976-01-01) [academic, primary] - Shapiro, M. H. 'Legislating the Control of Behavior Control: Autonomy and the Coercive Use of Organic Therapies' (1974), Southern California Law Review, No. 47 by M. H. Shapiro (1974-01-01) [academic, primary] - Silber, 'The Place of Behavior Therapy in Correction' (1976), Crime and Delinquency by David E. Silber (1976-01-01) [academic, primary] - Silber, David E. 'The Place of Behavior Therapy in Correction' (1976), Crime and Delinquency by David E. Silber (1976-01-01) [academic, primary] - Smith and Berlin, 'Self-Determination in Welfare and Corrections' (1974), Federal Probation by Alexander B. Smith, Louis Berlin (1974-01-01) [academic, primary] - Smith and Roche 1977 ETS Paperwork Report, Unknown by Smith and Roche (1977-01-01) [official_report, primary] - Smith, 'A Survey of Good Time Policies and Practices in American Correctional Agencies' (1975), Journal of Criminal Justice by Robert R. Smith (1975-01-01) [academic, primary] - Smith, Robert R. 'A Preliminary Analysis of Georgia's Earned Time System' (1977), Department of Offender Rehabilitation by Robert R. Smith (1977-01-01) [academic, primary] - Smith, Robert R. 'A Survey of Good Time Policies and Practices in American Correctional Agencies' (1975), Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 3 by Robert R. Smith (1975-01-01) [academic, primary] - Smith, Robert R. 'The Correctional Officer As A Behavioral Technician' (1976), Criminal Justice and Behavior, Vol. 3, No. 4 by Robert R. Smith (1976-01-01) [academic, primary] - The Application of Behavior Theory to Correctional Practice (McKee, 1971), Rehabilitation Research Foundation, RRF-107 by John M. McKee (1971-10-15) [academic, secondary] - The Earned Time System: First Annual Evaluation (NCJ 67770, 1977), Georgia Department of Offender Rehabilitation, Program Evaluation Section by Elaine T. DeCostanzo (1977-09-30) [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/67770NCJRS.pdf - The Impact of Behavior Modification and Transactional Analysis on Institution Social Climate (Jesness, 1975), Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency by Carl F. Jesness (1975-07-01) [academic, secondary] - The Public Position on the Status of the Correctional System (Ault, 1975), Dept. of Corrections/Offender Rehabilitation, Atlanta, Georgia by Allen L. Ault (1975-01-01) [official_report, primary] - Utilization of an Operant Conditioning Model for the Treatment of Character and Behavior Disorder in a Military Setting (Colman and Baker, 1969), American Journal of Psychiatry, 125:10 by Capt. Arthur D. Colman, Col. Stewart L. Baker Jr. (1969-04-01) [academic, secondary] - Watkins, 'Changing Inmate Behavior' (1970), Rehabilitation Research Foundation by John C. Watkins (1970-01-01) [academic, primary] - Watkins, 'Organization of Institutional Resources for Behavior Change' (1967), 97th Annual Congress of Corrections by John C. Watkins (1967-01-01) [academic, primary] - Watkins, John C. 'Organization of Institutional Resources for Behavior Change: A Model' (1967), 97th Annual Congress of Corrections by John C. Watkins (1967-01-01) [academic, primary] - Watkins, John C. Changing Inmate Behavior (1970), Rehabilitation Research Foundation, RRF-104 by John C. Watkins (1970-01-01) [academic, primary] - Webb et al., 'Recidivism: In Search of a More Comprehensive Definition' (1976), International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology by Vincent J. Webb, Dennis E. Hoffman, William O. Wakefield, Joel Snell (1976-01-01) [academic, primary] - Webb, Vincent J.; Hoffman, Dennis E.; Wakefield, William O.; Snell, Joel. 'Recidivism: In Search of a More Comprehensive Definition' (1976), International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, Vol. 20, No. 2 by Vincent J. Webb; Dennis E. Hoffman; William O. Wakefield; Joel Snell (1976-01-01) [academic, primary]