GPS RESEARCH LIBRARY: Triple-bunked cells, Close custody men, and single-celling at Smith State Prison ============================================================ Georgia Prisoners' Speak — gps.press Generated: 2026-11-13 14:36:08 EST Research Date: 2026-11-11 Topic: Prison conditions JSON: https://gps.press/research-data/triple-bunked-cells-close-custody-men-and-single-celling-at-smith-state-prison/?format=json SUMMARY ---------------------------------------- Records on triple-bunked cells, Close custody housing and single-celling at Smith State Prison. STATISTICS (25) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Dooly State Prison operating capacity Dooly State Prison (Medium security) has an operating capacity of 1702. Housing consists of nine living units, of which the bottom range are 24 triple-bunked cells and the top range are double-bunked cells at 120 beds per dorm, plus one open living unit with four separate living areas containing 368 beds. Value: 1702.0 beds Tags: facilities,conditions,operations Sources: Dooly State Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] Dooly State Prison triple-bunked cells Dooly State Prison's bottom range consists of 24 triple-bunked cells, while the top range consists of double-bunked cells at 120 beds per dorm. Value: 24.0 triple-bunked cells Tags: facilities,conditions Sources: Dooly State Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] Calhoun State Prison triple-bunked cells per housing unit Calhoun State Prison (Medium security) consists of nine housing units with 24 triple-bunked cells each and 24 double-bunked cells each. Value: 24.0 triple-bunked cells per housing unit Tags: facilities,conditions Sources: Calhoun State Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] Calhoun State Prison open dormitory beds Calhoun State Prison has eight open dormitories with a total of 480 beds. Value: 480.0 beds Tags: facilities,conditions Sources: Calhoun State Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] Cook County Jail: 591 inmates sleeping on floor week of March 19, 2007 A DOJ Civil Rights Division CRIPA findings letter on Cook County Jail states that the week of March 19, 2007, CCJ had more inmates sleeping on the floor (591) than any other week in the four-month period of March examined. Value: 591.0 inmates Date: 2007-01-01 Tags: conditions,facilities Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, CookCountyJail findingsletter 7 11 08 - [reported] Calhoun State Prison segregation/isolation cells Calhoun State Prison has 95 segregation/isolation cells. Value: 95.0 segregation/isolation cells Tags: facilities,solitary,conditions Sources: Calhoun State Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] Wilcox State Prison triple-bunked cells Wilcox State Prison (Medium security) consists of four and one-half buildings with 120 per dorm in 24 double-bunked and 24 triple-bunked cells each. Value: 24.0 triple-bunked cells per building Tags: facilities,conditions Sources: Wilcox State Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] Cook County Jail: 254 assault/battery cases and 5 sexual assault cases Jan 1–Jun 19, 2007 The DOJ CRIPA findings letter on Cook County Jail states that between January 1, 2007 and June 19, 2007, IAD opened approximately 254 cases involving inmate assault and/or battery and five cases of sexual assault. Value: 254.0 cases Date: 2007-01-01 Tags: violence,facilities Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, CookCountyJail findingsletter 7 11 08 - [reported] Wilcox State Prison isolation and segregation cells Wilcox State Prison has 22 isolation cells and 24 double-bunked segregation cells. Value: 22.0 isolation cells (vs. 24 double-bunked segregation cells) Tags: facilities,solitary,conditions Sources: Wilcox State Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] Cook County Jail: approximately 357 assault/battery/sexual assault cases in 2006 The DOJ CRIPA findings letter on Cook County Jail states that in 2006, IAD opened approximately 357 cases involving inmate assault, battery, or sexual assault. Value: 357.0 cases Date: 2006-01-01 Tags: violence,facilities Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, CookCountyJail findingsletter 7 11 08 - [reported] Washington State Prison isolation/segregation dorm capacity Washington State Prison (minimum & medium security) has eleven general population dorms with 2- and 3-man cells, one isolation/segregation dorm housing 92 inmates with 1- and 2-man cells, and one 200-bed Annex with four 50-bed open bay dormitories. Value: 92.0 inmates in isolation/segregation dorm Tags: facilities,solitary,conditions Sources: Washington State Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] 50 percent of investigated homicides were roommate-on-roommate GDC Commissioner Tyrone Oliver told a Georgia Senate committee that 50 percent of homicides GDC had investigated were 'roommate on roommate' assaults. Value: 50.0 percent Tags: violence,death,conditions Sources: Georgia Won't Fix Its Prisons Crisis. There's Money in Letting It Get Worse. - [reported] Smith State Prison housing unit cell configuration Smith State Prison (Close security) has 16 general population housing units and one administrative segregation/isolation building. Eleven of the 16 housing units have 48 cells, of which 43 are capable of housing 2 offenders per cell and the remaining 5 are capable of housing 3 offenders per cell, for a total of 101 offenders per unit. One housing unit has 48 cells capable of housing 2 offenders per cell for a total of 96 offenders. Value: 101.0 offenders per unit Tags: facilities,conditions Sources: Georgia Department of Corrections, "Smith State Prison," gdc.georgia.gov - [reported] Smith State Prison triple-capable cells per housing unit At Smith State Prison, 5 of the 48 cells in each of 11 housing units are capable of housing 3 offenders per cell. Value: 5.0 triple-capable cells per housing unit Tags: facilities,conditions Sources: Georgia Department of Corrections, "Smith State Prison," gdc.georgia.gov - [reported] Hancock State Prison general population dormitories Hancock State Prison (Close security) has 9 general population dormitories housing 96 each. Value: 9.0 general population dormitories Tags: facilities,conditions Sources: Hancock State Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] Hancock State Prison segregation beds Hancock State Prison has 2 segregation units with a combined total of 133 beds. Value: 133.0 segregation beds Tags: facilities,solitary,conditions Sources: Hancock State Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] Hancock State Prison tent housing unit Hancock State Prison has 1 open bay tent housing unit housing 70 inmates, and its Annex contains 4 open bay dorms housing 50 inmates each. Value: 70.0 inmates in tent housing unit Tags: facilities,conditions Sources: Hancock State Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] Macon State Prison isolation beds and safe cells Macon State Prison consists of nine buildings each divided into two separate units with 48 cells per unit. One building's unit houses 46 isolation beds and two safe cells; the other unit houses 48 double-occupancy segregation beds and a Fast Track Unit Open Dormitory with four pods of 64 beds each. Value: 46.0 isolation beds Tags: facilities,solitary,conditions Sources: Macon State Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] Pendleton housed almost 2,000 prisoners by 1982, over twice intended capacity By 1982, the Indiana Reformatory at Pendleton, built in 1923, housed almost 2,000 prisoners, over twice its intended capacity. Value: 2000.0 prisoners Date: 1982-01-01 Tags: conditions,facilities Sources: Richard A. French v. Norman G. Owens, Richard A. French v. Norman G. Owens, United States of... – CourtListener.com - [reported] Pendleton double cells: 24 sq ft gross space per man by 1982 By 1982, the gross available space per man in the double cells at the Indiana Reformatory at Pendleton was 24 square feet, with the net amount approximately half that. Value: 24.0 square feet Date: 1982-01-01 Tags: conditions,facilities Sources: Richard A. French v. Norman G. Owens, Richard A. French v. Norman G. Owens, United States of... – CourtListener.com - [confirmed] Rhodes v. Chapman: SOCF housed 38% more inmates than design capacity In Rhodes v. Chapman, the district court found that the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility housed 38% more inmates than its design capacity. Value: 38.0 percent Tags: conditions,facilities Sources: James A. RHODES et al., Petitioners, v. Kelly CHAPMAN et al. | Supreme Court | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute - [reported] Valdosta State Prison bed breakdown Valdosta State Prison (Close security) consists of 10 General Population units with 500 beds, six Mental Health units with 264 beds, 25 Isolation beds plus 12 Acute Care Unit beds and four Crisis Stabilization Unit beds. Value: 500.0 general population beds (vs. 264 mental health unit beds) Tags: facilities,mental_health,medical,conditions Sources: Valdosta State Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] Ware State Prison housing and segregation beds Ware State Prison (Close security) consists of eight housing units with 50 double cells each; the Infirmary has 12 beds and Segregation has 150 beds; a Fast Track Unit contains four dormitories with 54 beds each; Old Ware consists of 112 beds and I building consists of four dorms for a total of 256 beds. Value: 150.0 segregation beds Tags: facilities,solitary,medical,conditions Sources: Ware State Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] Hays State Prison general population and Tier beds Hays State Prison (Close security) comprises 7 general population dorms of 64 beds each for a total of 448 beds; one Fast Track building housing 256; six Tier II dorms consisting of 218 beds and 3 Tier I dorms with 160 beds; the outside fire station has 10 beds. Value: 448.0 general population beds Tags: facilities,conditions Sources: Hays State Prison facility page (confirms Aramark), GDC - [reported] Augusta State Medical Prison open dorm and assisted living beds Augusta State Medical Prison housing consists of four living units divided into two separate units, plus one open dorm consisting of 519 beds with 192 beds designated for assisted living, and seven nursing units. Value: 519.0 open dorm beds (vs. 192 assisted living beds) Tags: facilities,medical,conditions Sources: Augusta State Medical Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections FINDINGS (30) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] FY2026 GDC budget proposals include multi-year single-cell effort Georgia's FY2026 GDC budget proposals address acute safety and staffing issues, including a multi-year effort to create single-person cells. GBPI describes these proposals as marking a four-year trend in rising state prison spending and as the latest response to prison violence concerns and legislative study committee recommendations. Tags: budget,policy,staffing,violence,conditions Sources: Overview: 2026 Fiscal Year Budget for the Georgia Department of Corrections, GBPI - [reported] Gaes review: studies supporting crowding-violence relationship A Gaes review lists studies finding a crowding-violence relationship as Megargee (1974), Nacci et al. (1977), Jan (1980), Cox et al. (1984), Ruback and Carr (1984), and Gaes and McGuire (1985). Tags: conditions,violence,research Sources: Prison Crowding Research Reexamined - [reported] Gaes review: studies failing to find crowding-violence relationship A Gaes review lists studies failing to find a crowding-violence relationship as including Carr (1980), Farrington and Nuttal (1980), and Ekland-Olson et al. (1983). Tags: conditions,violence,research Sources: Prison Crowding Research Reexamined - [confirmed] Oliver: Smith State Prison violence fell after population reduction and single-man cells GDC Commissioner Tyrone Oliver said Smith State Prison saw reduced violence when they reduced the population and moved to single-man cells. Date: 2024-01-01 Tags: violence,conditions,facilities,policy Sources: senate.ga.gov: 2024SenateStudyCommDOCFinalReport, 2024SenateStudyCommDOCFinalReport [2]; Senate Study Committee Releases Final Report on Georgia Prisons • The Georgia Virtue - [reported] DeLisi Senate testimony: crowding has little impact on misconduct Senate testimony by Matt DeLisi states that crowding has little impact on inmate misconduct and that meta-analytic research (Franklin et al., 2006) reported a very small effect size (r = .025). Tags: conditions,violence,research Sources: judiciary.senate.gov: 11 6 13DeLisiTestimony - [confirmed] Telfair State Prison security level: Close Telfair State Prison's Security Level was listed as Close in GDC's facility description and remains Close on its current GDC facility page. Tags: facilities,operations Sources: Telfair State Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections; Facility descriptions / Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] DOJ: inmate supervision compromised by overcrowding and under-staffing at Cook County Jail The DOJ CRIPA findings letter states that inmate supervision is seriously compromised by chronic overcrowding and under-staffing at Cook County Jail. Tags: conditions,staffing,facilities Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, CookCountyJail findingsletter 7 11 08 - [confirmed] Telfair State Prison housing: eight units, double-bunked cells and segregation Telfair State Prison has a total of eight housing units: five with double bunked cells, two open dormitories, and an isolation/segregation unit consisting of 40 single cells and 40 double bunked cells. The current GDC page adds that the facility also houses a C.E.R.T. Team and a Tactical Squad. Tags: facilities,conditions,solitary,operations Sources: Telfair State Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections; Facility descriptions / Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Prison security level: Special Mission Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Prison's Security Level was listed as Special Mission in a GDC facility description. Tags: facilities,operations Sources: Facility descriptions / Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] GDCP housing: eight cellblocks, eight dormitories, 256-bed fast track unit Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Prison consists of eight cellblocks containing both double-bunked and single-bunked cells, plus eight dormitories, a fast track unit housing 256 general population inmates, and a medical unit, according to a GDC facility description. Tags: facilities,conditions,medical Sources: Facility descriptions / Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] Oliver calls single-bunking the solution to prison violence GDC Commissioner Tyrone Oliver described 'the single bunk thing' as the solution to prison violence, acknowledging it is expensive: 'The single bunk thing …that's the solution. Is it an expensive solution, yeah, but it's something we should have been paying for all along.' Tags: violence,conditions,policy,budget Sources: Georgia Won't Fix Its Prisons Crisis. There's Money in Letting It Get Worse. - [reported] Georgia State Prison housing: single cells, special management, 26-bed surgical unit Georgia State Prison consists of nine buildings containing four two-tiered cellblocks with single cells. Cellblocks are organized into a general population unit, special management units, MH/MR Units, and a 26 bed surgical unit, according to a GDC facility description. Tags: facilities,medical,mental_health,solitary Sources: Facility descriptions / Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] Oliver: some killed cellmates to get single-man cells GDC Commissioner Tyrone Oliver told a Georgia Senate committee that some incarcerated people killed their cellmate while trying to get moved to a single-man cell: 'Some of them [killed their cellmate] just trying to get to a single-man cell, that was actually told to our investigators.' Tags: violence,death,conditions Sources: Georgia Won't Fix Its Prisons Crisis. There's Money in Letting It Get Worse. - [reported] Autry State Prison security level: Medium Autry State Prison's Security Level was listed as Medium in a GDC facility description. Tags: facilities,operations Sources: Facility descriptions / Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] Autry State Prison triple bunks on bottom range in three living units Autry State Prison's housing includes six buildings with two living units containing 96 beds each, and three of those living units have triple bunks on the bottom range only, according to a GDC facility description. Tags: facilities,conditions Sources: Facility descriptions / Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] Phillips State Prison housing: 10 living units, 100 isolation/segregation cells Phillips State Prison consists of 10 living units, each with two dormitories. The number of units with two-man cells is seven and a half while the remainder is a combination of two single-man cells; the combination two-single-man cells house MH/SM inmates. There are a total of 100 isolation/segregation cells, according to a GDC facility description. Tags: facilities,solitary,mental_health Sources: Facility descriptions / Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] Hays State Prison: 10 dorms, 62 beds each, 620 total Hays State Prison is comprised of 10 general population dorms, consisting of 62 beds per dorm for a total of 620, according to a GDC facility description. Tags: facilities,conditions Sources: Facility descriptions / Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] Rutledge State Prison: six living units, four pods each, 12 two-man cells per pod Rutledge State Prison has six living units, each containing four pods, and each pod contains 12 two-man cells, according to a GDC facility description. Tags: facilities,conditions Sources: Facility descriptions / Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] Smith State Prison housing: 16 general population units, some triple-capable cells Smith State Prison consists of 16 general population housing units and one administrative segregation/isolation building. Eleven of the 16 housing units have 48 cells, with 43 cells capable of housing 2 offenders per cell and the remaining 5 capable of housing 3 offenders per cell, for a total of 101 offenders per unit. One housing unit has 48 cells capable of housing 2 offenders per cell for a total of 96 offenders, according to a GDC facility description. Tags: facilities,conditions,solitary Sources: Facility descriptions / Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] Arkansas restrictive housing cell space 74.1 sq ft, below 80 sq ft ACA standard An ACA reaccreditation audit found that the Restrictive Housing Unit at Arkansas's Maximum-Security Unit does not provide a minimum of 80 square feet of cell space; the actual cell space is 74.1 square feet, citing ACA Standard 5-ACI-4B-06. Tags: conditions,solitary,facilities Sources: Commission on Accreditation for Corrections - [reported] Macon State Prison security level Close; physical capacity 1762, operational 1600 Macon State Prison's Security Level was listed as Close in a GDC facility description, with a physical capacity of 1762 and operational capacity of 1600. Tags: facilities,operations Sources: Facility descriptions / Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] Macon State Prison layout: nine buildings, isolation beds, segregation, fast track dorms Macon State Prison consists of nine buildings each divided into two separate units with 48 cells per unit. One building's unit houses 46 isolation beds and two safe cells; the other unit houses 48 double occupancy cells of segregation beds, plus a Fast Track Unit Open Dormitory with four pods of 64 beds each, according to a GDC facility description. Tags: facilities,solitary,conditions Sources: Facility descriptions / Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] Rogers State Prison security level: Medium Rogers State Prison's current GDC facility page lists its Security Level as Medium (page text reads "MEDIUIM"). Tags: facilities,operations Sources: Rogers State Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] Rogers State Prison: 23 admin segregation cells, 24 disciplinary isolation cells Rogers State Prison consists of six buildings each containing four dormitories. Twenty-three double occupancy cells are used for administrative segregation and 24 cells are used for disciplinary isolation; in addition, a cell is used for mental health observation. The facility also houses a C.E.R.T. Team. Tags: facilities,solitary,mental_health,operations Sources: Rogers State Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] Senate committee: single-man cells are modern best practice; some prisons triple bunked The Georgia Senate Study Committee on Department of Corrections Facilities chair highlighted that single-man cells are the modern-day best practice for the health and safety of inmates, and a committee member stated that some prisons are triple bunked. Date: 2024-01-01 Tags: conditions,policy,facilities Sources: senate.ga.gov: 2024SenateStudyCommDOCFinalReport, 2024SenateStudyCommDOCFinalReport [2] - [reported] GDC Commissioner concurred on Smith State Prison single-man cell violence reduction The GDC Commissioner concurred with the Senate committee chair's statement and pointed to Smith State Prison, which saw reduced violence by reducing its population and transitioning to single-man cells. Date: 2024-01-01 Tags: violence,conditions,facilities,policy Sources: senate.ga.gov: 2024SenateStudyCommDOCFinalReport, 2024SenateStudyCommDOCFinalReport [2] - [reported] Gaes and McGuire (1985): crowding-assault relationship inelastic Gaes and McGuire's (1985) study of the aggregate prison crowding and assault relationship found that the relationship was inelastic: a 1-percent increase in social density resulted in a .3-percent increase in the rate of inmates assaulting other inmates. Date: 1985-01-01 Tags: violence,conditions,facilities Sources: Prison Crowding Research Reexamined - [reported] Smith State Prison incidents fell after single-celling shift GDC Commissioner Tyrone Oliver said Smith State Prison in Glennville has had fewer incidents reported since recently moving more of the population to single-occupancy cells, which makes it easier to manage tensions that can lead to conflict. Tags: violence,conditions,facilities Sources: State lawmakers dig into violent conditions in Georgia prisons, Fulton jail • Georgia Recorder - [reported] Oliver: most homicides occur in double-man cells GDC Commissioner Tyrone Oliver told lawmakers that most GDC homicides occur in double-man cells: 'When you look at our violence and most of our homicides we have it is occurring in double-man cells.' Tags: violence,death,conditions Sources: State lawmakers dig into violent conditions in Georgia prisons, Fulton jail • Georgia Recorder - [reported] Officials seek more one-bed cells to address violence State corrections officials told lawmakers the agency needs to upgrade aging prisons with more one-bed cells to resolve a typical underlying cause of violent attacks between inmates. Tags: violence,conditions,facilities,policy Sources: State lawmakers dig into violent conditions in Georgia prisons, Fulton jail • Georgia Recorder POLICYS (24) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] Senate committee recommended all single-person, single-cell facilities The Georgia Senate DOC Facilities Study Committee's final report recommended: "Convert all existing facilities and construct all new facilities to single person, single cell facilities." Tags: policy,conditions,facilities,legal Sources: Department of Corrections Facilities Senate Study Committee Adopts Final Committee Report, Georgia Senate Press Office, December 20, 2024; Senate Study Committee Releases Final Report on Georgia Prisons • The Georgia Virtue - [reported] ACA unencumbered floor space definition A National Institute of Corrections publication states that ACA emphasized that each inmate have a minimum amount of unencumbered floor space in the cell or dormitory, defining unencumbered floor space as floor area without an item of furniture or equipment on or above it. Tags: policy,conditions,facilities Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, 024806 - [confirmed] BOP definitions: single and double occupancy cells under 120 sq ft Federal Bureau of Prisons policy defines Single Occupancy as a room, cell or cubicle less than 120 square feet occupied by one inmate, and Double Occupancy as a room, cell or cubicle less than 120 square feet occupied by two inmates. Tags: policy,facilities Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, 1060 011 - [confirmed] BOP medium security cell rating: 50% double, 50% single for 70–120 sq ft cells Federal Bureau of Prisons policy rates Medium security cells of 70 to 120 square feet at 50 percent double occupancy and 50 percent single occupancy. Tags: policy,facilities Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, 1060 011 - [reported] Arkansas Maximum-Security Unit waiver request for cell space standard An ACA audit of Arkansas's Maximum-Security Unit noted the facility requested a waiver from the space standard because the unit was built in 1982 and it would be cost prohibitive to come into compliance; the audit team supports the facility's Request for a Waiver. Tags: conditions,solitary,facilities Sources: Commission on Accreditation for Corrections - [reported] ACA Standard 5-ACI-2C-02 single-occupancy cell requirements ACA Standard 5-ACI-2C-02 requires that written policy, procedure, and practice provide that single-occupancy cells/rooms shall be available when indicated for inmates with severe medical disabilities, inmates suffering from serious mental illness, sexual predators, inmates likely to be exploited or victimized by others, and inmates who have other special needs for inmate housing. Tags: policy,mental_health,conditions Sources: Commission on Accreditation for Corrections - [reported] Kemp recommendation: $40 million for new prison planning and design Governor Kemp's recommendations from the system-wide corrections assessment included investing $40 million for planning and design purposes for a new prison facility. Tags: budget,facilities,policy Sources: Gov. Kemp Unveils Recommendations from System-wide Corrections System Assessment, Office of Governor Brian Kemp - [reported] Macon State Prison mission: close security, Tier I & II Macon State Prison's mission states it houses close security inmates and is a Tier I & II facility. Tags: facilities,operations Sources: Macon State Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections - [confirmed] Protective custody offenders shall not be double bunked except in emergencies GDC SOP 209.06 (Administrative Segregation) states offenders in Protective Custody shall not be double bunked except in emergency situations. In an emergency, the Deputy Warden/Assistant Superintendent/Unit Manager/Duty Officer notifies the Warden/Superintendent, who contacts the Regional Director for approval. Tags: policy,conditions,solitary Sources: SOP 209.06: Administrative Segregation - [confirmed] Cell occupancy shall not exceed design capacity except in emergencies GDC SOP 209.06 states cell occupancy, except in emergencies, shall not exceed design capacity. When an emergency requires excess occupancy, a report shall be prepared immediately and delivered to the Warden. Tags: policy,conditions,facilities Sources: SOP 209.06: Administrative Segregation - [confirmed] Protective custody double bunking requires Classification Committee and Warden approval GDC SOP 209.07 (Segregation-Tier I) states double bunking of offenders in protective custody status shall occur only in emergency situations and only with the recommendation of the Facility's Classification Committee, approved by the Facility's Warden. Tags: policy,conditions,solitary Sources: Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 209.07, Segregation-Tier I_ Disciplinary, Protective Custody and Transient Housing (GPS's copy) - [confirmed] Juvenile housing should be single or double bunk cell design GDC SOP 211.05 states the housing unit for juvenile offenders shall be single or double bunk cell design whenever possible, but this does not mean to place juvenile offenders in isolation. Tags: policy,conditions,mental_health Sources: Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 211.05, Procedures for Housing Offenders Under 18 Years Of Age (Juvenile) In GDC Custody (passage checked against GPS's copy) - [confirmed] SMHTU cells should be single occupancy GDC SOP 508.23 states cells in Specialized Mental Health Treatment Units should be single occupancy; double bunking may be considered in the SMHTU-Transition Unit if offenders are the same mental health level, to facilitate re-entry or socialization, or if there are physical health challenges. Tags: policy,mental_health,conditions Sources: Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 508.23, Specialized Mental Health Treatment Units (passage checked against GPS's copy) - [confirmed] LWOP and Death Sentence offenders must remain Close security GDC SOP 220.02 states the security level of an offender sentenced to Life Without Parole shall never be lower than Close, and offenders under Death Sentence shall never be reduced and must remain Close security. Tags: policy,legal,operations Sources: Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 220.02, Security Classification (passage checked against GPS's copy) - [confirmed] Tier III Program cells are all single occupancy GDC SOP 209.09 states all cells in the Special Management Unit Tier III Program are single occupancy, applying to offenders in Phases 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Tags: policy,solitary,conditions Sources: Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 209.09, (IIB09-0004) Special Management Unit - Tier III Program (GPS's copy) - [confirmed] Tier III STEP cells are all single occupancy GDC SOP 209.09 states all cells in the Tier III Segregated Transition Education Program (Tier III STEP) are single occupancy. Tags: policy,solitary,conditions Sources: Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 209.09, (IIB09-0004) Special Management Unit - Tier III Program (GPS's copy) - [confirmed] Tier II STEP cells may be single or double occupancy GDC SOP 209.45 states cells in the Tier II Segregated Transition Education Program (Tier II STEP) may be single or double occupancy. Tags: policy,solitary,conditions Sources: Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 209.45, Tier II Segregated Transition Education Program (Tier II STEP) (GPS's copy) - [reported] BOP defines Double Occupancy as 55 to under 120 square feet A Federal Bureau of Prisons program statement defines "Double Occupancy" as "a room or cell to be occupied by two inmates and is less than 120 square feet and equal or greater than 55 square feet," and states "Bureau Physical Capacity is ordinarily based on double occupancy unless there is a programmatic and/or security reason for single occupancy." Date: 2026-01-01 Tags: policy,facilities,conditions Sources: Physical Capacity for Bureau Facilities - [confirmed] Level IV offenders should always be single-celled GDC SOP 508.20 states Level IV offenders should always be housed in a single cell. Tags: policy,mental_health,solitary Sources: Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 508.20, Mental Health Rounds in Restrictive Housing Units (GPS's copy) - [reported] BOP defines Single Occupancy as ordinarily 50 to under 120 square feet A Federal Bureau of Prisons program statement defines "Single Occupancy" as "a room or cell that is to be occupied by one inmate and is less than 120 square feet and ordinarily equal or greater than 50 square feet," and requires that "Any use of single cells must be documented on the BP-A1140, Physical Capacity Computation form." Date: 2026-01-01 Tags: policy,facilities,conditions Sources: Physical Capacity for Bureau Facilities - [reported] GDC added 1,400 triple-bunk beds in FY2008 The Georgia Department of Corrections' FY2008 annual report states the Department would triple bunk some of its medium and minimum security prisons, adding 1,400 triple-bunk beds to various prisons across the state. Date: 2008-01-01 Tags: facilities,conditions,budget,policy Sources: Fiscal year 2008 annual report | Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] ACA Core Jail Standards: single cell space requirements A document titled Core Jail Standards, attributed to the American Correctional Association, states that single cells provide at least 35 square feet of unencumbered space and at least 70 square feet of total floor space is provided when the occupant is confined for more than ten hours per day. Tags: policy,conditions,facilities Sources: Core Jail Standards - [reported] ACA Core Jail Standards: multiple-occupancy space requirements The Core Jail Standards document states that multiple-occupancy rooms/cells house between two and sixty-four occupants and provide 25 square feet of unencumbered space per occupant; when confinement exceeds ten hours per day, at least 35 square feet of unencumbered space is provided for each occupant. Tags: policy,conditions,facilities Sources: Core Jail Standards - [reported] ACA Standards Supplement: restrictive housing cell space requirements An ACA Standards Supplement Errata document states that restrictive housing cells/rooms provide a minimum of 70 square feet, and shall provide 35 square feet of unencumbered space for the first occupant and 25 square feet of unencumbered space for each additional occupant. Date: 2017-01-01 Tags: policy,solitary,conditions Sources: July 18, 2017 LEGAL FACTS (19) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Senate DOC Facilities Study Committee established by SR 570, adopted report unanimously Dec 13 The Department of Corrections Facilities Senate Study Committee, chaired by Majority Whip Sen. Randy Robertson (R–Cataula), was established through Senate Resolution 570 and voted unanimously on Friday, December 13 to adopt its final report at its concluding meeting. Tags: legal,policy,facilities Sources: Department of Corrections Facilities Senate Study Committee Adopts Final Committee Report, Georgia Senate Press Office, December 20, 2024 - [confirmed] Bell v. Wolfish: double-bunking of pretrial detainees not unconstitutional In Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520 (1979), the Supreme Court held that the 'double-bunking' practice at the Metropolitan Correctional Center did not deprive pretrial detainees of liberty without due process of law under the Fifth Amendment. Date: 1979-01-01 Tags: legal,conditions,facilities Sources: Bell v. Wolfish | 441 U.S. 520 (1979) | Justia U.S. Supreme Court Center - [confirmed] Bell v. Wolfish: conditions reasonably related to nonpunitive objective are not punishment In Bell v. Wolfish, the Court held that absent a showing of expressed intent to punish, if a particular condition or restriction of pretrial detention is reasonably related to a legitimate nonpunitive governmental objective, it does not, without more, amount to unconstitutional 'punishment' of a pretrial detainee. Date: 1979-01-01 Tags: legal,conditions Sources: Bell v. Wolfish | 441 U.S. 520 (1979) | Justia U.S. Supreme Court Center - [confirmed] Hamm v. DeKalb County: pretrial detainee minimum standard same as Eighth Amendment In Hamm v. DeKalb County, 774 F.2d 1567 (11th Cir. 1985), the Eleventh Circuit held that in regard to providing pretrial detainees with basic necessities such as food, living space, and medical care, the minimum standard allowed by the due process clause is the same as that allowed by the Eighth Amendment for convicted persons. Date: 1985-01-01 Tags: legal,conditions,medical Sources: George Hamm, Plaintiff-appellant, v. Dekalb County, and Pat Jarvis, Sheriff, Defendants-appellees, 774 F.2d 1567 (11th Cir. 1985) :: Justia - [confirmed] Hamm v. DeKalb County: sleeping on floor/table due to overcrowding not necessarily unconstitutional In Hamm v. DeKalb County, the Eleventh Circuit held that the fact that the plaintiff temporarily had to sleep upon a mattress on the floor or on a table due to jail overcrowding was not necessarily a constitutional violation. Date: 1985-01-01 Tags: legal,conditions,facilities Sources: George Hamm, Plaintiff-appellant, v. Dekalb County, and Pat Jarvis, Sheriff, Defendants-appellees, 774 F.2d 1567 (11th Cir. 1985) :: Justia - [confirmed] Hamm v. DeKalb County: totality of jail conditions not unconstitutional In Hamm v. DeKalb County, the Eleventh Circuit held that neither the individual conditions nor the totality of conditions at the DeKalb County jail (overcrowding, food service, and medical care) were unconstitutional. Date: 1985-01-01 Tags: legal,conditions,medical Sources: George Hamm, Plaintiff-appellant, v. Dekalb County, and Pat Jarvis, Sheriff, Defendants-appellees, 774 F.2d 1567 (11th Cir. 1985) :: Justia - [confirmed] Hite v. Leeke: overcrowding unconstitutional only when cause of serious deprivations A law review note quoted in Hite v. Leeke observed that 'it is only when overcrowding is the cause of deplorable or inhumane conditions or serious deprivations that overcrowding becomes unconstitutional.' Tags: legal,conditions Sources: Billy Hite, and Bobby Sessions, Thomas E. Jones v. William D. Leeke, Commissioner, J. L. Harvey,... – CourtListener.com - [confirmed] BJS definition: design capacity BJS's glossary defines capacity, design as the number of inmates that planners or architects intended for a facility. Tags: policy,facilities Sources: Glossary | Bureau of Justice Statistics - [confirmed] Toussaint v. Yockey: Rhodes v. Chapman held double-celling not unconstitutional per se In Toussaint v. Yockey, the Ninth Circuit noted that in Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337 (1981), the Supreme Court held that in and of itself double-celling is not unconstitutional, and that the institution in Rhodes was described as 'a top-flight, first-class facility.' Date: 1981-01-01 Tags: legal,conditions,facilities Sources: Toussaint v. Yockey – CourtListener.com - [confirmed] BJS definitions: operational and rated capacity BJS's glossary defines capacity, operational as the number of inmates that can be accommodated based on a facility's staff, existing programs, and services, and capacity, rated as the number of beds or inmates assigned by a rating official to institutions within a jurisdiction. Tags: policy,facilities Sources: Glossary | Bureau of Justice Statistics - [confirmed] LaMarca v. Turner: underfunding, overcrowding, lack of security contributed to aggression In LaMarca v. Turner, the Eleventh Circuit noted that underfunding, overcrowding, and a lack of security personnel contributed to the problems of aggression at Glades Correctional Institution, though the superintendent could have controlled the permissive atmosphere through proper supervision. Tags: legal,violence,staffing,budget,conditions Sources: Anthony Lamarca, Martin Saunders and Edwin Johnson,individually and on Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated,and David Aldred, Steve H. Bronson, Jr., Eddie Cobb, Rondurrance, Wayne Epprecht, Michael - [confirmed] LaMarca v. Turner: five conditions created unconstitutional risk of violence In LaMarca v. Turner, plaintiffs presented evidence supporting five conditions of confinement under the superintendent's control that together created an unconstitutional risk of violence at Glades Correctional Institution, including a prevalence of weapons, the lack of adequate patrols, and the lack of adequate reporting procedures. Tags: legal,violence,contraband,staffing,conditions Sources: Anthony Lamarca, Martin Saunders and Edwin Johnson,individually and on Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated,and David Aldred, Steve H. Bronson, Jr., Eddie Cobb, Rondurrance, Wayne Epprecht, Michael - [confirmed] French v. Owens: double celling not per se unconstitutional In French v. Owens, the Seventh Circuit held that the mere practice of double celling is not per se unconstitutional, citing Rhodes v. Chapman. Tags: legal,conditions Sources: Richard A. French v. Norman G. Owens, Richard A. French v. Norman G. Owens, United States of... – CourtListener.com - [confirmed] French v. Owens: Pendleton conditions constituted cruel and unusual punishment In French v. Owens, the Seventh Circuit agreed that conditions at the Indiana Reformatory at Pendleton, including lack of space and furnishings from double celling, unwholesome food, medical neglect and continuous threats to prisoners' safety, constituted cruel and unusual punishment, distinguishing the facility from those upheld in Rhodes v. Chapman and Smith v. Fairman. Tags: legal,conditions,medical Sources: Richard A. French v. Norman G. Owens, Richard A. French v. Norman G. Owens, United States of... – CourtListener.com - [confirmed] French v. Owens cites Toussaint v. Yockey on double celling injunction French v. Owens cites Toussaint v. Yockey (9th Cir.) for the proposition that an injunction against double celling was upheld where double celling engenders violence, tension and psychological problems. Tags: legal,conditions,violence Sources: Richard A. French v. Norman G. Owens, Richard A. French v. Norman G. Owens, United States of... – CourtListener.com - [confirmed] Rhodes v. Chapman: double celling at SOCF not cruel and unusual punishment In Rhodes v. Chapman, the Supreme Court held that double celling at the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility was not cruel and unusual punishment prohibited by the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. Tags: legal,conditions Sources: James A. RHODES et al., Petitioners, v. Kelly CHAPMAN et al. | Supreme Court | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute - [confirmed] Rhodes v. Chapman: Sixth Circuit read district court as case-specific, not per se On appeal in Rhodes v. Chapman, petitioners argued the district court's finding must be read as holding that double celling is per se unconstitutional, but the Sixth Circuit disagreed and viewed the district court's opinion as holding only that double celling was unconstitutional under the circumstances of that case. Tags: legal,conditions Sources: James A. RHODES et al., Petitioners, v. Kelly CHAPMAN et al. | Supreme Court | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute - [confirmed] Rhodes v. Chapman: two-thirds of inmates would be unconstitutionally confined under 63 sq ft per se rule The Rhodes v. Chapman Court reasoned that if any prison providing less than 63 square feet of cell space per inmate were a per se violation of the Eighth Amendment, approximately two-thirds of all federal, state, and local inmates at the time would be unconstitutionally confined. Tags: legal,conditions Sources: James A. RHODES et al., Petitioners, v. Kelly CHAPMAN et al. | Supreme Court | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute - [confirmed] Rhodes v. Chapman: Brennan concurrence describes totality-of-the-circumstances test Justice Brennan's concurrence in Rhodes v. Chapman described the majority as adopting a totality-of-the-circumstances test, quoting the majority opinion's statement that prison conditions, alone or in combination, may deprive inmates of the minimal civilized measure of life's necessities. Tags: legal,conditions Sources: James A. RHODES et al., Petitioners, v. Kelly CHAPMAN et al. | Supreme Court | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute CASE DETAILS (5) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Senator Robertson suggests '23 and 1' BOP practice State Senator Randy Robertson suggested GDC emulate a Federal Bureau of Prisons practice known as '23 and 1' in response to Oliver's testimony. Tags: policy,solitary,conditions Sources: Georgia Won't Fix Its Prisons Crisis. There's Money in Letting It Get Worse. - [reported] Oliver presented assessment recommendations to joint appropriations committees GDC Commissioner Tyrone Oliver presented the system-wide corrections assessment recommendations at a Joint Meeting of the House and Senate Appropriations Committees. The recommendations address near-term challenges including employment vacancies for security and non-security staff and aligning facility infrastructure with offender security needs. Tags: staffing,policy,facilities,budget Sources: Gov. Kemp Unveils Recommendations from System-wide Corrections System Assessment, Office of Governor Brian Kemp - [reported] Georgia State Prison closed in 2022; new high-security prison planned Georgia State Prison in Reidsville (Tattnall County) closed in 2022, and the state is working on putting hundreds of millions of dollars toward building a new high-security prison in the same county. Date: 2022-01-01 Tags: facilities,budget,policy Sources: In Final Meeting, GA Prisons Senate Committee Votes for the Status Quo - [reported] Georgia State Prison single-cell design Georgia State Prison's housing consisted of nine buildings containing four three-tiered cell blocks with single cells, plus one building with four dormitories that are two-tiered cell blocks with single cells. Tags: facilities,conditions Sources: Georgia State Prison GEORGIA - [reported] 1,500-bed complex planned next to Washington County state prison GDC Commissioner Tyrone Oliver said he was optimistic safety would improve with construction of a 1,500-bed complex located next to the existing Washington County state prison, filling some of the void left by the 2022 closing of Georgia State Prison in Reidsville. Tags: facilities,budget,policy Sources: State lawmakers dig into violent conditions in Georgia prisons, Fulton jail • Georgia Recorder KEY ENTITIES (50) ---------------------------------------- - American Correctional Association [organization]: One of three national bodies offering voluntary accreditation to correctional facilities (aka: ACA) - Arkansas Maximum-Security Unit [facility]: Arkansas facility whose restrictive housing unit was found below ACA cell-space standards in a 2024 audit. - Augusta State Medical Prison [facility]: Georgia state medical prison visited by DOJ during 2022-2023 investigation (aka: Augusta State Medical) - Autry State Prison [facility]: Georgia state prison with GCI shoe/boot manufacturing and garment operations. - Bell v. Wolfish [case]: Supreme Court case on pretrial detention standards (aka: 441 U.S. 520 (1979)) - Brian Kemp [person]: Governor of Georgia who proposed $600 million in emergency spending over 18 months for prison reform in January 2025. (aka: Governor Kemp) - Bureau of Justice Statistics [organization]: Federal statistical agency within DOJ that collected and published mortality in correctional institutions data from approximately 2000 until 2019. (aka: BJS) - Calhoun State Prison [facility]: Georgia state prison where two female correctional officers were arrested in 2020 for allegedly smuggling methamphetamine in Hot Pockets; cases dismissed due to GDC failure to test evidence. - CGL [organization]: Company holding HVAC convenience contract for GDC covering 8 of 58 locations, about $5 million for labor - Cook County Jail [facility]: Illinois jail subject to a DOJ CRIPA findings letter on overcrowding, staffing, and violence. (aka: CCJ) - Dooly State Prison [facility]: Georgia state prison where Jackie Kavaskia McMillan led drug trafficking network; second highest cell phone seizure count by end of 2016 (1,342 phones). - Eleventh Circuit [organization]: Federal appellate court with jurisdiction over Georgia, Florida and Alabama; author of Chandler v. Crosby. (aka: U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit) - Farmer v. Brennan [case]: U.S. Supreme Court case establishing the deliberate indifference two-part test (objective + subjective components) for Eighth Amendment prison conditions claims. The bedrock case for all prisoner rights litigation. (aka: 511 U.S. 825 (1994)) - Federal Bureau of Prisons [organization]: Federal agency responsible for operating federal prisons in the United States. (aka: BOP, Federal BOP) - Fourth Circuit [organization]: Federal appellate court cited for Hope v. Pelzer and Hutto v. Finney applications. (aka: U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, 4th Cir.) - French v. Owens [case]: Seventh Circuit case finding conditions at Pendleton unconstitutional while noting double celling is not per se unconstitutional. (aka: Richard A. French v. Norman G. Owens) - Georgia Budget and Policy Institute [organization]: Georgia-based policy research organization that published the FY2025 criminal legal systems budget primer and the Labor Day 2022 analysis of Georgia's correctional control. (aka: GBPI) - Georgia Department of Corrections [organization]: State agency responsible for operating Georgia's prison system. Subject of federal DOJ investigation in 2022-2023 for constitutional violations including food-related deaths. (aka: GDC) - Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Prison [facility]: Georgia state prison from which David 'Toro' Zavala operated drug trafficking while serving time for armed robbery. - Georgia Senate DOC Facilities Study Committee [organization]: Committee established through Senate Resolution 570, chaired by Sen. Randy Robertson, that adopted a final report recommending all single-person, single-cell facilities. (aka: Department of Corrections Facilities Senate Study Committee, Georgia Senate Study Committee on Department of Corrections Facilities) - Georgia State Prison [facility]: Georgia state prison where Chad Ashley Allen, serving a life sentence for murder, operated drug trafficking enterprise with Ghost Face Gangsters. - Glades Correctional Institution [facility]: Florida prison whose dormitory air conditioning and ventilation were at issue in Green v. Secretary. - Guidehouse [organization]: Consulting firm that conducted the Kemp Assessment of Georgia's prison system, publishing recommendations in January 2025. - Hamm v. DeKalb County [case]: Eleventh Circuit precedent followed by Grochowski v. Clayton County. - Hancock State Prison [facility]: Georgia state prison where THC gummies, white powdery substances, and marijuana were recovered in January 2024. - Hays State Prison [facility]: Georgia state prison visited by DOJ during 2022-2023 investigation (aka: Hays) - Hite v. Leeke [case]: Fourth Circuit case rejecting per se unconstitutionality of dual assignment to a 65-square-foot room where confinement was nighttime only. - Indiana Reformatory at Pendleton [facility]: Indiana facility whose conditions were found unconstitutional in French v. Owens. (aka: Pendleton) - LaMarca v. Turner [case]: Eleventh Circuit case finding an unconstitutional risk of violence due to weapons, lack of patrols, and lack of officer supervision. - Macon State Prison [facility]: Georgia state prison visited by DOJ during 2022-2023 investigation (aka: Macon) - Matt DeLisi [person]: Criminologist who testified before the Senate that crowding has little impact on inmate misconduct. - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine [organization]: U.S. advisory body that published 2023 review on strengthening the medicolegal death investigation system (aka: National Academies) - National Institute of Corrections [organization]: Federal agency that provides classification resources and standards; states the primary goal of classification is managing inmate risk and ensuring safety. (aka: NIC) - Otisville Correctional Facility [facility]: New York facility described in NIC crowding report as housing 737 inmates against a rated capacity of 413. (aka: Otisville) - Phillips State Prison [facility]: Georgia state prison visited by DOJ during 2022-2023 investigation (aka: Phillips) - Randy Robertson [person]: Georgia State Senator, District 29, Chairman of the SR 570 Study Committee (aka: Senator Robertson) - Rhodes v. Chapman [case]: Supreme Court case holding that double-celling is not per se unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment (aka: 452 U.S. 337 (1981)) - Rogers State Prison [facility]: Georgia state prison where two violent incidents occurred during a 2-day DOJ visit in March 2023, including gang fight with multiple knives, 2 airlifts, 5 ambulance transports; warden had been arrested for gang participation less than 2 months prior - Rutledge State Prison [facility]: GDC facility; Promise Tucker 2021 tobacco/cigarette resale case (aka: Rutledge SP) - Senate Resolution 570 [legislation]: 2024 Georgia Senate resolution creating the study committee to review conditions, needs, and issues related to safety and welfare in GDC facilities (aka: SR 570) - Smith State Prison [facility]: Georgia state prison targeted by drone smuggling networks; subject of Operation Night Drop indictments. - Southern Ohio Correctional Facility [facility]: Ohio prison at issue in Rhodes v. Chapman, which housed 38% more inmates than its design capacity. (aka: SOCF) - Telfair State Prison [facility]: Georgia state prison involved in Operation Ghost Busted (Desiree Briley) and Operation Night Drop drone smuggling network. - The Moss Group [organization]: Consulting firm that worked alongside Guidehouse Inc. and Carter Goble Lee on the Georgia prison conditions report. - Toussaint v. Yockey [case]: Ninth Circuit case cited for upholding an injunction against double celling where it engenders violence, tension, and psychological problems. (aka: 722 F.2d 1490 (9th Cir. 1984)) - Tyrone Oliver [person]: Commissioner of the Georgia Department of Corrections who in March 2024 stopped including preliminary cause of death in monthly mortality reports. (aka: Commissioner Oliver, GDC Commissioner) - U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit [organization]: Federal appellate court that decided United States v. Van Poyck. (aka: 9th Circuit) - U.S. Supreme Court [organization]: Highest federal court; decided Brown v. Plata 5-4 in May 2011 (aka: Supreme Court) - Ware State Prison [facility]: Georgia state prison leading all GDC facilities in cell phone seizures by end of 2016, with 1,392 phones confiscated. - Wilcox State Prison [facility]: Georgia state prison visited by DOJ during 2022-2023 investigation (aka: Wilcox) SOURCES (53) ---------------------------------------- - Anthony Lamarca, Martin Saunders and Edwin Johnson,individually and on Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated,and David Aldred, Steve H. Bronson, Jr., Eddie Cobb, Rondurrance, Wayne Epprecht, Michael, Justia [legal_document, primary] URL: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/995/1526/67341/ - Augusta State Medical Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections, Georgia Department of Corrections [official_report, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/locations/augusta-state-med-prison - Bell v. Wolfish | 441 U.S. 520 (1979) | Justia U.S. Supreme Court Center, Justia (1979-01-01) [legal_document, primary] URL: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/441/520/ - Billy Hite, and Bobby Sessions, Thomas E. Jones v. William D. Leeke, Commissioner, J. L. Harvey,... – CourtListener.com, CourtListener [legal_document, primary] URL: https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/350108/billy-hite-and-bobby-sessions-thomas-e-jones-v-william-d-leeke/ - Calhoun State Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections, Georgia Department of Corrections (2026-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/locations/calhoun-state-prison - Commission on Accreditation for Corrections, Arkansas Department of Corrections (2024-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://doc.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/Max-2024-1.pdf - Core Jail Standards, American Correctional Association (2010-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://correction.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Core-Jail-Standards-as-printed-June-2010.pdf - Department of Corrections Facilities Senate Study Committee Adopts Final Committee Report, Georgia Senate Press Office, December 20, 2024, Georgia Senate Press Office (2024-12-20) [press_release, primary] URL: https://senatepress.net/department-of-corrections-facilities-senate-study-committee-adopts-final-committee-report.html - Dooly State Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections, Georgia Department of Corrections [official_report, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/locations/dooly-state-prison - Facility descriptions / Georgia Department of Corrections, Digital Library of Georgia / Georgia Department of Corrections (2013-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/id:dlg_ggpd_s-ga-br300-b-pm1-b2013-bf33-belec-p-btext - Fiscal year 2008 annual report | Georgia Department of Corrections, Georgia Department of Corrections (2008-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/id:dlg_ggpd_y-ga-br300-b-pa1-b2008-belec-p-btext - gdc.georgia.gov: board meeting summary december 2024, Georgia Department of Corrections (2024-12-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/document/board-meeting-summary/board-meeting-summary-december-2024/download - George Hamm, Plaintiff-appellant, v. Dekalb County, and Pat Jarvis, Sheriff, Defendants-appellees, 774 F.2d 1567 (11th Cir. 1985) :: Justia, Justia (1985-01-01) [legal_document, primary] URL: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/774/1567/10797/ - Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 209.07, Segregation-Tier I_ Disciplinary, Protective Custody and Transient Housing (GPS's copy), Georgia Prisoners' Speak (2026-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://gps.press/sop-data/209.07/ - Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 209.09, (IIB09-0004) Special Management Unit - Tier III Program (GPS's copy), Georgia Prisoners' Speak [official_report, primary] URL: https://gps.press/sop-data/209.09/ - Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 209.45, Tier II Segregated Transition Education Program (Tier II STEP) (GPS's copy), Georgia Prisoners' Speak (2026-01-01) [legal_document, primary] URL: https://gps.press/sop-data/209.45/ - Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 211.05, Procedures for Housing Offenders Under 18 Years Of Age (Juvenile) In GDC Custody (passage checked against GPS's copy), Georgia Department of Corrections (2026-01-01) [legal_document, primary] URL: https://public.powerdms.com/GADOC/documents/106165 - Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 220.02, Security Classification (passage checked against GPS's copy), Georgia Department of Corrections [official_report, primary] URL: https://public.powerdms.com/GADOC/documents/105806 - Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 508.20, Mental Health Rounds in Restrictive Housing Units (GPS's copy), Georgia Prisoners' Speak (2026-01-01) [legal_document, primary] URL: https://gps.press/sop-data/508.20/ - Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 508.23, Specialized Mental Health Treatment Units (passage checked against GPS's copy), Georgia Department of Corrections (2026-01-01) [legal_document, primary] URL: https://public.powerdms.com/GADOC/documents/196628 - Georgia Department of Corrections, "Smith State Prison," gdc.georgia.gov, Georgia Department of Corrections [official_report, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/locations/smith-state-prison - Georgia prisons get $600M for overhaul. Lawmakers say it's a start, Atlanta Journal-Constitution (2025-05-01) [journalism, secondary] URL: https://www.ajc.com/news/investigations/georgia-prisons-get-600m-for-overhaul-lawmakers-say-its-a-start/3FPAMXLSPBA27EEKYF5CTHGM5E/ - Georgia State Prison GEORGIA, Georgia Department of Corrections [official_report, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/document/fact-sheets/georgia-state-prison-fact-sheet/download - Georgia Won't Fix Its Prisons Crisis. There's Money in Letting It Get Worse., Filter (2024-01-01) [journalism, secondary] URL: https://filtermag.org/georgia-prisons-overcrowding-single-cells/ - Glossary | Bureau of Justice Statistics, Bureau of Justice Statistics [data_portal, primary] URL: https://bjs.ojp.gov/glossary - Gov. Kemp Unveils Recommendations from System-wide Corrections System Assessment, Office of Governor Brian Kemp, Office of Governor Brian Kemp (2025-01-07) [press_release, primary] URL: https://gov.georgia.gov/press-releases/2025-01-07/gov-kemp-unveils-recommendations-system-wide-corrections-system - Hancock State Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections, Georgia Department of Corrections (2026-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/locations/hancock-state-prison - Hays State Prison facility page (confirms Aramark), GDC, Georgia Department of Corrections [official_report, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/locations/hays-state-prison - House budget adds $250M for corrections | Georgia | thecentersquare.com, The Center Square [journalism, secondary] URL: https://www.thecentersquare.com/georgia/article_aaa06c9c-fdbc-11ef-b332-63af2a24becf.html - In Final Meeting, GA Prisons Senate Committee Votes for the Status Quo, Filter (2024-01-01) [journalism, secondary] URL: https://filtermag.org/georgia-senate-study-committee-department-of-corrections/ - James A. RHODES et al., Petitioners, v. Kelly CHAPMAN et al. | Supreme Court | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute, Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School (1981-01-01) [legal_document, primary] URL: https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/452/337 - judiciary.senate.gov: 11 6 13DeLisiTestimony, U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee by Matt DeLisi (2013-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/11-6-13DeLisiTestimony.pdf - July 18, 2017, American Correctional Association (2017-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://static.prisonpolicy.org/scans/2016_ACA_Standards_Supplement_Errata.pdf - Macon State Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections, Georgia Department of Corrections [data_portal, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/locations/macon-state-prison - Medium Security Georgia, Georgia Department of Corrections [official_report, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/document/fact-sheets/medium-security-facilities-fact-sheet/download - Overview: 2026 Fiscal Year Budget for the Georgia Department of Corrections, GBPI, Georgia Budget and Policy Institute (2025-02-01) [official_report, secondary] URL: https://gbpi.org/overview-2026-fiscal-year-budget-for-the-georgia-department-of-corrections/ - Physical Capacity for Bureau Facilities, federalcriminaldefenseattorney.com (reproducing BOP Program Statement 1060.13) (2026-01-01) [official_report, secondary] URL: https://federalcriminaldefenseattorney.com/federal-bureau-prisons/policies/rated-capacities-for-bureau-facilities-bop-program-statement-1060-11/ - Prison Crowding Research Reexamined, Federal Bureau of Prisons [academic, primary] URL: https://www.bop.gov/resources/research_projects/published_reports/cond_envir/oreprvariance.pdf - Richard A. French v. Norman G. Owens, Richard A. French v. Norman G. Owens, United States of... – CourtListener.com, CourtListener [legal_document, primary] URL: https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/461278/richard-a-french-v-norman-g-owens-richard-a-french-v-norman-g-owens/ - Rogers State Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections, Georgia Department of Corrections [official_report, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/locations/rogers-state-prison - Senate Study Committee Releases Final Report on Georgia Prisons • The Georgia Virtue, The Georgia Virtue (2024-01-01) [journalism, secondary] URL: https://www.thegeorgiavirtue.com/georgia-legislature/senate-study-committee-releases-final-report-on-georgia-prisons/ - senate.ga.gov: 2024SenateStudyCommDOCFinalReport, 2024SenateStudyCommDOCFinalReport [2], Georgia Senate (2024-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20260205110629id_/https://www.senate.ga.gov/committees/Documents/2024SenateStudyCommDOCFinalReport.pdf - SOP 209.06: Administrative Segregation, Georgia Department of Corrections (2021-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://public.powerdms.com/GADOC/documents/105940 - State lawmakers dig into violent conditions in Georgia prisons, Fulton jail • Georgia Recorder, Georgia Recorder (2024-08-26) [journalism, secondary] URL: https://georgiarecorder.com/2024/08/26/state-lawmakers-dig-into-violent-conditions-in-georgia-prisons-fulton-jail/ - Telfair State Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections, Georgia Department of Corrections [data_portal, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/locations/telfair-state-prison - Toussaint v. Yockey – CourtListener.com, CourtListener [legal_document, primary] URL: https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/428395/toussaint-v-yockey/ - U.S. Department of Justice, 024806, National Institute of Corrections [official_report, primary] URL: https://s3.amazonaws.com/static.nicic.gov/Library/024806.pdf - U.S. Department of Justice, 1060 011, Federal Bureau of Prisons [official_report, primary] URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20250715015253id_/https://www.bop.gov/policy/progstat/1060_011.pdf - U.S. Department of Justice, CookCountyJail findingsletter 7 11 08, U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division (2008-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/crt/legacy/2011/04/13/CookCountyJail_findingsletter_7-11-08.pdf - Valdosta State Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections, Georgia Department of Corrections [official_report, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/locations/valdosta-state-prison - Ware State Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections, Georgia Department of Corrections [official_report, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/locations/ware-state-prison - Washington State Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections, Georgia Department of Corrections [data_portal, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/locations/washington-state-prison - Wilcox State Prison | Georgia Department of Corrections, Georgia Department of Corrections (2026-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/locations/wilcox-state-prison