GPS RESEARCH LIBRARY: The Great Writ Hit: The Curtailment of Habeas Corpus in Georgia Since 1967 (Wilkes, 2014) ============================================================ Georgia Prisoners' Speak — gps.press Generated: 2026-04-03 10:36:49 EDT Research Date: 2026-03-20 Topic: Post-Conviction Reform / Wrongful Convictions JSON: https://gps.press/research-data/the-great-writ-hit-the-curtailment-of-habeas-corpus-in-georgia-since-1967-wilkes-2014/?format=json SUMMARY ---------------------------------------- Professor Donald E. Wilkes Jr.'s landmark 112-page law review article documents the systematic curtailment of habeas corpus in Georgia from 1967 to 2014 through six restrictive statutes (1973-2004) and five Georgia Supreme Court decisions (1975-2012). Wilkes identifies the 'law enforcement establishment' as the driving force behind transforming Georgia's habeas remedy from a broad postconviction remedy into one 'available only in extraordinary circumstances,' creating a system that denies indigent prisoners counsel while imposing increasingly complex procedural barriers. The article provides critical academic support for GPS's Sleeping Giants framework, independently confirming the 'promise then nullify' pattern of mandatory statutory language undermined by judicial interpretation and procedural technicalities. FINDINGS (10) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] Six restrictive statutes curtailed Georgia habeas corpus (1973-2004) Between 1973 and 2004, the Georgia legislature enacted six restrictive statutes that collectively transformed Georgia's habeas corpus remedy from 'a broad and effective postconviction remedy into an attenuated remedy available only in extraordinary circumstances.' Tags: legal,policy,habeas_corpus Sources: Donald E. Wilkes Jr., The Great Writ Hit: The Curtailment of Habeas Corpus in Georgia Since 1967 - [confirmed] Five Georgia Supreme Court decisions curtailed habeas corpus (1975-2012) Between 1975 and 2012, the Georgia Supreme Court issued five decisions that further restricted the availability and effectiveness of habeas corpus relief for Georgia prisoners. Tags: legal,habeas_corpus Sources: Donald E. Wilkes Jr., The Great Writ Hit: The Curtailment of Habeas Corpus in Georgia Since 1967 - [confirmed] Federal habeas curtailment emboldened Georgia's restrictions The expansion of federal habeas corpus under the Warren Court encouraged Georgia to expand its state habeas remedy in 1967. The subsequent curtailment of federal habeas by the Burger and Rehnquist Courts, culminating in AEDPA (1996), 'emboldened Georgia to curtail its habeas corpus remedy.' The pattern is one of federal court restriction followed by state mimicry. Tags: legal,habeas_corpus,policy Sources: Donald E. Wilkes Jr., The Great Writ Hit: The Curtailment of Habeas Corpus in Georgia Since 1967 - [reported] Stealthy nature of 1999 habeas curtailment Wilkes notes that 'this startling curtailment of the writ was accomplished so stealthily that it took the Georgia Supreme Court' years to recognize the full implications of the 1999 statute abolishing appeals of right for habeas petitioners. Date: 1999-01-01 Tags: legal,habeas_corpus Sources: Donald E. Wilkes Jr., The Great Writ Hit: The Curtailment of Habeas Corpus in Georgia Since 1967 - [reported] The 'finality fetish' overvalues finality at expense of liberty Wilkes argues that the jurisprudence of habeas curtailment is driven by 'the fetish of finality' — an overvaluation of finality interests at the expense of liberty and justice. He quotes Louis H. Pollak: 'Where personal liberty is involved, a democratic society employs a different arithmetic and insists that it is less important to reach an unshakable decision than to do justice.' Date: 2014-01-01 Tags: legal,habeas_corpus Sources: Donald E. Wilkes Jr., The Great Writ Hit: The Curtailment of Habeas Corpus in Georgia Since 1967 - [reported] Cumulative effect: habeas petitions disposed on procedural errors without examining merits Wilkes catalogs that the cumulative effect of the six statutes and five decisions created a system where disposition of petitions 'all too often involves denials of relief based on procedural errors committed by lawyers, without even examining the validity of the habeas claims.' Date: 2014-01-01 Tags: legal,habeas_corpus Sources: Donald E. Wilkes Jr., The Great Writ Hit: The Curtailment of Habeas Corpus in Georgia Since 1967 - [confirmed] Asymmetric appellate rights in habeas proceedings Georgia's habeas system creates a one-directional asymmetry: when prisoners lose habeas cases, they cannot appeal as of right but must obtain a certificate of probable cause; when the state loses, it retains full appellate rights to directly appeal grants of habeas relief. Tags: legal,habeas_corpus Sources: Donald E. Wilkes Jr., The Great Writ Hit: The Curtailment of Habeas Corpus in Georgia Since 1967 - [reported] Wilkes calls for restoring habeas to 'former greatness' Wilkes calls for: (1) abandoning the 'finality fetish'; (2) making judicial review of the merits the norm in habeas cases; (3) jettisoning technicalities-based jurisprudence that values finality over liberty; (4) recognizing that prosecutors and police 'are not infallible and have a proven history of misconduct and abuse of power'; and (5) restoring the habeas remedy to 'its former greatness as our legal system's most efficient protector of personal liberty.' Date: 2014-01-01 Tags: legal,habeas_corpus,policy Sources: Donald E. Wilkes Jr., The Great Writ Hit: The Curtailment of Habeas Corpus in Georgia Since 1967 - [reported] Wilkes's article confirms GPS Sleeping Giants analysis Wilkes's article provides independent academic confirmation of the systematic pattern GPS identified in the Sleeping Giants analysis. The 2004 statute creating the four-year habeas deadline is the same § 9-14-42 identified in Sleeping Giants; the 1975 statute creating the cause-and-prejudice standard and miscarriage of justice exception created the very § 9-14-48(d) language GPS identified as a 'Sleeping Giant'; and Wilkes's 'finality fetish' analysis provides academic language for the 'promise then nullify' pattern. Date: 2014-01-01 Tags: legal,habeas_corpus Sources: Donald E. Wilkes Jr., The Great Writ Hit: The Curtailment of Habeas Corpus in Georgia Since 1967; GPS Sleeping Giants Analysis (Collection #66) - [confirmed] Wilkes's scholarly credentials as preeminent Georgia habeas scholar Professor Donald E. Wilkes Jr. is the preeminent scholar on habeas corpus in Georgia. His publications include a 3-volume treatise on state postconviction remedies (over 4,300 pages), a treatise on federal postconviction remedies (over 900 pages), and over 320 scholarly publications spanning five decades. Date: 2014-01-01 Tags: legal,habeas_corpus Sources: Donald E. Wilkes Jr., The Great Writ Hit: The Curtailment of Habeas Corpus in Georgia Since 1967 LEGAL FACTS (18) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] 1967 Georgia Habeas Corpus Act modeled on Illinois Post-Conviction Hearing Act The Georgia Habeas Corpus Act of 1967 was modeled on the Illinois Post-Conviction Hearing Act of 1949 and was enacted in response to federal court decisions widening the availability of the federal writ of habeas corpus for state convicts. Unlike the Illinois statute, Georgia's Act did not grant a right to postconviction counsel for indigent petitioners. Date: 1967-01-01 Tags: legal,policy,habeas_corpus Sources: Georgia Habeas Corpus Act of 1967 - [confirmed] 1967 Act greatly expanded cognizable claims for habeas relief The Georgia Habeas Corpus Act of 1967 greatly expanded the number of cognizable claims for relief, swept away numerous procedural obstacles, made constitutional rights violations the usual basis for habeas relief rather than narrow jurisdictional claims, and made it unlikely that a petitioner's constitutional claim would be rejected for purely procedural reasons. Date: 1967-01-01 Tags: legal,habeas_corpus Sources: Georgia Habeas Corpus Act of 1967 - [confirmed] 1973 successive petition bar penalizes unrepresented prisoners The 1973 statute (O.C.G.A. § 9-14-51) barred habeas petitioners from raising claims in subsequent petitions that were omitted from their original petition, with only two narrow exceptions. This effectively punishes indigent petitioners for their inability to identify all viable claims without legal assistance, given the absence of a right to counsel in Georgia habeas proceedings. Date: 1973-01-01 Tags: legal,habeas_corpus,policy Sources: 1973 Ga. Laws 1314 (O.C.G.A. § 9-14-51) - [confirmed] 1975 statute introduced cause-and-prejudice standard for procedural default The 1975 statute introduced the cause-and-prejudice test for procedural default in Georgia habeas proceedings: a petitioner who failed to raise a claim at trial or on appeal must show 'cause' for the failure and 'actual prejudice' from the constitutional violation. The statute also included a mandatory 'miscarriage of justice' exception that was later judicially narrowed to near-meaninglessness. Date: 1975-01-01 Tags: legal,habeas_corpus,policy Sources: O.C.G.A. § 9-14-48(d) - [confirmed] Miscarriage of justice exception mandated relief but was judicially narrowed The 1975 statute included mandatory language: 'In all cases habeas corpus relief shall be granted to avoid a miscarriage of justice.' This mandatory language was later judicially narrowed to near-meaninglessness, exemplifying the 'promise then nullify' pattern. Date: 1975-01-01 Tags: legal,habeas_corpus Sources: Donald E. Wilkes Jr., The Great Writ Hit: The Curtailment of Habeas Corpus in Georgia Since 1967; O.C.G.A. § 9-14-48(d) - [confirmed] 1982 statute abolished non-constitutional habeas claims under Georgia law The 1982 statute eliminated one of the three classes of grounds for postconviction habeas relief — non-constitutional claims under Georgia law. Before 1982, habeas petitioners could challenge convictions based on violations of state statutory rights. The 1982 statute limited cognizable claims to federal and state constitutional violations only. Date: 1982-01-01 Tags: legal,habeas_corpus,policy Sources: 1982 Ga. Laws 786 (O.C.G.A. §§ 9-14-42(a), 9-14-48(d)) - [confirmed] 1982 statute expanded procedural default with full cause-and-prejudice test The 1982 statute abrogated the high waiver standard of the 1967 Act and replaced it with the full cause-and-prejudice test, making it 'much more likely that a habeas petition will be dismissed for procedural reasons without any inquiry into the merits of the claims raised.' Date: 1982-01-01 Tags: legal,habeas_corpus,policy Sources: 1982 Ga. Laws 786 (O.C.G.A. §§ 9-14-42(a), 9-14-48(d)) - [confirmed] 1986 statute created first-ever habeas statute of limitations in Georgia Prior to 1986, there were no time limits on applying for habeas relief in Georgia, and the doctrine of laches did not extend to habeas proceedings. The 1986 statute imposed a 180-day deadline for challenges to misdemeanor traffic convictions — narrow in scope but breaking the principle that habeas was not subject to time bars and establishing a precedent the 2004 statute would dramatically expand. Date: 1986-01-01 Tags: legal,habeas_corpus,policy Sources: 1986 Ga. Laws 1037 (O.C.G.A. § 40-13-33) - [confirmed] 1999 statute abolished appeals of right for habeas petitioners The 1999 statute abolished appeals of right for habeas petitioners charged with but not yet convicted of a crime, indirectly ending all appeals of right in habeas cases. The government's right to appeal grants of postconviction relief was left undisturbed, creating a one-directional asymmetry: when prisoners lose, they cannot appeal as of right; when the state loses, it retains full appellate rights. Date: 1999-01-01 Tags: legal,habeas_corpus,policy Sources: 1999 Ga. Laws 337 (O.C.G.A. §§ 9-14-42(b), 9-14-48.1, 9-14-52, 9-15-2) - [confirmed] 1999 statute imposed restrictions on prisoners proceeding in forma pauperis The 1999 statute required prisoners to file an affidavit of indigence, authorized courts to freeze prisoner accounts to collect fees, barred prisoners who had filed three or more frivolous actions from proceeding in forma pauperis, and prohibited one prisoner from filing a habeas petition on behalf of another prisoner. Date: 1999-01-01 Tags: legal,habeas_corpus,policy Sources: 1999 Ga. Laws 337 (O.C.G.A. §§ 9-14-42(b), 9-14-48.1, 9-14-52, 9-15-2) - [confirmed] 2004 statute imposed four-year habeas deadline for felonies The 2004 statute — the most consequential of the six — imposed a comprehensive statute of limitations on habeas petitions: one year for misdemeanor challenges, four years for felony challenges (except death penalty cases). Persons whose convictions became final before July 1, 2004 had until July 1, 2008 for felonies or July 1, 2005 for misdemeanors to file. Date: 2004-01-01 Tags: legal,habeas_corpus,policy Sources: 2004 Ga. Laws 917 (O.C.G.A. §§ 9-14-42(c), (d), 9-14-48(e)) - [confirmed] Reed v. Hopper eliminated automatic appeal from habeas denial Reed v. Hopper (1975) eliminated habeas petitioners' right to an automatic appeal from a denial of habeas relief. After Reed, habeas petitioners must obtain a certificate of probable cause from the Georgia Supreme Court before they can appeal — a discretionary gateway. The government retains the right to directly appeal any grant of habeas relief. Date: 1975-01-01 Tags: legal,habeas_corpus Sources: Donald E. Wilkes Jr., The Great Writ Hit: The Curtailment of Habeas Corpus in Georgia Since 1967 - [confirmed] Jacobs v. Hopper excluded Fourth Amendment claims from state habeas In 1977, the Georgia Supreme Court in Jacobs v. Hopper removed search and seizure claims en masse from the scope of state postconviction habeas corpus, following the U.S. Supreme Court's Stone v. Powell decision. Wilkes calls this 'a crippling blow to the Georgia Habeas Corpus Act of 1967.' Date: 1977-01-01 Tags: legal,habeas_corpus Sources: Jacobs v. Hopper, 233 S.E.2d 169 (Ga. 1977) - [confirmed] Gibson v. Turpin: No right to appointed counsel in Georgia habeas proceedings In Gibson v. Turpin (1999), the Georgia Supreme Court held that there is no right to appointed counsel in Georgia habeas corpus proceedings, even in death penalty cases. Date: 1999-01-01 Tags: legal,habeas_corpus Sources: Gibson v. Turpin, 513 S.E.2d 186 (Ga. 1999) - [confirmed] Roberts v. Cooper refused to adopt prison mailbox rule for state habeas In Roberts v. Cooper (2010), the Georgia Supreme Court refused to adopt the prison mailbox rule for state habeas petitions. A prisoner's habeas petition is not filed until physically received by the court clerk — regardless of when the prisoner mailed it. Given the unreliability of prison mail systems and tight filing deadlines, a prisoner can mail a petition well before the deadline but have it dismissed as untimely because of mail delays. Date: 2010-01-01 Tags: legal,habeas_corpus,conditions Sources: Roberts v. Cooper, 691 S.E.2d 195 (Ga. 2010) - [confirmed] Crosson v. Conway strictly enforced two-step appeal process as jurisdictional bar In Crosson v. Conway (2012), the Georgia Supreme Court strictly enforced the two-step appeal process (notice of appeal to superior court + application for certificate of probable cause to the Supreme Court, both within 30 days), holding that failure to comply with both steps is a jurisdictional bar that cannot be waived even for good cause. The court emphasized there is 'no federal or state constitutional right to appeal from an adverse order in a habeas corpus proceeding.' Date: 2012-01-01 Tags: legal,habeas_corpus Sources: Crosson v. Conway, 728 S.E.2d 617 (Ga. 2012) - [confirmed] Georgia's 1777 constitution first to make habeas corpus a constitutional right Georgia's original constitution of 1777 was the first state constitution in history to make access to the writ of habeas corpus a constitutional right. At the 1787 Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Georgia's delegation voted against ever permitting the writ of habeas corpus to be suspended. Date: 1777-01-01 Tags: legal,habeas_corpus Sources: Donald E. Wilkes Jr., The Great Writ Hit: The Curtailment of Habeas Corpus in Georgia Since 1967 - [confirmed] 1975 cause-and-prejudice standard modeled on federal precedent The 1975 Georgia statute introducing the cause-and-prejudice standard was modeled on the standard the U.S. Supreme Court was developing in federal habeas cases, particularly Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72 (1977), and Francis v. Henderson, 425 U.S. 536 (1976). Tags: legal,habeas_corpus Sources: Donald E. Wilkes Jr., The Great Writ Hit: The Curtailment of Habeas Corpus in Georgia Since 1967 TRENDS (2) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] Growth of habeas statutes of limitations nationwide By 2004, at least 38 states had added statutes of limitations for postconviction cases, up from only 3 states in 1970. Tags: legal,habeas_corpus Sources: Donald E. Wilkes Jr., The Great Writ Hit: The Curtailment of Habeas Corpus in Georgia Since 1967 - [confirmed] Trend: Four-decade systematic curtailment of Georgia habeas corpus From 1967 to 2012, Georgia systematically curtailed habeas corpus through six statutes and five court decisions, transforming it from a broad postconviction remedy into an attenuated remedy available only in extraordinary circumstances. This represents a sustained four-decade trend of restricting prisoners' access to post-conviction relief. Tags: legal,habeas_corpus,policy Sources: Donald E. Wilkes Jr., The Great Writ Hit: The Curtailment of Habeas Corpus in Georgia Since 1967 STATISTICS (1) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] Georgia is one of only seven states denying all postconviction counsel Georgia is one of only seven states that do not provide any form of statutory right to postconviction counsel. The other six are Alabama, Mississippi, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, and Wyoming. By contrast, 29 states provide a statutory right to counsel in postconviction proceedings, and 14 additional states provide such a right in death penalty cases only — for a total of 43 states with some form of postconviction right to counsel. Value: 7.0 states without postconviction counsel (vs. 43 states with some form of postconviction right to counsel) Date: 2014-01-01 Tags: legal,habeas_corpus Sources: Donald E. Wilkes Jr., The Great Writ Hit: The Curtailment of Habeas Corpus in Georgia Since 1967 QUOTES (5) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] Georgia uniquely imposes extensive procedural requirements without providing counsel Wilkes describes the denial of postconviction counsel as 'particularly startling given that Georgia imposes more habeas corpus procedural technicalities on petitioners than do many other states' and notes that Georgia 'may well be unique among American jurisdictions in imposing extensive technical procedural requirements on habeas petitioners while at the same time refusing to provide postconviction counsel to help navigate these procedures.' Date: 2014-01-01 Tags: legal,habeas_corpus Sources: Donald E. Wilkes Jr., The Great Writ Hit: The Curtailment of Habeas Corpus in Georgia Since 1967 - [confirmed] Chief Justice Fletcher dissent on Byzantine habeas requirements Chief Justice Fletcher dissented in Gibson v. Turpin, arguing that the 1995 Act's strict time limitations 'do not permit adequate time to become familiar with the Byzantine requirements of habeas corpus law.' Date: 1999-01-01 Tags: legal,habeas_corpus Sources: Gibson v. Turpin, 513 S.E.2d 186 (Ga. 1999) - [reported] Law enforcement establishment drives habeas curtailment Wilkes identifies 'the sinister success of the law enforcement establishment in denigrating and politicking against postconviction remedies' as the driving force behind the curtailment. The 'law enforcement establishment — prosecutorial agencies, police forces, and the prison industrial complex — and its law and order political allies have no love for postconviction review and seek its curtailment for understandable reasons.' Date: 2014-01-01 Tags: legal,habeas_corpus,corruption,policy Sources: Donald E. Wilkes Jr., The Great Writ Hit: The Curtailment of Habeas Corpus in Georgia Since 1967 - [reported] Habeas curtailment reduces accountability for government misconduct Wilkes argues: 'When postconviction relief is granted, prosecutors who withheld exculpatory evidence or manufactured false evidence are exposed, as are police who committed perjury or coerced a confession or planted false evidence. Cutting back on habeas and postconviction remedies means less exposure of and less accountability for government agents who engage in lawless law enforcement.' Date: 2014-01-01 Tags: legal,habeas_corpus,corruption,investigations Sources: Donald E. Wilkes Jr., The Great Writ Hit: The Curtailment of Habeas Corpus in Georgia Since 1967 - [confirmed] 1913 Georgia Court of Appeals on constitutional rights as 'sacred civil jewels' The Georgia Court of Appeals stated in 1913: Constitutional rights 'are the sacred civil jewels which have come down to us from an English ancestry, forced from the unwilling hand of tyranny by the apostles of personal liberty and personal security. They are hallowed by the blood of a thousand struggles, and were stored away for safe-keeping in the casket of the Constitution. It is infidelity to forget them; it is sacrilege to disregard them; it is despotic to trample upon them.' Date: 1913-01-01 Tags: legal,habeas_corpus Sources: Underwood v. State, 78 S.E. 1103 (Ga. App. 1913) METHODOLOGY NOTES (1) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Article predates Chester/Harper and Cook v. State but contextualizes them The article predates the Chester/Harper sequence (2008-2009) and Cook v. State (2022) elimination of out-of-time appeals, but provides the historical context that makes those later developments intelligible as part of a four-decade trend rather than isolated events. Date: 2014-01-01 Tags: legal,habeas_corpus Sources: Donald E. Wilkes Jr., The Great Writ Hit: The Curtailment of Habeas Corpus in Georgia Since 1967; GPS Sleeping Giants Analysis (Collection #66) DATASETS (3) ---------------------------------------- # Six Restrictive Georgia Habeas Corpus Statutes (1973-2004) Timeline of the six restrictive statutes identified by Wilkes that curtailed habeas corpus in Georgia between 1973 and 2004 Year Citation Key Restriction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1973 O.C.G.A. § 9-14-51 Successive petition bar — claims omitted from original petition waived 1975 O.C.G.A. § 9-14-48(d) Procedural default with cause-and-prejudice standard introduced 1982 O.C.G.A. §§ 9-14-42(a), 9-14-48(d) Non-constitutional state law claims abolished; full cause-and-prejudice test imposed 1986 O.C.G.A. § 40-13-33 First statute of limitations (180 days for misdemeanor traffic convictions) 1999 O.C.G.A. §§ 9-14-42(b), 9-14-48.1, 9-14-52, 9-15-2 Appeals of right abolished; in forma pauperis restrictions imposed 2004 O.C.G.A. §§ 9-14-42(c), (d), 9-14-48(e) Four-year habeas deadline for felonies; one-year for misdemeanors # Five Georgia Supreme Court Decisions Curtailing Habeas (1975-2012) Timeline of the five Georgia Supreme Court decisions identified by Wilkes that restricted habeas corpus in Georgia Year Case Key Restriction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1975 Reed v. Hopper Eliminated automatic appeal from habeas denial; required certificate of probable cause 1977 Jacobs v. Hopper Excluded Fourth Amendment claims from state habeas corpus 1999 Gibson v. Turpin No right to appointed counsel in habeas proceedings, even in death penalty cases 2010 Roberts v. Cooper Refused to adopt prison mailbox rule for habeas filings 2012 Crosson v. Conway Strict enforcement of two-step appeal process as jurisdictional bar # States Providing Postconviction Right to Counsel (as of 2014) Breakdown of states by whether they provide a statutory right to postconviction counsel Category Number of States -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Statutory right to counsel in all postconviction proceedings 29 Statutory right to counsel in death penalty cases only 14 No statutory right to postconviction counsel 7 KEY ENTITIES (22) ---------------------------------------- - AEDPA [legislation]: 1996 federal law imposing one-year deadline for federal habeas petitions, with broader tolling provisions and actual innocence safety valve than Georgia's system. (aka: Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2244) - Chief Justice Robert Benham Fletcher [person]: Chief Justice of the Georgia Supreme Court who dissented in Gibson v. Turpin, arguing that strict time limitations do not permit adequate time to navigate 'Byzantine requirements of habeas corpus law' (aka: Chief Justice Fletcher) - Cook v. State [case]: Georgia Supreme Court decision holding that a motion for out-of-time appeal is not a legally cognizable vehicle for seeking relief for constitutional violations in the trial court - Crosson v. Conway [case]: 2012 Georgia Supreme Court decision strictly enforcing two-step habeas appeal process as jurisdictional bar - Donald E. Wilkes Jr. [person]: Legal scholar cited by Paxton Murphy regarding historical Georgia habeas corpus - Francis v. Henderson [case]: 1976 U.S. Supreme Court decision developing the cause-and-prejudice standard for procedural default - Georgia Court of Appeals [organization]: Georgia's intermediate appellate court - Georgia General Assembly [organization]: Georgia state legislature. Has not advanced legislation to address prison labor compensation or remove the state's slavery exception. A two-thirds vote in both chambers would be required to place a constitutional amendment on the ballot. - Georgia Habeas Corpus Act of 1967 [legislation]: 1967 Georgia legislation that expanded the scope of post-conviction relief and modified the state's waiver doctrine - Georgia Prisoners' Speak [organization]: Advocacy organization documenting conditions inside Georgia prisons through photos and insider accounts, including food inadequacy. (aka: GPS) - Georgia Supreme Court [organization]: Highest court in Georgia; issued Cook v. State ruling and denied Bharadia's DNA evidence claim - Gibson v. Turpin [case]: 1999 Georgia Supreme Court decision holding there is no right to appointed counsel in habeas proceedings, even in death penalty cases - Houston v. Lack [case]: 1988 U.S. Supreme Court decision establishing the federal prison mailbox rule; Georgia refused to adopt an analogous rule in Roberts v. Cooper - Illinois Post-Conviction Hearing Act of 1949 [legislation]: Illinois statute that served as the model for the Georgia Habeas Corpus Act of 1967; unlike Georgia's version, it granted a right to postconviction counsel for indigent petitioners - Jacobs v. Hopper [case]: 1977 Georgia Supreme Court decision excluding Fourth Amendment claims from state habeas corpus - Reed v. Hopper [case]: 1975 Georgia Supreme Court decision eliminating automatic appeals from habeas denials, requiring certificate of probable cause - Roberts v. Cooper [case]: 2010 Georgia Supreme Court decision refusing to adopt the prison mailbox rule for state habeas petitions - Stone v. Powell [case]: 1976 U.S. Supreme Court decision barring Fourth Amendment claims in federal habeas proceedings where the state provided full and fair litigation opportunity; Georgia adopted similar exclusion in Jacobs v. Hopper - U.S. Supreme Court [organization]: Highest federal court; decided Brown v. Plata 5-4 in May 2011 (aka: Supreme Court) - Underwood v. State [case]: 1913 Georgia Court of Appeals decision containing famous language about constitutional rights as 'sacred civil jewels' - University of Georgia School of Law [organization]: Academic institution where Professor Wilkes is Professor of Law Emeritus (aka: UGA School of Law, UGA Law) - Wainwright v. Sykes [case]: 1977 U.S. Supreme Court decision developing the cause-and-prejudice standard for procedural default in federal habeas proceedings; model for Georgia's 1975 statute SOURCES (17) ---------------------------------------- - 1973 Ga. Laws 1314 (O.C.G.A. § 9-14-51), Georgia Laws (1973-01-01) [legislation, primary] - 1982 Ga. Laws 786 (O.C.G.A. §§ 9-14-42(a), 9-14-48(d)), Georgia Laws (1982-01-01) [legislation, primary] - 1986 Ga. Laws 1037 (O.C.G.A. § 40-13-33), Georgia Laws (1986-01-01) [legislation, primary] - 1999 Ga. Laws 337 (O.C.G.A. §§ 9-14-42(b), 9-14-48.1, 9-14-52, 9-15-2), Georgia Laws (1999-01-01) [legislation, primary] - 2004 Ga. Laws 917 (O.C.G.A. §§ 9-14-42(c), (d), 9-14-48(e)), Georgia Laws (2004-01-01) [legislation, primary] - Crosson v. Conway, 728 S.E.2d 617 (Ga. 2012), Georgia Supreme Court (2012-01-01) [legal_document, primary] - Donald E. Wilkes Jr., The Great Writ Hit (SSRN version), SSRN by Donald E. Wilkes Jr. (2014-01-01) [academic, secondary] URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2549070 - Donald E. Wilkes Jr., The Great Writ Hit: The Curtailment of Habeas Corpus in Georgia Since 1967, John Marshall Law Journal by Donald E. Wilkes Jr. (2014-01-01) [academic, secondary] URL: https://digitalcommons.law.uga.edu/fac_artchop/987/ - Georgia Habeas Corpus Act of 1967, Georgia General Assembly by Georgia General Assembly (1967-01-01) [legislation, primary] - Gibson v. Turpin, 513 S.E.2d 186 (Ga. 1999), Georgia Supreme Court (1999-01-01) [legal_document, primary] - GPS Sleeping Giants Analysis (Collection #66), Georgia Prisoners' Speak [gps_original, primary] - Jacobs v. Hopper, 233 S.E.2d 169 (Ga. 1977), Georgia Supreme Court (1977-01-01) [legal_document, primary] - O.C.G.A. § 9-14-48(d), Official Code of Georgia Annotated (1975-01-01) [legislation, primary] - Roberts v. Cooper, 691 S.E.2d 195 (Ga. 2010), Georgia Supreme Court (2010-01-01) [legal_document, primary] - The Great Writ in the Peach State: Georgia Habeas Corpus, 1865-1965, Journal of Southern Legal History by Donald E. Wilkes Jr. (2014-01-01) [academic, primary] URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2738165 - Underwood v. State, 78 S.E. 1103 (Ga. App. 1913), Georgia Court of Appeals (1913-01-01) [legal_document, primary] - Writ of Habeas Corpus (New Georgia Encyclopedia), New Georgia Encyclopedia by Donald E. Wilkes Jr. (2009-01-01) [academic, secondary] URL: https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government-politics/writ-of-habeas-corpus/