GPS RESEARCH LIBRARY: What works: evidence for prison programs and cash at release ============================================================ Georgia Prisoners' Speak — gps.press Generated: 2026-11-13 14:36:07 EST Research Date: 2026-11-11 Topic: Reentry and release JSON: https://gps.press/research-data/what-works-evidence-for-prison-programs-and-cash-at-release/?format=json SUMMARY ---------------------------------------- Randomized and quasi-experimental evidence on money at release (Georgia-Texas TARP, Baltimore LIFE, California's Returning Citizens Stimulus, guaranteed-income pilots), release allowances across states, Georgia's current release money, California's prison model, and reentry employment programs FINDINGS (48) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Braille program claimed zero-percent recidivism A Filter magazine article reports that a sign in the Georgia Braille Transcribers shop at Central State Prison states the program has a zero-percent recidivism rate, and that of the 100-plus Library of Congress-certified braille transcribers who have paroled out, none have returned to prison. Tags: reentry,programs,recidivism Sources: A Team of Prison Braille Transcribers Works, in a System That Doesn't - [confirmed] Colorado SB 24-012 cash assistance amount The bill created the Reentry Workforce Development Cash Assistance Pilot Program in the Colorado Department of Corrections to provide up to $3,000 in cash assistance to individuals recently released from incarceration who enroll in a workforce service or training program. Date: 2024-01-01 Tags: reentry,budget,policy Sources: SB 24-012 (content.leg.colorado.gov) - [reported] RAND meta-analysis: 22% higher odds of employment for vocational program participants The Vera Institute/Georgetown Center on Poverty and Inequality report states that RAND's meta-analysis found the odds of being employed were 22 percent higher for vocational program participants than the odds of employment among nonparticipants. Tags: reentry,policy Sources: Investing in Futures - [reported] Second Chance Act programs showed no reduction in recidivism The NIJ evaluation of seven Second Chance Act adult demonstration programs found that in the 30 months following random assignment, program group members were no less likely to be re-arrested, reconvicted, or re-incarcerated than the control group, and their time to re-arrest or re-incarceration was no shorter. Tags: reentry,recidivism,programs Sources: The author(s) shown below used Federal funding provided by the U.S. - [reported] States funding gate money from inmate wages or commissary deposits The Marshall Project reports that some states, including Virginia, Wisconsin and Maryland, fund gate money by drawing from inmates' own wages or commissary-account deposits rather than from state appropriations; Virginia's corrections department withholds 10 percent of money transfers from family members to create a $1,000 reserve for each prisoner, and Wisconsin's department diverts 10 percent of prisoners' paychecks. Date: 2019-01-01 Tags: reentry,policy,budget Sources: What Gate Money Can (And Cannot) Buy for People Leaving Prison | The Marshall Project - [reported] Vocational training rated Promising by CrimeSolutions CrimeSolutions (National Institute of Justice) rates corrections-based vocational training programs as Promising in reducing recidivism and in having a significant impact on participants' employment and socioeconomic outcomes. Tags: reentry,programs,recidivism Sources: Practice Profile: Corrections-Based Vocational Training Programs | CrimeSolutions, National Institute of Justice - [confirmed] Colorado SB 24-012 postponed indefinitely The bill was postponed indefinitely by the Senate Judiciary committee on February 7, 2024; therefore, the impacts identified in the analysis do not take effect. Date: 2024-02-07 Tags: reentry,policy Sources: SB 24-012 (content.leg.colorado.gov) - [reported] CEO transitional jobs program significantly reduced recidivism, strongest for early enrollees CEO's transitional jobs program significantly reduced recidivism, with the most promising impacts occurring among the subgroup of former prisoners who enrolled within three months after release from prison, who were less likely than control group counterparts to be arrested, convicted of a new crime, and reincarcerated. Tags: reentry,parole Sources: More Than a Job, execsum 9 - [reported] Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration rated Ineffective CrimeSolutions gives the Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration (TJRD) program an Evidence Rating of Ineffective, based on one study. Tags: reentry,programs,recidivism Sources: Program Profile: Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration (TJRD) | CrimeSolutions, National Institute of Justice - [reported] TJRD ineffective due to no statistically significant effect CrimeSolutions states the Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration program is rated Ineffective because participation in transitional job services had no statistically significant effect, and an Ineffective rating implies implementing the program is unlikely to result in the intended outcomes. Tags: reentry,programs,recidivism Sources: Program Profile: Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration (TJRD) | CrimeSolutions, National Institute of Justice - [reported] No significant RCS effect on parole violations at 18 months At the 18-month follow-up, there were no statistically significant differences between RCS participants and the comparison group in parole violations of any type. Tags: reentry,parole Sources: Support for the Journey Home - [reported] Postsecondary correctional education rated Promising CrimeSolutions rates postsecondary correctional education (PSCE) as Promising, based on three meta-analyses finding significant reductions in recidivism for inmates who participated in PSCE compared with inmates who did not participate. Tags: reentry,programs,recidivism Sources: Practice Profile: Postsecondary Correctional Education (PSCE) | CrimeSolutions, National Institute of Justice - [reported] California Model Normalization pillar definition CDCR describes the California Model's Normalization pillar as aiming 'to bring life in prison as close as possible to life outside of prison. The more life in prison resembles life in the community, the easier it will be for people to transition and adjust to life in the community upon release.' Tags: policy,conditions,reentry Sources: The California Model - Transforming Public Safety - [reported] CEO Returning Citizen Stimulus study findings A study found that a majority of CEO Returning Citizen Stimulus program participants reached intended milestones and qualified for all three monthly payments totaling up to $2,750. Tags: reentry Sources: Pilot program would provide cash assistance to people leaving prison | Colorado Newsline - [reported] Brian Kaneda quote on San Quentin programming CalMatters reported Brian Kaneda of CURB said: 'One reason San Quentin isn't on our list for closures is because it has good programming. Now, there's no such thing as a bad prison to close, we would love San Quentin to close, but what happens to the programming there?' Tags: facilities,program,reentry Sources: San Quentin prison: Newsom plan calls for rehab focus- CalMatters - [reported] California Model Dynamic Security and Peer Mentorship definitions CDCR describes Dynamic Security as 'an approach that promotes positive relationships between staff and incarcerated people,' accomplished 'through purposeful activities and professional, positive, and respectful communication,' and Peer Mentorship as training 'incarcerated individuals to use their lived experiences to mentor and support their peers.' Tags: policy,conditions,staffing Sources: The California Model - Transforming Public Safety - [reported] CDCR partnership with Amend and Norway visit CDCR states it 'has partnered with the Amend program at the University of California, San Francisco, and has sent people in leadership positions to Norway to learn how their approach to normalcy in corrections and rehabilitation is lowering recidivism and expanding employee wellness,' with Governor Gavin Newsom quoted: 'While Norway and California are very different, the core of their model is the same as ours.' Tags: policy,reentry,staffing Sources: The California Model - Transforming Public Safety - [confirmed] RAND correctional education recidivism odds reduction RAND's meta-analysis found that, among the most rigorous quasi-experimental studies, inmates who participated in correctional education programs had 43 percent lower odds of recidivating than inmates who did not. Tags: reentry,education Sources: bja.ojp.gov: RAND Correctional Education Meta Analysis - [confirmed] RAND correctional education reincarceration risk reduction RAND's meta-analysis found participation in correctional education programs is associated with a 13 percentage point reduction in the risk of reincarceration three years following release from prison. Tags: reentry,education Sources: bja.ojp.gov: RAND Correctional Education Meta Analysis - [reported] SB-1304 inflation adjustment provision SB-1304 provided that, commencing January 1, 2024, and annually thereafter, the department shall adjust the release allowance for inflation based on the California Consumer Price Index. Tags: reentry,legal,budget Sources: Bill Text - SB-1304 Prisons: release allowance - [confirmed] RAND correctional education employment odds ratio RAND's meta-analysis found an odds ratio of 1.13 (95 percent confidence interval = 1.07 to 1.20), indicating that the odds of obtaining employment postrelease among inmates receiving correctional education are 13 percent higher than among inmates not receiving correctional education. Tags: reentry,education Sources: bja.ojp.gov: RAND Correctional Education Meta Analysis - [reported] Amber-Rose Howard quote on closing prisons CURB executive director Amber-Rose Howard said 'Based on the number of empty beds, the state could close up to five prisons,' adding 'There is no bad prison to close, just pick one.' Tags: facilities,budget Sources: San Quentin's $239M learning center sits empty over weekend amid staffing, budget constraints - Local News Matters - [confirmed] No significant overall TARP differences in property arrests There were no significant overall differences in either state between TARP experimental and control groups in average numbers of arrests on property-related charges during the postrelease year, and no overall differences in other types of arrests not related to property. Date: 1976-01-01 Tags: reentry,budget,policy Sources: Money, Work, and Crime - [reported] Just Income treatment group experienced lower recidivism than control The Just Income executive summary reports that the treatment group experienced lower recidivism than the control group, among several reported improvements including improved financial health, increased food security, reduced mental stress, and elevated sense of hope and mattering. Tags: reentry,mental_health Sources: Center for Guaranteed - [reported] Authors interpret TARP as counteracting effects masking recidivism reduction The authors interpreted the TARP results as showing counteracting effects: TARP payments did not increase recidivism despite increasing unemployment, suggesting the payments did reduce recidivism but that this effect was masked by an increase in unemployment that in turn increased arrests. Date: 1976-01-01 Tags: reentry,budget,policy Sources: Money, Work, and Crime - [confirmed] RAND correctional education cost-effectiveness threshold RAND's meta-analysis estimated that for a correctional education program to be cost-effective from a fiscal/correctional budgetary standpoint alone, it would need to reduce the three-year reincarceration rate by between 1.9 percentage points and 2.6 percentage points to break even. Tags: reentry,education,budget Sources: bja.ojp.gov: RAND Correctional Education Meta Analysis - [reported] Just Income: short-term recidivism impact significant but data limitations warrant caution The Just Income report states the short-term impact of guaranteed income on recidivism was significant, but due to data limitations, these findings should be interpreted cautiously. Tags: reentry,methodology Sources: Center for Guaranteed - [disputed] Hans Zeisel disputed TARP methodology and conclusions Consultant Hans Zeisel formally stated, at his own request, that in his opinion the authors' approach in Money, Work, and Crime was incorrect and that their conclusions about the results of the TARP experiments were severely flawed by methodological errors, which the authors said they could not agree with. Tags: reentry,budget,policy Sources: Money, Work, and Crime - [reported] LAO: key questions remain unanswered for California Model The LAO states that 'key questions will remain about the California Model as a whole' and that '[w]ithout answers to these questions, it is difficult for the Legislature to provide oversight over the development and implementation of the California Model and evaluate any future funding requests.' Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: policy,budget,investigations Sources: 2025-26 Budget (lao.ca.gov) - [reported] LAO: CDCR lacks articulated theory of action for California Model The LAO states CDCR 'has not articulated how these various interventions fit together to motivate behavior change in a continuum through the prison system from admission to release,' noting 'of the roughly 30,000 people released from prison annually, roughly half spend around a year or less in prison.' Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: policy,reentry,recidivism Sources: 2025-26 Budget (lao.ca.gov) - [reported] California release allowance of $200 unchanged for decades Senator Josh Becker's office states that California has provided a release allowance of $200 to individuals upon release from CDCR for post-release expenses, an amount that has remained unchanged for decades. Tags: reentry,budget Sources: In a Victory for Justice Reform, State Allocates $1.8 Million in Gate Money Championed by Becker | Senator Josh Becker - [reported] CEO Returning Citizens Stimulus largest conditional cash transfer CEO's own page states that with over $24M distributed, the RCS program is the largest-ever conditional cash transfer to formerly incarcerated individuals. Tags: reentry Sources: CEO | Returning Citizens Stimulus (RCS) - [confirmed] Baltimore LIFE financial aid had no effect on other arrests In the Baltimore LIFE experiment, financial aid had no effect on other kinds of arrests such as disorderly conduct, assaults, drug possession charges, driving violations, and a few rape and homicide charges. Tags: reentry,budget,policy Sources: Money, Work, and Crime - [reported] San Quentin advisory council released 44 recommendations The LAO states that in May 2023 'Governor Newsom convened an advisory council to recommend changes at SQRC in line with the California Model framework as a pilot to potentially be scaled up,' and '[i]n January 2024, the advisory council released a report containing 44 recommendations,' including recommending 'single-celling the entire prison.' Tags: policy,facilities,solitary Sources: 2025-26 Budget (lao.ca.gov) - [reported] SVORI effects not observed at 24 months, only at 56 months The SVORI evaluation found that the strong positive effects observed at 56 months were not observed at 24 months after release, when nonsignificant positive effects were observed, suggesting follow-up periods longer than 2 years may be necessary to observe positive effects on criminal behavior and criminal justice system interaction. Date: 2012-01-01 Tags: reentry,program Sources: February 2012 (rti.org) - [confirmed] National Manpower Policy Task Force favored more research after LIFE After considering the design, methodology, implementation and results of the Baltimore LIFE project at a January 1975 meeting, the National Manpower Policy Task Force overwhelmingly favored more research, which fed into the design of the follow-on TARP experiments. Date: 1975-01-01 Tags: reentry,budget,policy Sources: Money, Work, and Crime - [reported] California Model activities build on existing work without new resources The LAO states that many California Model activities (resource teams, honor dorms, staff training, normalization efforts) 'build on work that had already been under way for several years,' and 'these activities have largely been done without requests for additional resources.' Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: policy,budget,programs Sources: 2025-26 Budget (lao.ca.gov) - [confirmed] ETJD overall results mixed The overall ETJD confirmatory analysis is mixed: the programs increased earnings in the last year of the follow-up period, but there were no statistically significant impacts on the amount of child support paid or on a broad measure of recidivism. Date: 2018-01-01 Tags: reentry Sources: The Enhanced Transitional Jobs Demonstration, ETJD STED Final Impact Report 2018 508Compliant v2 - [reported] Transitional jobs programs did not significantly affect recidivism MDRC's Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration final report found that the transitional jobs programs did not significantly affect key measures of recidivism over the two-year follow-up period: about half of each group were arrested, and a similar number returned to prison, with most prison admissions for parole rule violations rather than new crimes. Tags: reentry,program Sources: Return (mdrc.org) - [reported] ETJD: no significant broad recidivism impact, but 12-point reduction in prison incarceration among higher-risk participants MDRC's final impact report on the Enhanced Transitional Jobs Demonstration (ETJD) found no statistically significant impact on a broad measure of recidivism across the three ETJD programs targeting people returning from prison, but found a statistically significant 12-percentage-point reduction in incarceration in prison among higher-risk participants across the three sites in the 30 months following study enrollment, an effect that largely reflected the Indianapolis program. Tags: reentry,parole Sources: The Enhanced Transitional Jobs Demonstration, etjd sted final impact report 2018 508compliant v2 8232018 b - [confirmed] Mallar and Thornton reanalysis of LIFE in Journal of Human Resources Mallar and Thornton's reanalysis of the LIFE experiment was published in the Journal of Human Resources, volume XIII, number 2 (Spring 1978), pages 208-236, and obtained almost identical results to Rossi, Berk and Lenihan's using a probit model. Date: 1978-01-01 Tags: reentry,budget,policy Sources: Money, Work, and Crime - [confirmed] ETJD reduced prison incarceration for higher-risk participants The three ETJD programs targeting people returning from prison reduced incarceration in prison among those at higher risk of reoffending, although there was no statistically significant impact on a broad measure of recidivism. Date: 2018-01-01 Tags: reentry Sources: The Enhanced Transitional Jobs Demonstration, ETJD STED Final Impact Report 2018 508Compliant v2 - [reported] ETJD: one program reduced recidivism, several others did not MDRC's ETJD report found that one program targeting people returning to the community from prison reduced recidivism, but several other ETJD programs for the same population did not. Tags: reentry Sources: The Enhanced Transitional Jobs Demonstration, etjd sted final impact report 2018 508compliant v2 8232018 b - [confirmed] ETJD higher-risk participants 12 percentage points less likely incarcerated Among higher-risk ETJD participants, program group members were 12 percentage points less likely to be incarcerated in prison than higher-risk control group members, while there was no statistically significant difference in rates of incarceration in prison between lower-risk program and control group members. Date: 2018-01-01 Tags: reentry Sources: The Enhanced Transitional Jobs Demonstration, ETJD STED Final Impact Report 2018 508Compliant v2 - [reported] CEO strongest recidivism reductions for highest-risk former prisoners An Urban Institute/MDRC subgroup analysis of the CEO transitional jobs evaluation found that CEO had its strongest reductions in recidivism for former prisoners at highest risk of reoffending, for whom it reduced the probability of rearrest, the number of rearrests, and the probability of reconviction two years after random assignment. Tags: reentry,parole Sources: acf.gov: ceo program - [confirmed] ETJD Indianapolis site recidivism reduction In the Indianapolis ETJD site, the program reduced the broad measure of recidivism by about 6 percentage points: 67 percent of the program group had a criminal justice event compared with 74 percent of the control group. There was no statistically significant reduction in recidivism in Fort Worth, and the New York City program led to a small increase in this measure of recidivism, and the difference in impacts among sites is statistically significant. Date: 2018-01-01 Tags: reentry Sources: The Enhanced Transitional Jobs Demonstration, ETJD STED Final Impact Report 2018 508Compliant v2 - [reported] GBT zero-recidivism statistic challenged; 17 years of records searched The Filter magazine article reports that when someone challenged the braille program's zero-recidivism statistic by suggesting there had been a single case of recidivism, GBT staff combed through 17 years of records until they found a name none of them remembered, which they doubted belonged to someone who had actually gotten certified. Tags: reentry,policy Sources: A Team of Prison Braille Transcribers Works, in a System That Doesn't - [reported] RCS funded by Justice and Mobility Fund CEO launched RCS with an investment from the Justice and Mobility Fund, a collaboration of the Ford Foundation and Blue Meridian Partners, with support from the Charles and Lynn Schusterman Family Philanthropies and other philanthropic organizations. Date: 2020-01-01 Tags: reentry,budget Sources: mdrc.org: file full STATISTICS (85) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Cumulative return-to-prison by age at release, year 10 BJS Table 8 shows cumulative return-to-prison percentages for state prisoners released in 18 states in 2008: 69.0% for the '24 or younger' age-at-release group, 63.5% for '25-39', and 53.0% for '40 or older' by the tenth year following release. Value: 69.0 percent (vs. 53.0 40 or older age group) Tags: reentry,recidivism,demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, rpr24s0810yfup0818 - [reported] CDCR three-year conviction rate, FY2020-21 release cohort CDCR reports that the three-year conviction rate for the 30,116 individuals in the Fiscal Year 2020-21 release cohort is 39.5 percent. Value: 39.5 percent Tags: reentry,parole,legal Sources: Statewide Recidivism Report for Individuals Released in Fiscal Year 2020-21 - [reported] WSIPP benefit-cost: employment counseling and job training with paid work experience WSIPP's adult criminal justice benefit-cost results list employment counseling and job training with paid work experience in the community with total benefits of $6,812, taxpayer benefits of $3,047, non-taxpayer benefits of $3,764, costs of ($6,556), benefits minus costs of $255, a benefit to cost ratio of $1.04, and a 50% chance benefits will exceed costs, last literature review Aug 2016. Value: 6812.0 dollars total benefits (vs. 6556 program costs) Date: 2016-01-01 Tags: reentry,program,budget Sources: WSIPP Benefit-Cost Model - [reported] Vera/Georgetown modeled prison expenditure reduction at 25% Pell-eligible postsecondary participation The Vera Institute/Georgetown Center on Poverty and Inequality 'Investing in Futures' report modeled that combined annual state prison expenditures would decrease by $182.9 million (range $132.8M–$234.3M) if 25% of the Pell-eligible population participated in postsecondary education. Value: 182.9 million dollars Tags: reentry,budget,policy Sources: Investing in Futures - [reported] 82 braille certifications earned in FY20 GDC's Inmate Services Impact Report states that through partnerships with the Georgia Institute of Technology at Emanuel Women's Facility and the Georgia Department of Education at Central State Prison, 82 braille certifications were earned during FY20. Value: 82.0 certifications Tags: programs,reentry Sources: Inmate Services Impact Report 2020 - [reported] Rearrest rate highest among youngest federal offenders The U.S. Sentencing Commission found the rearrest rate was highest among federal offenders younger than 21 (67.6%) and those ages 21 to 24 (66.6%), declining in each subsequent age group. Value: 67.6 percent (vs. 66.6 ages 21-24) Tags: reentry,recidivism,demographics Sources: The Effects of Aging on Recidivism Among Federal Offenders - [reported] CDCR FY2020-21 release cohort size The Fiscal Year 2020-21 release cohort tracked by CDCR comprised 30,116 individuals. Value: 30116.0 people Tags: reentry,demographics Sources: Statewide Recidivism Report for Individuals Released in Fiscal Year 2020-21 - [confirmed] Colorado SB 24-012 estimated total cost first fiscal year The Legislative Council Staff fiscal note estimated total cost of up to $7,494,960 in the first fiscal year, combining cash assistance ($6,813,600) and contractor administration costs ($681,360). Value: 7494960.0 dollars Date: 2024-01-01 Tags: reentry,budget Sources: SB 24-012 (content.leg.colorado.gov) - [reported] WSIPP benefit-cost: correctional industries WSIPP's adult criminal justice benefit-cost results list correctional industries (program costs include expenditures and revenue) with total benefits of $4,975, taxpayer benefits of $1,461, non-taxpayer benefits of $3,514, costs of $0, benefits minus costs of $4,975, and a 96% chance benefits will exceed costs, last literature review May 2024. Value: 4975.0 dollars total benefits Date: 2024-01-01 Tags: reentry,program,budget Sources: WSIPP Benefit-Cost Model - [reported] Vera/Georgetown modeled prison expenditure reduction at 50% Pell-eligible postsecondary participation The Vera Institute/Georgetown Center on Poverty and Inequality 'Investing in Futures' report modeled that combined annual state prison expenditures would decrease by $365.8 million (range $265.7M–$468.4M) if 50% of the Pell-eligible population participated in postsecondary education. Value: 365.8 million dollars Tags: reentry,budget,policy Sources: Investing in Futures - [reported] FY2017 release cohort: 3-year felony reconviction rates by program GDC's Inmate Services Impact Report (edition covering FY2017 releases) reports three-year felony reconviction rates of 28.65% for the general population, 24.93% for cognitive programming completers, 22.61% for educational programming completers, 29.02% for residential substance abuse treatment completers, and 20.17% for vocational programming completers. Value: 28.65 percent (vs. 20.17 vocational programming completers) Tags: reentry,recidivism,programs Sources: Inmate Services Impact Report 2020 - [reported] CDCR cohort members with no conviction within three years CDCR reports that 60.5 percent of the FY2020-21 release cohort (18,230 individuals) successfully completed the three-year follow-up period without a conviction. Value: 60.5 percent Tags: reentry,parole Sources: Statewide Recidivism Report for Individuals Released in Fiscal Year 2020-21 - [confirmed] Colorado SB 24-012 estimated total cost second fiscal year The Legislative Council Staff fiscal note estimated total cost of up to $14,989,920 in the second fiscal year, combining cash assistance ($13,627,200) and contractor administration costs ($1,362,720). Value: 14989920.0 dollars Date: 2024-01-01 Tags: reentry,budget Sources: SB 24-012 (content.leg.colorado.gov) - [reported] WSIPP benefit-cost: work release WSIPP's adult criminal justice benefit-cost results list work release with total benefits of $3,759, taxpayer benefits of $1,013, non-taxpayer benefits of $2,746, costs of $616, benefits minus costs of $4,375, and a 99% chance benefits will exceed costs, last literature review Jul 2016. Value: 3759.0 dollars total benefits (vs. 616 program costs) Date: 2016-01-01 Tags: reentry,program,budget Sources: WSIPP Benefit-Cost Model - [reported] Vera/Georgetown modeled prison expenditure reduction at 75% Pell-eligible postsecondary participation The Vera Institute/Georgetown Center on Poverty and Inequality 'Investing in Futures' report modeled that combined annual state prison expenditures would decrease by $548.7 million (range $398.5M–$702.6M) if 75% of the Pell-eligible population participated in postsecondary education. Value: 548.7 million dollars Tags: reentry,budget,policy Sources: Investing in Futures - [reported] Braille program served 2,800+ students in 2019 GDC's press release on the braille program states that during 2019, offenders helped more than 2,800 students by transcribing materials into Braille at no cost to local school districts. Value: 2800.0 students Date: 2019-01-01 Tags: programs,reentry Sources: GDC Offenders Transcribe Braille Materials for Thousands of Students | Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] Rearrest rate for offenders 65+ vs. under 21 Over an eight-year follow-up, 13.4% of federal offenders age 65 or older at release were rearrested, compared to 67.6% of offenders younger than age 21 at release. Value: 13.4 percent (vs. 67.6 offenders younger than 21) Tags: reentry,recidivism,demographics Sources: The Effects of Aging on Recidivism Among Federal Offenders - [estimated] Colorado SB 24-012 estimated annual participants The fiscal note estimated that 4,542 individuals would participate in the pilot program per year. Value: 4542.0 people Date: 2024-01-01 Tags: reentry Sources: SB 24-012 (content.leg.colorado.gov) - [reported] Five former braille transcribers work as independent contractors GDC's Inmate Services Impact Report states that currently five former Braille transcribers from the program work as independent contractors for the Georgia Department of Education and other organizations. Value: 5.0 people Tags: reentry,programs Sources: Georgia Department (gdc.georgia.gov) - [reported] FY2016 release cohort: 3-year felony reconviction rates by program GDC's Inmate Services Fiscal Year Impact Report (edition covering FY16 releases) reports three-year felony reconviction rates of 27.66% for the general population, 24.37% for cognitive programming completers, 19.03% for GED educational programming completers, 28.19% for residential substance abuse treatment completers, and 18.60% for vocational programming completers. Value: 27.66 percent (vs. 18.6 vocational programming completers) Tags: reentry,recidivism,programs Sources: Georgia Department (gdc.georgia.gov) - [reported] FY23 program completions: Braille 62, OSHA 1,328, Food Truck 145, Welding 248 GDC's Fiscal Year Annual Report lists 62 Braille program completions under 'PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS,' alongside 1,328 OSHA, 145 Food Truck, and 248 Welding completions. Value: 62.0 completions Tags: programs,reentry Sources: FY23 Annual Report - [reported] RCS parole violation rate at 6 months vs. comparison group Just 8 percent of RCS participants violated parole in the first 6 months after release, compared with 14 percent of comparison group members, a 6 percentage point difference. Value: 8.0 percent (vs. 14 comparison group parole violation rate) Tags: reentry,parole Sources: Support for the Journey Home - [reported] CEO reduced new convictions by 12.8 percentage points among those with 4+ prior convictions Among the CEO study subgroup with four or more prior convictions at study entry, the program reduced convictions for new crimes by 12.8 percentage points, while among the subgroup with fewer prior convictions no statistically significant difference in new convictions was found. Value: 12.8 percentage points Tags: reentry,parole Sources: More Than a Job, execsum 9 - [reported] Georgia inmates receive $25 and bus ticket per American RadioWorks/GDC An American RadioWorks 'Gate money by state' page attributed to the Georgia Department of Corrections as its source states that Georgia inmates receive $25 and a bus ticket upon release, and are referred to appropriate services. Value: 25.0 dollars Tags: reentry,budget Sources: Gate money by state: Georgia - [reported] GEDs increased 6.3% in FY23 to 1,531 GDC's Fiscal Year Annual Report states that General Equivalency Diplomas (GEDs) increased by 6.3% from the prior fiscal year, with 1,531 GEDs earned. Value: 1531.0 GEDs (vs. 6.3 percent increase from FY22) Tags: programs,reentry Sources: FY23 Annual Report - [reported] 38 Bachelor's and 87 Associate's degrees awarded in FY23 GDC's Fiscal Year Annual Report states that through partnerships with three universities and one college, incarcerated students were awarded 38 Bachelor's degrees and 87 Associate's degrees: Ashland University (24 BA/61 AA), Georgia State University (9 AA), Life University (14 BA/11 AA), and Brewton-Parker College (6 AA). Value: 38.0 Bachelor's degrees (vs. 87 Associate's degrees) Tags: programs,reentry Sources: FY23 Annual Report - [reported] RCS violent parole violation reduction at 6 and 12 months RCS participants were about 2 percentage points less likely to commit a violent parole violation during the 6- and 12-month follow-up periods than comparison group members, with no significant effect at 18 months. Value: 2.0 percentage points Tags: reentry,parole,violence Sources: Support for the Journey Home - [reported] CEO Returning Citizen Stimulus pilot recipients in Colorado CEO distributed $1.5 million to 623 Coloradans leaving incarceration as part of its Returning Citizen Stimulus pilot in 2020. Value: 623.0 people Date: 2020-01-01 Tags: reentry Sources: Pilot program would provide cash assistance to people leaving prison | Colorado Newsline - [reported] CEO first-year recidivism: 35% program vs 47% control (26% reduction) Recidivism rates for the recently-released CEO subgroup during the first year of follow-up were 35 percent for the program group compared with 47 percent for the control group, a difference of 12 percentage points representing a 26 percent reduction in recidivism. Value: 26.0 percent reduction (vs. 12 percentage point difference) Tags: reentry,parole Sources: More Than a Job, execsum 9 - [reported] FY2021 successful completions by program GDC's Fiscal Year Annual Report's 'Successful Completions' table lists 41 completions for Braille Transcription, alongside 4,071 for Culinary, 3,489 for Manufacturing and Distribution, 502 for Welding, 167 for Animal Science, 745 for Building Trades, 519 for Automotive/Diesel, and 30 for Fire Fighting. Value: 41.0 completions Tags: programs,reentry Sources: gdc.georgia.gov: gdc annual fiscal report 2021 - [reported] RCS reincarceration effects at 18, 24, and 30 months The RCS program had no observed effect on reincarceration over 12 months, but participants were roughly 2 percentage points less likely to be reincarcerated at 18 and 24 months and 2.5 percentage points less likely at 30 months; all reincarceration effects were significant only at the 0.1 level. Value: 2.5 percentage points Tags: reentry,parole Sources: Support for the Journey Home - [reported] 87 Associate's and 3 Bachelor's degrees via Ashland University GDC's Inmate Services Impact Report states that 87 graduates earned Associate's Degrees and three earned Bachelor's Degrees through Ashland University, which is fully funded through the Second Chance Pilot Pell program. Value: 87.0 Associate's degrees (vs. 3 Bachelor's degrees) Tags: programs,reentry Sources: Inmate Services (gdc.georgia.gov) - [reported] Colorado recidivism rate A Colorado Sun article, cited by CEO, states Colorado's recidivism rate for the roughly 6,000 people who return from incarceration annually is 28%. Value: 28.0 percent Tags: reentry Sources: CEO | Colorado - [reported] Ready4Work: over 60% of ever-employed participants stayed employed 3+ consecutive months The Ready4Work final research report found that more than 60 percent of participants who have ever been employed remained employed for at least three consecutive months during the program, and over half of those employed three consecutive months remained employed for six consecutive months. Value: 60.0 percent Tags: reentry Sources: dol.gov: Ready4Work Final Research Report - [confirmed] TARP was a $3.4-million Department of Labor experiment TARP was a $3.4-million U.S. Department of Labor experiment. Value: 3.4 million dollars Date: 1976-01-01 Tags: budget,reentry Sources: Money, Work, and Crime - [reported] 1,086 GEDs earned GDC's Inmate Services Impact Report states that 1,086 General Equivalency Diplomas (GED) were earned. Value: 1086.0 GEDs Tags: programs,reentry Sources: Inmate Services (gdc.georgia.gov) - [confirmed] TARP sample totals: 1975 in Texas, 2007 in Georgia The TARP target/actual sample totals were 1975 in Texas and 2007 in Georgia, achieved at the end of recruitment, across six experimental/control groups. Value: 2007.0 people (vs. 1975 Texas sample) Date: 1976-01-01 Tags: reentry,budget Sources: Money, Work, and Crime - [reported] FY2018 release cohort: 3-year felony reconviction rates by program GDC's Inmate Services FY21 Report reports three-year felony reconviction rates, based on FY2018 releases, of 25.02% for the general population, 22.47% for cognitive programming completers, 19.55% for educational programming completers, 22.88% for residential substance abuse treatment completers, and 14.84% for vocational programming completers. Value: 25.02 percent (vs. 14.84 vocational programming completers) Tags: reentry,recidivism,programs Sources: Inmate Services (gdc.georgia.gov) - [reported] San Quentin Building 38 $360 million appropriation The San Quentin Transformation Advisory Council's report states funding for the Building 38 project at San Quentin 'has already been proposed by the Governor and approved by the Legislature with an appropriation of $360 million,' and recommended the appropriation 'should be reduced substantially, by at least one third.' Value: 360.0 million dollars Tags: budget,facilities,policy Sources: Reimagining (cdcr.ca.gov) - [reported] Nine women first to complete Library of Congress Braille certification GDC's Annual Fiscal Report states that in October 2019, Emanuel Women's Facility hosted a Braille Open House and graduation ceremony, recognizing nine female offenders as the first in Georgia to complete the Library of Congress Braille Transcribers Certification course. Value: 9.0 people Tags: programs,reentry Sources: GDC Annual Fiscal Report 2020 - [confirmed] RAND correctional education annual cost per participant RAND's meta-analysis cited cost sources estimating that the average annual cost of correctional education programs per inmate participant was $1,400 and $1,744, respectively. Value: 1400.0 dollars (vs. 1744 alternative estimate) Tags: reentry,education,budget Sources: bja.ojp.gov: RAND Correctional Education Meta Analysis - [reported] LAO report: 15,000 empty prison beds rising to 19,000 by 2028 A Local News Matters article states, 'According to a 2024 LAO report, taxpayers are paying millions for 15,000 empty prison beds and that number will rise to 19,000 by 2028.' Value: 15000.0 empty prison beds (vs. 19000 projected empty beds by 2028) Tags: facilities,budget Sources: San Quentin's $239M learning center sits empty over weekend amid staffing, budget constraints - Local News Matters - [reported] FY2014 release cohort: 3-year felony reconviction rates by program GDC's Inmate Services Impact Report for FY2017 reports 3-year felony reconviction rates, based on FY14 releases, of 27.63% for the general population, 26.85% for cognitive programming completers, 24.24% for GED completers, 21.69% for RSAT completers, and 20.27% for vocational programming completers. Value: 27.63 percent (vs. 20.27 vocational programming completers) Tags: reentry,recidivism,programs Sources: Inmate Services Impact Report 2017 - [reported] Santa Clara GBI monthly payments $1,200 for two years The County of Santa Clara's GBI pilot programs distribute monthly unconditional cash payments of $1,200 for two years, with one targeted outcome being recidivism rates of justice-involved clients. Value: 1200.0 dollars per month Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: reentry,program,budget Sources: Guaranteed Basic Income (GBI) Pilot Programs | Office of the County Executive | County of Santa Clara - [reported] Just Income: full-time employment changes not statistically significant between groups At baseline, less than a fifth of Just Income study participants were employed full-time (18 percent control versus 12 percent treatment), and by 18 months only 17 percent of the treatment group versus 15 percent of the control group were employed full-time; a generalized linear model confirmed these changes in full-time employment were not statistically significant over time between groups. Value: 17.0 percent employed full-time at 18 months (treatment) (vs. 15 percent employed full-time at 18 months (control)) Tags: reentry Sources: Center for Guaranteed - [reported] FY2015 release cohort: 3-year felony reconviction rates by program GDC's Inmate Services Impact Report for FY2018 reports 3-year felony reconviction rates, based on FY15 releases, of 27.17% for the general population, 25.91% for cognitive programming completers, 22.29% for GED educational programming completers, 18.56% for residential substance abuse treatment completers, and 18.67% for vocational programming completers. Value: 27.17 percent (vs. 18.56 residential substance abuse treatment completers) Tags: reentry,recidivism,programs Sources: Inmate Services Impact Report 2018 - [confirmed] RAND average annual incarceration cost per inmate RAND's meta-analysis estimated the average annual cost per inmate of incarceration to be $28,323 and $31,286 from two different data sources, and assuming a mean incarceration length of stay of 2.4 years, calculated average incarceration costs of between $67,975 and $75,086. Value: 28323.0 dollars (vs. 31286 alternative estimate) Tags: budget Sources: bja.ojp.gov: RAND Correctional Education Meta Analysis - [reported] CEO website: 22% reduction in recidivism and $3.30 taxpayer benefit per $1.00 spent CEO's own website states that, 'by the numbers' for 'More Than A Job,' there was a 22% reduction in recidivism and $3.30 in taxpayer benefits for every $1.00 spent on the program. Value: 22.0 percent reduction in recidivism (vs. 3.3 taxpayer benefit per $1.00 spent) Tags: reentry,budget Sources: CEO | Research - [confirmed] Baltimore LIFE recruitment: 432 men in four groups Recruitment of subjects for the Baltimore LIFE project began in October 1971 and continued for 21 months until June 1973, at which time 432 men were in the study, 108 in each of the four groups. Value: 432.0 men Tags: reentry,budget,policy Sources: Money, Work, and Crime - [reported] FY2019 release cohort: 3-year felony reconviction rates by program GDC's Inmate Services report (edition covering FY2019 releases) reports three-year felony reconviction rates of 23.06% for the general population, 18.38% for educational programming completers, 19.33% for cognitive programming completers, 15.4% for vocational programming completers, and 25.16% for residential substance abuse treatment completers. Value: 23.06 percent (vs. 15.4 vocational programming completers) Tags: reentry,recidivism,programs Sources: Inmate Services Impact Report 2022 - [reported] California budget: $12.9 million for Returning Home Well in 2025-26 and 2026-27 The Governor's proposed 2025-26 California budget includes $12.9 million General Fund in 2025-26 and 2026-27 to continue the Returning Home Well program supporting transitional housing for people released from state prison. Value: 12.9 million dollars Tags: reentry,budget Sources: Highlights of Governor's Proposed 2025-26 Budget - [reported] CEO policy brief: recidivism declines 22% when formerly incarcerated people can work CEO's policy brief on the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act states that when formerly incarcerated people are able to work, recidivism rates decline by 22%, with a footnote citing MDRC. Value: 22.0 percent Tags: reentry,policy Sources: CEO Policy Brief | The Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act - [reported] FY2021 release cohort: 3-year felony reconviction rates by program GDC's Inmate Services Impact Report (edition covering Fiscal Year 2021 releases) reports three-year felony reconviction rates of 26.06% for the general population, 20.98% for educational programming, 13.64% for vocational programming, 22.93% for cognitive programming, and 27.77% for residential substance abuse treatment. Value: 26.06 percent (vs. 13.64 vocational programming) Tags: reentry,recidivism,programs Sources: Inmate Services Impact Report 2024 - [reported] CEO Returning Citizens Stimulus served count CEO's own RCS program page reports, as of November 2, 2021, 10,501 returning citizens served. Value: 10501.0 people Date: 2021-11-02 Tags: reentry Sources: CEO | Returning Citizens Stimulus (RCS) - [reported] CEO reduced recidivism 16-22% among those enrolled within three months of release MDRC's random-assignment evaluation of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) transitional jobs program found that, among the subgroup of former prisoners who enrolled within three months after release, CEO reduced recidivism (arrest, conviction, and reincarceration) by 16 percent to 22 percent. Value: 16.0 percent (lower bound) (vs. 22 percent (upper bound)) Tags: reentry,parole Sources: More Than a Job, more than job - [confirmed] Baltimore LIFE financial aid: $60/week for 13 weeks, total $780 Baltimore LIFE subjects assigned to a financial-aid group were told they could receive $60 a week for 13 weeks, a total of $780. Value: 780.0 dollars Tags: reentry,budget,policy Sources: Money, Work, and Crime - [reported] BJS: 46.3% of ages 55-64 arrested by Year 5 In BJS's table of state prisoners released and tracked for a multi-year follow-up, those ages 55 to 64 at release had a cumulative arrest percentage of 46.3 by Year 5. Value: 46.3 percent Tags: reentry,recidivism,demographics Sources: BJS Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 34 States in 2012 - [reported] San Quentin learning center funding reduced to $239 million The LAO states '[t]he 2023-24 Budget Act authorized $360.6 million (subsequently reduced to $239 million as recommended by the advisory council) in lease revenue bond authority for the construction of a new learning center at SQRC, which is expected to be completed in early 2026,' containing '28 classrooms (nearly triple the existing classroom space at the prison) a library, a media center, staff offices, a large multipurpose gathering space, a café, and a store.' Value: 239.0 million dollars (vs. 360.6 original authorization) Tags: budget,facilities,programs Sources: 2025-26 Budget (lao.ca.gov) - [reported] SVORI arrest reductions: 14% adult men, 48% adult women, 25% juvenile males The SVORI multi-site evaluation found significant effects of SVORI program participation on arrests following release, with SVORI program participation associated with a 14% reduction in arrests for adult men, a 48% reduction for adult females, and a 25% reduction for juvenile males over the fixed follow-up periods. Value: 14.0 percent reduction in arrests (adult men) (vs. 48 percent reduction in arrests (adult females)) Date: 2012-01-01 Tags: reentry,program Sources: February 2012 (rti.org) - [reported] BJS: 25.6% of age 65+ arrested by Year 5 In BJS's table, state prisoners released who were age 65 or older at release had a cumulative arrest percentage of 25.6 by Year 5. Value: 25.6 percent Tags: reentry,recidivism,demographics Sources: BJS Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 34 States in 2012 - [reported] $1.8 million investment to end release-allowance deductions Senator Josh Becker negotiated a $1.8 million investment to address the practice of deducting transportation and clothing costs from an incarcerated individual's release allowance. Value: 1.8 million dollars Tags: reentry,budget Sources: In a Victory for Justice Reform, State Allocates $1.8 Million in Gate Money Championed by Becker | Senator Josh Becker - [reported] CEO Returning Citizens Stimulus geographic reach CEO's own page states that since April 2020, CEO has transferred payments to more than 10,000 people across 28 cities, while focusing on New York City, Los Angeles, Oakland, Detroit, New Orleans, and Tulsa. Value: 10000.0 people Date: 2020-04-01 Tags: reentry Sources: CEO | Returning Citizens Stimulus (RCS) - [reported] ETJD program costs ranged from about $7,000 to $11,100 per program group member ETJD program costs ranged from about $7,000 to $11,100 per program group member. Value: 7000.0 dollars (lower bound) (vs. 11100 dollars (upper bound)) Tags: reentry,budget Sources: The Enhanced Transitional Jobs Demonstration, etjd sted final impact report 2018 508compliant v2 8232018 b - [estimated] Gate-money investment expected to benefit ~10,000 annually The gate-money investment is expected to benefit approximately 10,000 individuals each year who are affected by the release-allowance deductions. Value: 10000.0 people per year Tags: reentry,budget Sources: In a Victory for Justice Reform, State Allocates $1.8 Million in Gate Money Championed by Becker | Senator Josh Becker - [reported] BJS: 81.0% of age 24 or younger arrested by Year 5 BJS's Table 4 shows that an estimated 66,200 prisoners age 24 or younger at release had cumulative arrest percentages of 46.9%, 64.0%, 72.3%, 77.6%, and 81.0% across the five years following release. Value: 81.0 percent Tags: reentry,recidivism,demographics Sources: BJS Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 34 States in 2012 - [reported] RCS maximum payments of $2,750 per participant CEO's Returning Citizens Stimulus (RCS) program provided eligible participants up to three monthly payments totaling up to $2,750 per person if they reached program milestones. Value: 2750.0 dollars Tags: reentry,budget Sources: mdrc.org: file full - [reported] BJS: 74.4% of ages 25-39 arrested by Year 5 BJS's Table 4 shows that an estimated 203,600 prisoners ages 25-39 at release had cumulative arrest percentages of 38.3%, 55.2%, 64.6%, 70.4%, and 74.4% across the five years following release. Value: 74.4 percent Tags: reentry,recidivism,demographics Sources: BJS Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 34 States in 2012 - [reported] RCS served 10,517 returning citizens in 11 months The RCS program provided cash assistance to 10,517 returning citizens in just 11 months. Value: 10517.0 people Tags: reentry,budget Sources: mdrc.org: file full - [reported] BJS: 60.5% of age 40+ arrested by Year 5 BJS's Table 4 shows that an estimated 138,400 prisoners age 40 or older at release had cumulative arrest percentages of 29.9%, 44.1%, 51.8%, 56.8%, and 60.5% across the five years following release, with a sub-breakdown of 116,100 aged 40-54 having rates of 31.6%, 46.5%, 54.8%, 59.9%, and 63.8%. Value: 60.5 percent Tags: reentry,recidivism,demographics Sources: BJS Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 34 States in 2012 - [reported] 72 percent of RCS enrollees consented to study About 72 percent (7,605) of 10,517 RCS enrollees consented to participate in the MDRC study. Value: 72.0 percent Tags: reentry Sources: mdrc.org: file full - [reported] RAND meta-analysis: 48% lower odds of recidivism for postsecondary education participants The Vera Institute/Georgetown Center on Poverty and Inequality report 'Investing in Futures' states that RAND's meta-analysis found the odds of recidivating for postsecondary education participants are 48 percent less than the odds for nonparticipants, with an odds ratio of 0.52, which the report's authors used to model a state-level recidivism rate estimate. Value: 48.0 percent lower odds of recidivism (vs. 0.52 odds ratio) Tags: reentry,program Sources: Investing in Futures - [reported] BJS: 89.5% of age 24 or younger arrested by Year 10 In BJS's multi-year follow-up table of state prisoners released in 24 states, 89.5% of those age 24 or younger at release were arrested by Year 10. Value: 89.5 percent Tags: reentry,recidivism,demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, rpr24s0810yfup0818 - [confirmed] TARP Georgia parolee sample size TARP data are available on 1,975 Texas parolees and 2,007 Georgia parolees, with released prisoners assigned to six groups using a stratified random procedure. Value: 2007.0 people Tags: reentry Sources: Transitional Aid Research Project (TARP), 1976-1977 | Office of Justice Programs - [reported] BJS: 56.1% of ages 55-64 arrested by Year 10 In the same BJS table, state prisoners released who were ages 55 to 64 at release had a cumulative arrest percentage of 56.1 by Year 10. Value: 56.1 percent Tags: reentry,recidivism,demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, rpr24s0810yfup0818 - [confirmed] WSIPP correctional education (post-secondary) benefit-cost WSIPP's adult criminal justice benefit-cost results list correctional education (post-secondary) with total benefits of $32,788, taxpayer benefits of $9,965, non-taxpayer benefits of $22,823, costs of ($2,260), benefits minus costs of $30,528, a benefit to cost ratio of $14.51, and a 97% chance benefits will exceed costs, last literature review May 2024. Value: 14.51 benefit-cost ratio Date: 2024-05-01 Tags: reentry,education,budget Sources: WSIPP Benefit-Cost Model - [reported] BJS: 40.1% of age 65+ arrested by Year 10 In the same BJS table, state prisoners released who were age 65 or older at release had a cumulative arrest percentage of 40.1 by Year 10. Value: 40.1 percent Tags: reentry,recidivism,demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, rpr24s0810yfup0818 - [reported] RCS operated through 32 reentry organizations in 28 locations CEO partnered with a network of 32 reentry organizations to operate RCS in 28 locations across the United States. Value: 32.0 organizations Tags: reentry Sources: mdrc.org: file full - [confirmed] WSIPP correctional education (vocational) benefit-cost WSIPP's adult criminal justice benefit-cost results list correctional education (vocational) with total benefits of $8,653, taxpayer benefits of $2,845, non-taxpayer benefits of $5,808, costs of ($2,069), benefits minus costs of $6,584, a benefit to cost ratio of $4.18, and an 88% chance benefits will exceed costs, last literature review Sep 2024. Value: 4.18 benefit-cost ratio Date: 2024-09-01 Tags: reentry,education,budget Sources: WSIPP Benefit-Cost Model - [confirmed] WSIPP correctional education (combined) benefit-cost WSIPP's adult criminal justice benefit-cost results list correctional education (combined) with total benefits of $15,337, taxpayer benefits of $4,792, non-taxpayer benefits of $10,545, costs of ($1,907), benefits minus costs of $13,430, a benefit to cost ratio of $8.04, and a 100% chance benefits will exceed costs, last literature review Apr 2024. Value: 8.04 benefit-cost ratio Date: 2024-04-01 Tags: reentry,education,budget Sources: WSIPP Benefit-Cost Model - [reported] BJS: conviction-arrest rates by age at Year 10 BJS's Table 7, for state prisoners released in 22 states in 2008, shows cumulative conviction-arrest percentages for the '24 or younger' age-at-release group rising to 78.6% by the tenth year following release, for '25-39' to 72.5%, and for '40 or older' to 59.1%. Value: 78.6 percent (vs. 59.1 age 40 or older) Tags: reentry,recidivism,demographics Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, rpr24s0810yfup0818 - [reported] RCS employment rate rose from 30% at 2 months to 44% at 5 months In the two-month follow-up survey, 30 percent of respondents reported being employed; this increased to 44 percent in the five-month follow-up survey. Value: 44.0 percent (vs. 30 employment rate at two-month follow-up) Tags: reentry Sources: mdrc.org: file full - [confirmed] WSIPP correctional education (basic skills) benefit-cost WSIPP's adult criminal justice benefit-cost results list correctional education (basic skills) with total benefits of $8,462, taxpayer benefits of $2,696, non-taxpayer benefits of $5,766, costs of ($1,392), benefits minus costs of $7,070, a benefit to cost ratio of $6.08, and a 99% chance benefits will exceed costs, last literature review Apr 2024. Value: 6.08 benefit-cost ratio Date: 2024-04-01 Tags: reentry,education,budget Sources: WSIPP Benefit-Cost Model - [confirmed] WSIPP employment counseling and job training benefit-cost WSIPP's adult criminal justice benefit-cost results list employment counseling and job training (transitional reentry from incarceration into the community) with total benefits of $42,941, taxpayer benefits of $13,148, non-taxpayer benefits of $29,793, costs of ($2,980), benefits minus costs of $39,961, a benefit to cost ratio of $14.41, and an 87% chance benefits will exceed costs, last literature review Aug 2016. Value: 14.41 benefit-cost ratio Date: 2016-08-01 Tags: reentry,budget Sources: WSIPP Benefit-Cost Model - [reported] RCS provided over $24 million to more than 10,000 returning citizens The RCS program was implemented in 28 cities and provided over $24 million in support to more than 10,000 returning citizens before it ended in April 2021. Value: 24.0 million dollars Tags: reentry,budget Sources: mdrc.org: file full - [reported] RCS average payment $2,256; 93% received two or three payments RCS participants received a total of $2,256 in payments on average; nearly 93 percent received two or three payments, and only 7 percent received only the first payment. Value: 2256.0 dollars Tags: reentry,budget Sources: mdrc.org: file full LEGAL FACTS (5) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] Georgia statute sets discharge money range $25–$150 O.C.G.A. § 42-5-61 requires GDC to provide a discharged, paroled, or conditionally released inmate transportation, an amount of money of not less than $25.00 and not more than $150.00 as determined by Board regulations, and a travel kit and suitable clothing when appropriate. Tags: legal,policy,reentry,budget Sources: Official Code of Georgia Annotated § 42-5-61 (GPS's copy of the Code) - [confirmed] Misdemeanor discharge money $25 or less under Georgia law Under Georgia law, an inmate convicted of an offense less than a felony receives $25.00 or less as determined under Board of Corrections regulations, plus transportation, upon discharge. Tags: legal,policy,reentry Sources: Official Code of Georgia Annotated § 42-5-61 (GPS's copy of the Code) - [reported] California statute renames San Quentin as Rehabilitation Center A California statute amending Penal Code Section 2020 provides: 'There is and shall continue to be a state prison known as the San Quentin Rehabilitation Center. Any reference to the California State Prison at San Quentin shall be a reference to the San Quentin Rehabilitation Center.' Tags: legal,facilities,policy Sources: Bill Text - AB-134 Public safety trailer bill. - [reported] CEQA exemption for San Quentin projects A California statute provides that CEQA 'does not apply to the San Quentin Rehabilitation Center, San Quentin: Demolition of Building 38 and Construction of New Educational and Vocational Center project and the San Quentin Rehabilitation Center, San Quentin: Improvement Projects located on the grounds of the San Quentin Reha[bilitation Center].' Tags: legal,facilities,policy Sources: Bill Text - AB-134 Public safety trailer bill. - [reported] Governor's veto message cited budget cost concerns The Governor's veto message said the Legislature sent measures with potential costs of well over $20 billion in one-time spending commitments and more than $10 billion in ongoing commitments not accounted for in the state budget. Tags: budget,legal Sources: Office of the Governor METHODOLOGY NOTES (26) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] USSC eight-year follow-up period for recidivism research The U.S. Sentencing Commission selected an eight-year follow-up period for its recidivism research, considering all recidivism events (felonies, misdemeanors, and technical violations) except minor traffic offenses. Tags: reentry,recidivism Sources: The Effects of Aging on Recidivism Among Federal Offenders - [reported] CDCR recidivism measurement methodology CDCR's Office of Research states that it tracks individuals for three years following release, using the three-year conviction rate as its primary recidivism measure, with arrests and returns to prison provided as supplemental measures. Tags: reentry,legal Sources: Statewide Recidivism Report for Individuals Released in Fiscal Year 2020-21 - [reported] MDRC RCS evaluation used propensity score matching MDRC used propensity score matching to compare recidivism outcomes for RCS participants with a matched, statistically similar comparison group; both groups were released from a CDCR facility during the same time period. Tags: reentry,parole Sources: Support for the Journey Home - [estimated] Colorado SB 24-012 assumed 80% participation rate Because the program requires participation in a workforce service or training program, the fiscal note assumed that 80 percent of the eligible population, or 4,488 individuals, would participate, a rate it compared to the state's participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. Date: 2024-01-01 Tags: reentry Sources: SB 24-012 (content.leg.colorado.gov) - [reported] CEO evaluation sample: 977 former prisoners, 568 program and 409 control Study enrollment for the CEO evaluation was conducted between January 2004 and October 2005 and resulted in a sample of 977 former prisoners: 568 in the program group and 409 in the control group, tracked for three years following random assignment. Tags: reentry,methodology Sources: More Than a Job, execsum 9 - [reported] MDRC RCS recidivism study limited to two California counties The MDRC recidivism impact study was geographically limited to Los Angeles and Alameda counties in California, so results may not be generalizable to other program sites. Tags: reentry,parole Sources: Support for the Journey Home - [reported] CEO evaluation used random assignment design MDRC's evaluation of CEO's transitional jobs program used a rigorous random assignment design, comparing a program group given access to CEO's jobs and services with a control group offered basic job search assistance. Tags: reentry,methodology Sources: More Than a Job, execsum 9 - [reported] Ready4Work lacked comparison group; lower recidivism suggestive but inconclusive The Ready4Work final research report states that data collection efforts did not include a comparison group, and that using BJS numbers as a rough point of comparison, R4W participants appear to recidivate at a lower rate than a similar population of ex-prisoners, but lacking a comparison group, the researchers do not know why, and that more research involving a comparison group is needed to know to what extent the R4W program is making a difference. Tags: reentry,methodology Sources: dol.gov: Ready4Work Final Research Report - [reported] Reincarceration findings not robust to selection bias While parole violation outcomes tested as robust against selection bias, the reincarceration outcomes did not, so the reincarceration findings should be interpreted with caution. Tags: reentry,parole Sources: Support for the Journey Home - [reported] Just Income study: 115 treatment, 134 control; $1,000 first month then $600/month Of the Alachua County Just Income study participants, 115 were assigned to the treatment group and received unconditional cash for 12 months, with $1,000 received in the first month and $600 per month for 11 months, while 134 were assigned to the control group and did not receive any monthly payments. Tags: reentry,policy Sources: Center for Guaranteed - [reported] Just Income study used mixed-methods RCT design The Center for Guaranteed Income Research conducted a mixed-methods randomized controlled trial (RCT) study of the Just Income guaranteed income program's impacts on various indicators of well-being. Tags: reentry,methodology Sources: Center for Guaranteed - [confirmed] TARP six experimental groups design TARP's six experimental groups in Georgia and Texas were: 26 weeks of benefits at 100% tax (Group 1); 13 weeks at 100% tax (Group 2); 13 weeks at 25% tax (Group 3); job placement services only, no payments (Group 4); interviewed controls (Group 5); and noninterviewed controls tracked only through arrest and earnings records (Group 6). Date: 1976-01-01 Tags: reentry,budget,policy Sources: Money, Work, and Crime - [reported] Just Income data collection at baseline, 6, 12, and 18 months Data collection for the Just Income study occurred at four intervals: baseline (January 2022 for the first cohort and March 2022 for the second cohort), 6 months, 12 months, and 18 months. Tags: reentry,methodology Sources: Center for Guaranteed - [confirmed] TARP two treatment types and two tax rates TARP's design included two types of treatments, unemployment insurance payments and job placement, and two levels of tax rates on earnings, 100% (benefits reduced dollar for dollar) and 25% (benefits reduced $.25 for each dollar earned). Date: 1976-01-01 Tags: reentry,budget,policy Sources: Money, Work, and Crime - [reported] Audit did not assess programming or recidivism outcomes The Georgia Department of Audits and Accounts' special examination of GDC states in a footnote that its cost analysis did not assess outputs such as programming, health care, facility condition, or outcomes such as offender recidivism. Tags: policy,budget,reentry Sources: DOAA Bed Demand & Agency Strategy Report (2018-12) - [confirmed] RAND meta-analysis scope RAND's meta-analysis examined 71 effect size estimates from 50 studies of correctional education programs spanning 32 years of research, but to provide the best estimate of the causal relationship between correctional education and recidivism it relied on nine effect size estimates from seven studies that received a Level 4 or Level 5 rating on the Maryland Scientific Methods Scale, the most rigorous research designs. Tags: reentry,education Sources: bja.ojp.gov: RAND Correctional Education Meta Analysis - [confirmed] Georgia TARP administration: GDC selected and randomized prisoners In Georgia, the Georgia Department of Corrections selected prisoners for TARP, made the random assignment of prisoners to groups, and provided a research staff that produced a report on the Georgia TARP data, while the Georgia Employment Security Agency assumed overall direction of the project and hired the interviewer staffs. Date: 1976-01-01 Tags: reentry,budget,policy Sources: Money, Work, and Crime - [confirmed] Baltimore LIFE random assignment within 16 categories Eligible candidates for the Baltimore LIFE project were assigned to one of the experimental or control groups by random assignment within one of 16 categories formed by the cross-classification of three characteristics (work experience, age, marital status). Tags: reentry,budget,policy Sources: Money, Work, and Crime - [reported] Rossi-Zeisel TARP methodological debate citations The Rossi-Zeisel methodological debate over TARP played out in four journal articles: Berk, Lenihan and Rossi's 'Crime and Poverty: Some Experimental Evidence from Ex-Offenders' (American Sociological Review, vol.45, no.5, pp.766-786); Zeisel's 'Disagreement over the Evaluation of a Controlled Experiment' (American Journal of Sociology, vol.88, no.2, pp.378-389); Rossi, Berk and Lenihan's 'Saying It Wrong with Figures: A Comment on Zeisel' (AJS vol.88, no.2, pp.390-393); and Zeisel's 'Hans Zeisel Concludes the Debate' (AJS vol.88, no.2, pp.394-396). Tags: reentry,program Sources: pages.ucsd.edu: soc20698 - [reported] Georgia included in BJS 34-state recidivism study Georgia was one of the 34 states included in BJS's recidivism study of that state prisoner release cohort. Tags: reentry,recidivism Sources: BJS Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 34 States in 2012 - [reported] Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration random assignment design The Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration used a random assignment design in which men recently released from prison were assigned to a transitional jobs program or to a program providing basic job search assistance but no subsidized jobs, with the research team tracking both groups using state data on employment and recidivism. Tags: reentry,program Sources: Return (mdrc.org) - [reported] Georgia included in BJS 24-state recidivism study Georgia was one of the 24 states included in BJS's recidivism study of that state prisoner release cohort with a multi-year follow-up. Tags: reentry,recidivism Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, rpr24s0810yfup0818 - [reported] MDRC cautions employment increase not attributable to RCS The MDRC report states it is not possible to infer that the RCS program caused the increase in employment observed between the two-month and five-month follow-up surveys. Tags: reentry Sources: mdrc.org: file full - [reported] RCS criminal justice outcomes deferred to second report The study team was seeking administrative data on criminal justice outcomes; if obtained, the fourth research question would be addressed in a second report scheduled for early 2022. Date: 2022-01-01 Tags: reentry Sources: mdrc.org: file full - [reported] RCS analysis sample of 6,508 participants The MDRC RCS evaluation's intake survey covered cities including Colorado Springs, Denver, Detroit, Harrisburg, Los Angeles, Marin County, New Orleans, Oakland, Oklahoma City, and Philadelphia, with 6,508 participants in the analysis sample of the 7,605 who consented. Tags: reentry Sources: mdrc.org: file full - [reported] MDRC RCS study objective: implementation and economic outcomes, not RCT The main objective of MDRC's RCS study was to examine implementation and measure immediate and near-term economic outcomes and well-being of participants, rather than a randomized controlled experimental design. Tags: reentry Sources: mdrc.org: file full POLICYS (18) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] Board rule caps felony discharge allowance at $25 Georgia's Board of Corrections rule sets the discharge monetary allowance for a released felony inmate at not more than $25.00, plus a travel kit and suitable clothing when appropriate, plus a ticket for common carrier transportation to the inmate's home in the United States. Tags: policy,reentry,budget Sources: GA R&R - GAC - Subject 125-2-4 OFFENDER ADMINISTRATION - [confirmed] Board rule for below-felony inmates: funds not to exceed $25, no clothing issue Under Georgia Board of Corrections rule 125-2-4, a state inmate convicted and confined for an offense below the felony level who is lawfully released shall be provided funds in an amount not to exceed $25.00, plus a travel allowance, and no clothing issue is authorized for this type of inmate. Tags: policy,reentry Sources: GA R&R - GAC - Subject 125-2-4 OFFENDER ADMINISTRATION - [confirmed] JPay release cards capped at $500 under GDC SOP 201.03 GDC's Standard Operating Procedure on discharge gratuities states that JPay release cards used to pay departing offenders their gratuity plus trust-account balance are limited to a $500.00 maximum, and if the discharge gratuity plus trust account balance exceeds $500.00 the offender receives a check for the balance instead. Date: 2023-05-31 Tags: policy,reentry,budget Sources: Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 201.03, Discharge Gratuities (passage checked against GPS's copy) - [confirmed] No discharge gratuity for work release participants absent extraordinary need GDC's discharge gratuity SOP states that gratuity is not paid to an offender who has participated in a work release program unless extraordinary financial need is established to the Commissioner's satisfaction. Date: 2023-05-31 Tags: policy,reentry,budget Sources: Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 201.03, Discharge Gratuities (passage checked against GPS's copy) - [reported] Recidivism Rate Reports cover multiple facility types GDC's statistical trends page states that its Recidivism Rate Reports show three-year felony conviction rates of inmates released from state prisons, private prisons, county prisons, and transition centers, and probationers released from detention centers and probation boot camps. Tags: reentry,recidivism,policy Sources: Georgia Department of Corrections Statistical Trends Reports - [reported] Governor noted budget funding for Returning Home Well The Governor noted that the year's budget included funding for Returning Home Well, which provides housing to those recently released, as well as significant funding for community reentry programs. Tags: reentry,budget Sources: Office of the Governor - [reported] CDCR regulation: release clothing and transportation not deducted from allowance CDCR's adopted release-allowance regulation provides that the cost of state-provided release clothing and transportation shall not be deducted from the release allowance. Tags: reentry,policy,budget Sources: Text of Adopted Regulations - [reported] Santa Clara GBI targeted outcome: recidivism rates The County's stated targeted outcome for the justice-involved GBI pilot is the recidivism rates of justice-involved clients. Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: reentry,program Sources: Guaranteed Basic Income (GBI) Pilot Programs | Office of the County Executive | County of Santa Clara - [reported] LAO recommends legislative report and rejection of remaining resources The LAO recommends 'that the Legislature adopt budget bill language requiring the administration to submit a report by January 10, 2026 that answers the key questions outlined above,' and to '[r]eject [r]emaining [r]esources [u]nless [a]dministration [i]s [a]ble to [p]rovide a [c]lear [p]lan for SQRC.' Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: policy,budget,legal Sources: 2025-26 Budget (lao.ca.gov) - [reported] Santa Clara GBI goal to launch remaining three pilots by end of 2025 As of this page, the County's goal was to launch the remaining three pilots targeting unhoused high school students, justice-involved clients, and young parents by the end of 2025. Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: reentry,program Sources: Guaranteed Basic Income (GBI) Pilot Programs | Office of the County Executive | County of Santa Clara - [reported] California Model tracking metrics and expected reductions The LAO states CDCR's California Model planning and implementation team 'indicates that it is tracking data related to drug overdoses, self-harm, misconduct, rehabilitative program participation, and post-release connection services as a starting point for measuring the impacts of the California Model,' and 'is expecting to see reductions in violence, use of force, and allegations of staff misconduct.' Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: policy,overdose,violence,mental_health Sources: 2025-26 Budget (lao.ca.gov) - [confirmed] GDC Offender Handbook: $25 check and seasonal clothing at release GDC's Offender Orientation Handbook states that upon discharge, parole, or other lawful release, an offender receives clothing appropriate to the season and a check for $25 with the order for discharge, parole, or other lawful release; an offender released to the custody of another agency will not receive a check. Tags: policy,reentry,budget Sources: Notice (gdc.georgia.gov) - [reported] California Model goals include reducing overdoses, self-harm, homicides, suicides The LAO states the memorandum cited goals including improving health and well-being with a focus on reducing trauma and toxic stress, reducing recidivism, and reducing incidents of use of force, staff assaults, overdoses, self-harm, homicides, suicides, grievances, self-isolation, and admissions to Mental Health Crisis Beds. Date: 2023-01-01 Tags: policy,overdose,mental_health,violence Sources: 2025-26 Budget (lao.ca.gov) - [confirmed] Board of Corrections May 2021 approved raising discharge money to $50 maximum At a Georgia Board of Corrections meeting, the Budget/Utilities Committee recommended, and the Board approved by motion, that the discharge money an inmate/parolee or max-out offender receives at discharge be changed from $25 to a maximum of $50. Date: 2021-05-01 Tags: policy,reentry,budget Sources: Board Meeting Minutes May 2021 | Georgia Board of Corrections - [reported] California Model four pillars defined The LAO describes the four pillars from the CDCR/Receiver memorandum as 'Dynamic Security,' 'Normalization,' 'Peer Support,' and 'Trauma Informed Organization,' defining Dynamic Security as 'an approach to security that promotes positive relationships between staff and incarcerated people through purposeful activities and professional, positive, and respectful communication.' Date: 2023-01-01 Tags: policy,conditions,staffing Sources: 2025-26 Budget (lao.ca.gov) - [confirmed] Board of Corrections April 2021 motion to raise discharge money from $25 to $50 At a Georgia Board of Corrections meeting, a Board member made a motion to increase, from $25 to $50, the amount of inmate re-entry money that a parolee or max-out offender receives at discharge, which the Chairman referred to the Board's Budget/Utilities Committee. Date: 2021-04-01 Tags: policy,reentry,budget Sources: Board of Corrections, board meeting minutes april 2021 - [reported] CDCR Secretary and federal Receiver issued joint memorandum announcing California Model The Secretary of CDCR and the federal Receiver who oversees prison medical care issued a joint memorandum on April 4, 2023 announcing the department's implementation of the California Model, expressing concern that prison environments can be unfavorable to health and well-being and operate at cross purposes to rehabilitative efforts. Date: 2023-04-04 Tags: policy,medical,conditions Sources: 2025-26 Budget (lao.ca.gov) - [reported] RCS expanded under Returning Home Well in August 2020 In August 2020, RCS was expanded as part of the Returning Home Well initiative, which provided services such as housing, transportation, and employment support for Californians returning home from prison after July 1, 2020. Date: 2020-08-01 Tags: reentry,policy Sources: mdrc.org: file full DATA GAPS (5) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] States not providing release money information to Marshall Project A Marshall Project state survey notes that Arizona, Arkansas, Connecticut, Kentucky, Missouri, Nebraska, South Carolina and Texas did not provide information about their release money policies. Date: 2019-01-01 Tags: reentry,policy Sources: What Gate Money Can (And Cannot) Buy for People Leaving Prison | The Marshall Project - [reported] LAO: CDCR lacks robust cost-effectiveness evaluations of parole programs The LAO states that the department 'generally lacks robust evaluations of the actual cost-effectiveness of its parole rehabilitation programs,' though 'some metrics exist about participants.' Date: 2025-01-01 Tags: reentry,programs,budget Sources: 2025-26 Budget (lao.ca.gov) - [confirmed] CEO Colorado page searched for payment/stipend terms with no match A search of the CEO Colorado location page (https://web.archive.org/web/20260214195910id_/https://www.ceoworks.org/locations/colorado, retrieved 2026-11-11) for '$500', '$1,000', '$2,750', 'stipend of', 'payments of' and 'receive $' returned no match. Tags: reentry,budget Sources: CEO | Colorado - [confirmed] CEO WIOA policy brief searched for 30% terms with no match A search of the CEO Policy Brief on the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (https://www.ceoworks.org/policy-brief/the-workforce-innovation-and-opportunity-act, retrieved 2026-11-11) for '30%', '30 percent' and 'up to 30' returned no match. Tags: reentry,policy Sources: CEO Policy Brief | The Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act - [confirmed] Santa Clara County GBI pilot page searched for justice-involved findings with no match A search of the Santa Clara County Guaranteed Basic Income (GBI) Pilot Programs page (https://ceo.santaclaracounty.gov/divisions-and-offices/administration/guaranteed-basic-income-gbi-pilot-programs, retrieved 2026-11-11) for 'reduced recidivism by', 'percent of participants', 'evaluation found' and 'findings from the justice-involved' returned no match. Tags: reentry,policy Sources: Guaranteed Basic Income (GBI) Pilot Programs | Office of the County Executive | County of Santa Clara TRENDS (2) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] GDC felony reconviction rate rose from 26.90 (2011) to 31.10 (2022) GDC's Recidivism Rate (Felony Reconviction) by calendar year of release for all inmate facilities was 26.90 in 2011, rising to 31.10 by 2022; GDC publishes this rate broken down by facility type (e.g. private prisons, state prison IBCs, county CI, transition centers), not by age at release. Tags: reentry,parole,policy Sources: gdc.georgia.gov media/21676/download - [reported] CEO employment gains faded after first year The CEO evaluation found that the program substantially increased employment early in the three-year follow-up period, but that effect faded, and after the first year employment and earnings were similar for the program and control groups. Tags: reentry Sources: More Than a Job, more than job QUOTES (3) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Brian Kaneda quote on San Quentin reorganization alarm CalMatters reported that Brian Kaneda, deputy director for Californians United for a Responsible Budget, said the plan to reorganize San Quentin 'set off "a big alarm bell" for prison abolition advocates,' and that 'The last thing California needs is a new philosophy of incarceration led by (the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation), who have proven themselves poor stewards of the public trust.' Tags: facilities,policy,reentry Sources: San Quentin prison: Newsom plan calls for rehab focus- CalMatters - [reported] San Quentin west block maintenance complaints A guest commentary by Kevin D. Sawyer, identified as a former associate editor of San Quentin News, states: 'On each of the five floors of the west block building at San Quentin State Prison is a maintenance sheet that lists year-round problems,' quoting maintenance complaints: '"Water leaking in cell from chase again" was written by a prisoner on a maintenance sheet on the first floor.' Tags: conditions,facilities Sources: Opinion | CA would rather 'transform' decaying San Quentin than fix it - [reported] Former CDCR lieutenant criticizes California Model staffing A former CDCR lieutenant and critic of the California Model, identified by Corrections1 as Ferrel, said in an interview: "You have these brand, spanking new, inexperienced officers being led to the slaughter. Security measures are non-existent." Tags: staffing,violence,policy Sources: After attack on CO, concerns mount that the California Model puts prison staff at risk CASE DETAILS (5) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] TARP run in Georgia and Texas with dedicated staff TARP was run in the states of Georgia and Texas, with devoted TARP staffs in each state carrying out administration of treatments and data collection. Date: 1976-01-01 Tags: reentry,budget,policy Sources: Money, Work, and Crime - [confirmed] TARP offered unemployment insurance for up to 6 months starting January 1976 For 6 months starting in January 1976, some prisoners released from the state institutions of Georgia and Texas were offered eligibility for unemployment insurance payments for periods of up to 6 months or until they found employment, with other released prisoners serving as controls. Date: 1976-01-01 Tags: reentry,budget,policy Sources: Money, Work, and Crime - [reported] $239 million San Quentin learning center empty amid staffing shortages Local News Matters/Bay City News reported that 'a $239 million state-of-the-art learning center was empty over the weekend at San Quentin Rehabilitation Center as part of a statewide change in operations due to "staffing shortages" at prisons with open positions that currently cannot be filled due to state budget constraints.' Tags: facilities,staffing,budget,program Sources: San Quentin's $239M learning center sits empty over weekend amid staffing, budget constraints - Local News Matters - [reported] CEO engaged MDRC to evaluate RCS Concurrent with the launch of RCS, CEO engaged MDRC to conduct an evaluation of the program. Date: 2020-01-01 Tags: reentry Sources: mdrc.org: file full - [reported] RCS launched April 2020 as cash transfer program CEO's Returning Citizens Stimulus program was a cash transfer program launched in April 2020 that offered financial support to returning citizens during the critical period just after release, funded by Blue Meridian Partners on behalf of the Justice and Mobility Fund and evaluated by MDRC. Date: 2020-04-01 Tags: reentry,budget Sources: mdrc.org: file full DATASETS (12) ---------------------------------------- # GDC Recidivism Rate (Felony Reconviction) by Calendar Year of Release, All Inmate Facilities, 2011-2022 GDC's published felony reconviction rate for all inmate facilities by calendar year of release, 2011 through 2022. Calendar Year Recidivism Rate -------------------------------- 2011 26.9 2012 26.6 2013 26.3 2014 27.4 2015 27.5 2016 28.4 2017 27.7 2018 23.9 2019 23.8 2020 25.3 2021 29.9 2022 31.1 # GDC three-year felony reconviction rates by release cohort and program Three-year felony reconviction rates for GDC program completers versus the general population, by fiscal-year release cohort, as reported in GDC Inmate Services Impact Reports. Release Cohort General Population Cognitive Programming Educational/GED Programming Residential Substance Abuse Treatment Vocational Programming ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- FY2014 27.63 26.85 24.24 21.69 20.27 FY2015 27.17 25.91 22.29 18.56 18.67 FY2016 27.66 24.37 19.03 28.19 18.6 FY2017 28.65 24.93 22.61 29.02 20.17 FY2018 25.02 22.47 19.55 22.88 14.84 FY2019 23.06 19.33 18.38 25.16 15.4 FY2021 26.06 22.93 20.98 27.77 13.64 # Cumulative return-to-prison by age at release, 2008 releases (BJS Table 8) Cumulative percent of state prisoners released in 18 states in 2008 who returned to prison for a parole or probation violation or an arrest that led to a new sentence, by age at release and year following release. Age at release Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 or younger 34.3 48.6 55.3 59.4 62.7 64.7 66.5 67.6 68.5 69 25-39 31.6 44.3 50.2 54.3 57.1 59.3 60.9 61.9 62.9 63.5 40 or older 27.9 38 43.4 46.4 48.5 50.1 51.2 51.9 52.6 53 # CDCR FY2020-21 release cohort recidivism outcomes Three-year recidivism outcomes for the 30,116 individuals released from CDCR in Fiscal Year 2020-21, as reported by CDCR's Office of Research. Cohort Cohort Size Three-Year Conviction Rate No Conviction Within Three Years No Conviction Rate ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- FY2020-21 30116 39.5 18230 60.5 # WSIPP Adult Criminal Justice Benefit-Cost Results Benefit-cost analysis of correctional education and employment programs from the Washington State Institute for Public Policy. Program Last Literature Review Total Benefits Taxpayer Benefits Non-taxpayer Benefits Costs Benefits Minus Costs Benefit to Cost Ratio Chance Benefits Exceed Costs ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Correctional education (post-secondary) May 2024 32788 9965 22823 -2260 30528 14.51 97 Correctional education (vocational) Sep 2024 8653 2845 5808 -2069 6584 4.18 88 Correctional education (combined) Apr 2024 15337 4792 10545 -1907 13430 8.04 100 Correctional education (basic skills) Apr 2024 8462 2696 5766 -1392 7070 6.08 99 Employment counseling and job training (transitional reentry) Aug 2016 42941 13148 29793 -2980 39961 14.41 87 # WSIPP Adult Criminal Justice Benefit-Cost Results (selected programs) Benefit-cost estimates from WSIPP's adult criminal justice topic, showing total benefits, taxpayer benefits, non-taxpayer benefits, costs, net benefits, benefit-to-cost ratio, and chance benefits exceed costs for selected programs. Program Last Literature Review Total Benefits Taxpayer Benefits Non-taxpayer Benefits Costs Benefits Minus Costs Benefit to Cost Ratio Chance Benefits Exceed Costs ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Employment counseling and job training with paid work experience in the community Aug 2016 6812 3047 3764 -6556 255 1.04 50 Correctional industries (program costs include expenditures and revenue) May 2024 4975 1461 3514 0 4975 96 Work release Jul 2016 3759 1013 2746 616 4375 99 # Vera/Georgetown modeled annual state prison expenditure reduction by Pell-eligible postsecondary participation rate Modeled reduction in combined annual state prison expenditures under three postsecondary participation scenarios, with reported ranges. Participation Rate Expenditure Reduction Range Low Range High ------------------------------------------------------------------ 25% 182.9 132.8 234.3 50% 365.8 265.7 468.4 75% 548.7 398.5 702.6 # BJS cumulative arrest percentages by age at release (5-year follow-up) Cumulative arrest percentages by year following release for state prisoners, by age at release, from BJS Table 4. Age at Release Released Prisoners Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 or younger 66200 46.9 64 72.3 77.6 81 25-39 203600 38.3 55.2 64.6 70.4 74.4 40 or older 138400 29.9 44.1 51.8 56.8 60.5 40-54 116100 31.6 46.5 54.8 59.9 63.8 55-64 19100 22.3 33.8 39 43.4 46.3 65 or older 3100 13.8 17.7 21.3 23.9 25.6 # Just Income study full-time employment at baseline and 18 months by group Full-time employment rates for treatment and control groups at baseline and 18 months; changes were not statistically significant between groups. Time Point Treatment Group Control Group -------------------------------------------- Baseline 12 18 18 months 17 15 # BJS cumulative arrest percentages by age at release (10-year follow-up) Cumulative arrest percentages by year following release for state prisoners released in 24 states, by age at release. Age at Release Released Prisoners Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 or younger 62700 49.8 66.8 75 79.5 82.7 85.2 86.8 87.8 88.6 89.5 55-64 13600 28.5 37.3 43.6 47.2 49.9 52.6 54.1 54.9 55.6 56.1 65 or older 2300 22.9 33.6 36 37.3 38.4 38.5 39.5 39.7 39.9 40.1 # RCS program scale and payment outcomes Key operational and financial metrics for CEO's Returning Citizens Stimulus program, April 2020 to April 2021. Metric Value ----------------------------------------- Returning citizens served 10517 people Total support provided 24 million dollars Cities of operation 28 cities Partner reentry organizations 32 organizations Maximum per-participant payments 2750 dollars Average per-participant payments 2256 dollars Enrollees consenting to study 7605 people Analysis sample 6508 people Received two or three payments 93 percent Received only first payment 7 percent # BJS cumulative conviction-arrest percentages by age at release (10-year follow-up, 22 states, 2008 releases) Cumulative percent of state prisoners released in 22 states in 2008 who had an arrest after release that led to a conviction, by age at release and year following release. Age at Release Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 or younger 30.8 47 57.2 63.7 68.4 71.9 74.5 76 77.6 78.6 25-39 25.6 40.3 50.2 57.2 62 65.3 67.9 69.9 71.3 72.5 40 or older 19.8 31.8 40.3 45.9 50.4 53.5 55.8 57 58.2 59.1 KEY ENTITIES (76) ---------------------------------------- - Amber-Rose Howard [person]: Executive director of Californians United for a Responsible Budget (CURB), quoted on closing prisons. - Amend [organization]: Nonprofit organization pushing to integrate Nordic-style prison reform models in U.S. prisons; active in Connecticut training. - Ashland University [organization]: Private Christian university in Ohio partnering with GDC since June 2018 to offer associate's degrees in Georgia prisons via Pell Grants. - Baltimore LIFE [program]: Baltimore experiment testing financial aid and job placement for released prisoners. (aka: LIFE project) - Blue Meridian Partners [organization]: Philanthropic collaborative that co-funded the Justice and Mobility Fund and funded RCS on its behalf. - Brewton-Parker College [organization]: College offering credit-bearing courses through Philemon Fellowship at Wheeler Correctional Facility and Johnson State Prison. - Brian Kaneda [person]: Deputy director for Californians United for a Responsible Budget (CURB), quoted on San Quentin reorganization. - Bureau of Justice Statistics [organization]: Federal statistical agency within DOJ that collected and published mortality in correctional institutions data from approximately 2000 until 2019. (aka: BJS) - California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation [organization]: California state agency responsible for operating the state prison system; defendant in Brown v. Plata litigation (aka: CDCR, California prisons) - California Legislative Analyst's Office [organization]: California's nonpartisan fiscal and policy advisor; issued a 2024 report on empty prison beds. (aka: LAO) - California Model [program]: CDCR's overarching reform framework with four pillars: peer mentorship, normalization, dynamic security, and trauma-informed care. - California Penal Code section 2713.1 [legislation]: California statute providing a $200 release allowance to each prisoner upon release. (aka: PEN 2713.1) - Californians United for a Responsible Budget [organization]: California coalition advocating for reduced incarceration and prison closures. (aka: CURB) - Center for Employment Opportunities [organization]: Multi-site reentry program showing 52% higher employment at 12 months for participants (aka: CEO) - Center for Guaranteed Income Research [organization]: Research center that conducted the mixed-methods RCT of the Just Income guaranteed income program. (aka: CGIR) - Central State Prison [facility]: Georgia state prison with GCI garment and linen manufacturing. - Charles and Lynn Schusterman Family Philanthropies [organization]: Philanthropic organization that supported the RCS program. - Colorado Department of Corrections [organization]: Colorado state corrections agency found to have approximately 33% false-positive rate for its colorimetric testing program (aka: Colorado DOC) - Colorado Senate Judiciary Committee [organization]: Committee that postponed Colorado SB 24-012 indefinitely on February 7, 2024. - CrimeSolutions [program]: NIJ's online database of evidence-based criminal justice program and practice ratings. - Emanuel Women's Facility [facility]: Women's facility in Swainsboro, GA. Capacity 415, GPS active 378. Mental health Levels II/III, Braille program. Alarming death rate: 6 deaths in 2025. (aka: Emanuel WF) - Enhanced Transitional Jobs Demonstration [program]: Demonstration program testing transitional jobs for formerly incarcerated individuals and other populations, evaluated by MDRC. (aka: ETJD) - Ferrel [person]: Former CDCR lieutenant and critic of the California Model quoted by Corrections1. - Ford Foundation [organization]: Philanthropic foundation that co-funded the Justice and Mobility Fund. - GA R&R - GAC - Subject 125-2-4 [legislation]: Georgia administrative rule on offender administration, including discharge monetary allowance. (aka: Georgia Board of Corrections rule 125-2-4) - Gavin Newsom [person]: Governor of California; political driver of the San Quentin rehabilitation center and the California Model. (aka: Governor Newsom) - GBT [program]: Prison braille transcription program referenced in Filter magazine article. (aka: Georgia Braille Transcribers) - GDC SOP 201.03 [organization]: GDC Standard Operating Procedure governing discharge gratuities and JPay release cards. (aka: Discharge Gratuities SOP) - Georgetown Center on Poverty and Inequality [organization]: Georgetown University research center; co-author of 'Investing in Futures' report. - Georgia Board of Corrections [organization]: Governing board that issues rules for Georgia prison operations, including Rule 125-4-2-.08 (Library) and Rule 125-2-4-.17 - Georgia Department of Audits and Accounts [organization]: State agency the committee recommended review all GDC contract renewals for the past five years. (aka: Georgia Department of Audits) - Georgia Department of Corrections [organization]: State agency responsible for operating Georgia's prison system. Subject of federal DOJ investigation in 2022-2023 for constitutional violations including food-related deaths. (aka: GDC) - Georgia Department of Education [organization]: State agency whose bookmobile could supplement institution libraries. (aka: State Department of Education) - Georgia Employment Security Agency [organization]: Georgia agency that assumed overall direction of the TARP project and hired interviewer staffs. - Georgia State University [organization]: University where the Georgia Innocence Project is based. - Georgia Tech [organization]: University engaged in a joint research project with the Parole Board to determine factors among similarly situated individuals that lead to success on parole. (aka: Georgia Institute of Technology) - Hans Zeisel [person]: Consultant who formally disputed the methodology and conclusions of Money, Work, and Crime. - Josh Becker [person]: California state senator (D-Menlo Park) who negotiated a $1.8 million investment to end deductions of transportation and clothing costs from release allowances. (aka: Senator Josh Becker) - JPay [organization]: Dominant provider of financial services to prisons/jails, serving 1.7+ million incarcerated people in 32 states; originally owned by Platinum Equity Partners, later acquired by Securus/Aventiv Technologies; penalized by CFPB in 2021 - Just Income [program]: Guaranteed income program in Alachua County, Florida, evaluated by CGIR with 115 treatment and 134 control participants. (aka: Just Income guaranteed income program) - Justice and Mobility Fund [organization]: Funding collaboration of the Ford Foundation and Blue Meridian Partners that invested in the Returning Citizens Stimulus program. - Kevin D. Sawyer [person]: Former associate editor of San Quentin News who wrote a guest commentary on decaying conditions at San Quentin. - Legislative Analyst's Office [organization]: California Legislature's nonpartisan fiscal and policy advisor. (aka: LAO) - Life University [organization]: University awarding Bachelor's and Associate's degrees to incarcerated students. - Mallar [person]: Co-author of a reanalysis of the LIFE experiment in the Journal of Human Resources. - MDRC [organization]: Nonprofit research organization that evaluated the Returning Citizens Stimulus program and conducted the recidivism impact study. - National Institute of Justice [organization]: DOJ research agency that commissioned studies on deaths in custody to meet DCRA 2013 requirements. (aka: NIJ) - National Manpower Policy Task Force [organization]: Task force that reviewed Baltimore LIFE results and favored more research, feeding into TARP design. - O.C.G.A. § 42-5-61 [legislation]: Georgia statute governing discharge provisions including transportation, money, and clothing. (aka: Official Code of Georgia Annotated § 42-5-61) - RAND Corporation [organization]: Research organization that conducted the correctional education meta-analysis (2013) and evaluated Oregon's Measure 11. (aka: RAND) - Ready4Work [program]: Multi-site reentry mentoring program - Reentry Workforce Development Cash Assistance Pilot Program [program]: Pilot program created by Colorado SB 24-012 to provide up to $3,000 in cash assistance to recently released individuals who enroll in workforce services or training. - Returning Citizen Stimulus [program]: CEO's conditional cash transfer program for formerly incarcerated individuals, distributing over $24 million to more than 10,000 people. (aka: RCS) - Returning Citizens Stimulus [program]: Cash transfer program launched by the Center for Employment Opportunities in April 2020, providing up to three monthly payments totaling up to $2,750 to returning citizens. (aka: RCS) - Returning Home Well [program]: California initiative providing transitional housing, transportation, and employment support to people released from state prison. - San Quentin Rehabilitation Center [facility]: Flagship California rehabilitation site with 80,000 sq ft Learning Center opened February 2026. (aka: San Quentin, San Quentin State Prison) - San Quentin Transformation Advisory Council [organization]: Advisory council convened by Governor Newsom to recommend changes at San Quentin; released 44 recommendations in January 2024. - Santa Clara County [organization]: County whose Guaranteed Basic Income pilot page was searched for justice-involved findings without a match. (aka: County of Santa Clara) - Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors [organization]: Governing board of Santa Clara County, California, which allocated ARPA funds for the GBI pilot. - Santa Clara County Guaranteed Basic Income Pilot Program [program]: County pilot providing $1,200 monthly unconditional cash payments for two years to vulnerable populations including justice-involved individuals. (aka: GBI Pilot Program) - SB-1304 [legislation]: 2021-2022 California bill by Senator Sydney Kamlager that would have raised the release allowance to $1,300 with inflation adjustments; vetoed by Governor Newsom on September 29, 2022. (aka: SB 1304, Prisons: release allowance) - Second Chance Act [legislation]: Federal legislation funding reentry programs for formerly incarcerated individuals. - Second Chance Pilot Pell program [program]: Pell grant pilot funding college education for incarcerated students. - SVORI (Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative) [program]: Multi-site federal reentry program evaluated by RTI International; associated with arrest reductions of 14-48% depending on population. (aka: SVORI) - Sydney Kamlager [person]: California state senator (D-Los Angeles) who authored SB-1304 on prison release allowances. (aka: Senator Sydney Kamlager) - TARP [program]: U.S. Department of Labor experiment in Georgia and Texas offering unemployment insurance and job placement to released prisoners. (aka: Transitional Aid to Released Prisoners) - The Marshall Project [organization]: Nonprofit journalism organization that investigated DCRA data and found nearly 700 law enforcement custody deaths missing from the dataset. - Thornton [person]: Co-author of a reanalysis of the LIFE experiment in the Journal of Human Resources. - Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration [program]: Reentry program providing transitional jobs, rated Ineffective by CrimeSolutions. (aka: TJRD) - U.S. Department of Labor [organization]: Federal department that estimated 15,000 women in prisons nationally on any given day. - U.S. Sentencing Commission [organization]: Federal agency that produced the 2017 study on effects of aging on recidivism among 25,431 federal offenders. (aka: USSC) - Urban Institute [organization]: Research organization that evaluated the VOI/TIS grant program (Sabol et al. 2002) and published 'Stemming the Tide' (2013) on federal prison system costs. - Vera Institute of Justice [organization]: Research organization focused on criminal justice; published Health Care Behind Bars report (2025) (aka: Vera Institute, Vera) - Virginia Department of Corrections [organization]: Virginia state agency responsible for the state prison system, subject to oversight by the Virginia Office of the Department of Corrections Ombudsman. (aka: VADOC) - Washington State Institute for Public Policy [organization]: Research organization whose benefit-cost model ranks correctional education as highest-return adult corrections program. (aka: WSIPP) - Wisconsin Department of Corrections [organization]: Wisconsin state corrections agency; diverts 10% of prisoners' paychecks for gate money. (aka: WIDOC) SOURCES (72) ---------------------------------------- - 2025-26 Budget (lao.ca.gov), Legislative Analyst's Office (2025-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.lao.ca.gov/reports/2025/4986/CDCR-022525.pdf - A Team of Prison Braille Transcribers Works, in a System That Doesn't, Filter [journalism, secondary] URL: https://filtermag.org/georgia-braille-transcribers-prison/ - acf.gov: ceo program, Administration for Children and Families [official_report, primary] URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20260330145744id_/https://acf.gov/sites/default/files/documents/opre/ceo_program.pdf - After attack on CO, concerns mount that the California Model puts prison staff at risk, Corrections1 [journalism, secondary] URL: https://www.corrections1.com/cdcr/after-cos-assault-critics-say-california-model-puts-prison-staff-at-risk - Bill Text - AB-134 Public safety trailer bill., California Legislature [legislation, primary] URL: https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB134 - Bill Text - SB-1304 Prisons: release allowance, California Legislative Information [legislation, primary] URL: https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220SB1304 - bja.ojp.gov: RAND Correctional Education Meta Analysis, Bureau of Justice Assistance by RAND Corporation [academic, primary] URL: https://bja.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh186/files/Publications/RAND_Correctional-Education-Meta-Analysis.pdf - BJS Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 34 States in 2012, Bureau of Justice Statistics (2012-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://bjs.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh236/files/media/document/rpr34s125yfup1217.pdf - Board Meeting Minutes May 2021 | Georgia Board of Corrections, Georgia Board of Corrections (2021-05-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/document/board-meeting-minutes/board-meeting-minutes-may-2021/download - Board of Corrections, board meeting minutes april 2021, Georgia Board of Corrections (2021-04-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/document/board-meeting-minutes/board-meeting-minutes-april-2021/download - Center for Guaranteed, Center for Guaranteed Income Research [official_report, primary] URL: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/65aecfd5cf421257ff6231d5/t/67ad04700a387269b29b5b05/1739392118071/CGIR+Gainesville+Final+Report.pdf - CEO | Colorado, Center for Employment Opportunities [official_report, secondary] URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20260214195910id_/https://www.ceoworks.org/locations/colorado - CEO | Research, Center for Employment Opportunities [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.ceoworks.org/impact-research - CEO | Returning Citizens Stimulus (RCS), Center for Employment Opportunities (2021-11-02) [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.ceoworks.org/rcs - CEO Policy Brief | The Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act, Center for Employment Opportunities [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.ceoworks.org/policy-brief/the-workforce-innovation-and-opportunity-act - County of Santa Clara Expands Guaranteed Basic Income Pilot Program to Additional Vulnerable Populations | County News Center | Office of Communications and Public Affairs | County of Santa Clara, County of Santa Clara (2022-01-01) [press_release, primary] URL: https://news.santaclaracounty.gov/county-santa-clara-expands-guaranteed-basic-income-pilot-program-additional-vulnerable-populations - DOAA Bed Demand & Agency Strategy Report (2018-12), Georgia Department of Audits and Accounts by Georgia Department of Audits and Accounts (2018-12-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.audits.ga.gov/ReportSearch/download/21679 - dol.gov: Ready4Work Final Research Report, U.S. Department of Labor [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ETA/publications/Ready4Work%20Final%20Research%20Report.pdf - February 2012 (rti.org), RTI International (2012-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.rti.org/sites/default/files/resources/svori-final-report.pdf - FY23 Annual Report, Georgia Department of Corrections (2023-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/document/gdc-annual-fiscal-report/gdc-annual-fiscal-report-2023/download - GA R&R - GAC - Subject 125-2-4 OFFENDER ADMINISTRATION, Georgia Secretary of State (2026-11-11) [legal_document, primary] URL: https://rules.sos.ga.gov/gac/125-2-4 - Gate money by state: Georgia, American RadioWorks [journalism, secondary] URL: http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/hardtime/gatemoney/data_ga.html - GDC Annual Fiscal Report 2020, Georgia Department of Corrections (2020-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/document/gdc-annual-fiscal-report/gdc-annual-fiscal-report-2020/download - GDC Offenders Transcribe Braille Materials for Thousands of Students | Georgia Department of Corrections, Georgia Department of Corrections (2020-02-21) [press_release, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/press-releases/2020-02-21/gdc-offenders-transcribe-braille-materials-thousands-students - gdc.georgia.gov media/21676/download, Georgia Department of Corrections [official_report, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/media/21676/download - gdc.georgia.gov: gdc annual fiscal report 2021, Georgia Department of Corrections (2021-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/document/gdc-annual-fiscal-report/gdc-annual-fiscal-report-2021/download - Georgia Department (gdc.georgia.gov), Georgia Department of Corrections (2019-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/document/inmate-services-impact-report/inmate-services-impact-report-2019/download - Georgia Department of Corrections SOP 201.03, Discharge Gratuities (passage checked against GPS's copy), Georgia Department of Corrections (2023-05-31) [official_report, primary] URL: https://public.powerdms.com/GADOC/documents/105990 - Georgia Department of Corrections Statistical Trends Reports, Georgia Department of Corrections [data_portal, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/organization/about-gdc/agency-activity/research-and-reports/standing-reports/statistical-trends - Governor Newsom Issues Legislative Update 9.29.22 | Governor of California, Office of the Governor of California (2022-09-29) [press_release, primary] URL: https://www.gov.ca.gov/2022/09/29/governor-newsom-issues-legislative-update-9-29-22/ - Guaranteed Basic Income (GBI) Pilot Programs | Office of the County Executive | County of Santa Clara, County of Santa Clara (2025-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://ceo.santaclaracounty.gov/divisions-and-offices/administration/guaranteed-basic-income-gbi-pilot-programs - Highlights of Governor's Proposed 2025-26 Budget, California Assembly Budget Committee (2025-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://abgt.assembly.ca.gov/system/files/2025-01/highlights-of-governors-proposed-2025-26-budget.pdf - In a Victory for Justice Reform, State Allocates $1.8 Million in Gate Money Championed by Becker | Senator Josh Becker, Office of Senator Josh Becker (2024-08-28) [press_release, primary] URL: https://sd13.senate.ca.gov/news/press-release/august-28-2024/in-victory-justice-reform-state-allocates-18-million-in-gate - Inmate Services (gdc.georgia.gov), Georgia Department of Corrections (2021-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/document/inmate-services-impact-report/inmate-services-impact-report-2021/download - Inmate Services Impact Report 2017, Georgia Department of Corrections (2017-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/document/inmate-services-impact-report/inmate-services-impact-report-2017/download - Inmate Services Impact Report 2018, Georgia Department of Corrections (2018-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/document/inmate-services-impact-report/inmate-services-impact-report-2018/download - Inmate Services Impact Report 2020, Georgia Department of Corrections (2020-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/document/inmate-services-impact-report/inmate-services-impact-report-2020/download - Inmate Services Impact Report 2022, Georgia Department of Corrections (2022-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/document/inmate-services-impact-report/inmate-services-impact-report-2022/download - Inmate Services Impact Report 2024, Georgia Department of Corrections (2024-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/document/inmate-services-impact-report/inmate-services-impact-report-2024/download - Investing in Futures, Vera Institute of Justice / Georgetown Center on Poverty and Inequality (2013-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://vera-institute.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/publications/investing-in-futures.pdf - mdrc.org: file full, MDRC [academic, primary] URL: https://www.mdrc.org/work/publications/paving-way-home/file-full - Money, Work, and Crime by Rossi, Berk, Lenihan (1980-01-01) [academic, primary] URL: https://gwern.net/doc/sociology/1980-rossi-moneyworkandcrime.pdf - More Than a Job, execsum 9, MDRC [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/execsum_9.pdf - More Than a Job, more than job, MDRC / Administration for Children and Families [official_report, primary] URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20260330145733id_/https://acf.gov/sites/default/files/documents/opre/more_than_job.pdf - Notice (gdc.georgia.gov), Georgia Department of Corrections [official_report, primary] URL: https://gdc.georgia.gov/document/document/offender-orientation-handbook/download - Office of the Governor, Office of the Governor of California by Gavin Newsom (2022-01-01) [press_release, primary] URL: https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/SB-1304-VETO.pdf - Official Code of Georgia Annotated § 42-5-61 (GPS's copy of the Code), Georgia Prisoners' Speak (2026-11-11) [legal_document, primary] URL: https://gps.press/ocga/42-5-61/ - Opinion | CA would rather 'transform' decaying San Quentin than fix it, CalMatters by Kevin D. Sawyer (2023-01-01) [journalism, secondary] URL: https://calmatters.org/commentary/2023/11/san-quentin-decaying-transform-fix/ - pages.ucsd.edu: soc20698, UC San Diego [academic, tertiary] URL: https://pages.ucsd.edu/~aronatas/soc20698.html - Pilot program would provide cash assistance to people leaving prison | Colorado Newsline, Colorado Newsline (2024-01-31) [journalism, secondary] URL: https://coloradonewsline.com/2024/01/31/cash-assistance-leaving-prison-colorado/ - Practice Profile: Corrections-Based Vocational Training Programs | CrimeSolutions, National Institute of Justice, CrimeSolutions, National Institute of Justice [official_report, primary] URL: https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedpractices/corrections-based-vocational-training-programs - Practice Profile: Postsecondary Correctional Education (PSCE) | CrimeSolutions, National Institute of Justice, CrimeSolutions, National Institute of Justice [official_report, primary] URL: https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedpractices/23 - Program Profile: Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration (TJRD) | CrimeSolutions, National Institute of Justice, CrimeSolutions, National Institute of Justice [official_report, primary] URL: https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/transitional-jobs-reentry-demonstration-tjrd - Reimagining (cdcr.ca.gov), San Quentin Transformation Advisory Council (2024-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/FINAL-San-Quentin-Report_1.3.24.pdf - Return (mdrc.org), MDRC (2011-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_626.pdf - San Quentin prison: Newsom plan calls for rehab focus- CalMatters, CalMatters (2023-01-01) [journalism, secondary] URL: https://calmatters.org/justice/2023/03/san-quentin-prison-gavin-newsom/ - San Quentin's $239M learning center sits empty over weekend amid staffing, budget constraints - Local News Matters, Local News Matters / Bay City News (2026-01-01) [journalism, secondary] URL: https://localnewsmatters.org/2026/06/16/san-quentins-239m-learning-center-sits-empty-amid-staffing-budget-constraints/ - SB 24-012 (content.leg.colorado.gov), Colorado General Assembly (2024-01-01) [legislation, primary] URL: https://content.leg.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2024A/bills/fn/2024a_sb012_f1.pdf - Second Regular Session, Colorado General Assembly (2024-01-01) [legislation, primary] URL: https://leg.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2024A/bills/2024a_012_01.pdf - Statewide Recidivism Report for Individuals Released in Fiscal Year 2020-21, California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Office of Research (2026-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/research/wp-content/uploads/sites/174/2026/06/Statewide-Recidivism-Report-for-Individuals-Released-in-Fiscal-Year-2020-21.pdf - Support for the Journey Home, MDRC [academic, primary] URL: https://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/Returning_Citizens_Brief.pdf - Text of Adopted Regulations, California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (2025-06-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://cdcr.ca.gov/regulations/wp-content/uploads/sites/171/2025/06/Adopted-Regulations-Release-Allowance.pdf - The 2024-25 Spending Plan: Judiciary and Criminal Justice, Legislative Analyst's Office (2024-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/4924 - The author(s) shown below used Federal funding provided by the U.S., National Institute of Justice [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/251702.pdf - The California Model - Transforming Public Safety, California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/the-california-model/ - The Effects of Aging on Recidivism Among Federal Offenders, United States Sentencing Commission (2017-01-01) [academic, primary] URL: https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/research-publications/2017/20171207_Recidivism-Age.pdf - The Enhanced Transitional Jobs Demonstration, ETJD STED Final Impact Report 2018 508Compliant v2, MDRC (2018-01-01) [academic, primary] URL: https://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/ETJD_STED_Final_Impact_Report_2018_508Compliant_v2.pdf - The Enhanced Transitional Jobs Demonstration, etjd sted final impact report 2018 508compliant v2 8232018 b, MDRC / Administration for Children and Families (2018-01-01) [official_report, primary] URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20260327174812id_/https://acf.gov/sites/default/files/documents/opre/etjd_sted_final_impact_report_2018_508compliant_v2_8232018_b.pdf - Transitional Aid Research Project (TARP), 1976-1977 | Office of Justice Programs, Office of Justice Programs [official_report, primary] URL: https://ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/transitional-aid-research-project-tarp-1976-1977 - U.S. Department of Justice, rpr24s0810yfup0818, Bureau of Justice Statistics [official_report, primary] URL: https://bjs.ojp.gov/sites/bjs/files/media/document/rpr24s0810yfup0818.pdf - What Gate Money Can (And Cannot) Buy for People Leaving Prison | The Marshall Project, The Marshall Project (2019-01-01) [journalism, secondary] URL: https://www.themarshallproject.org/2019/09/10/what-gate-money-can-and-cannot-buy - WSIPP Benefit-Cost Model, Washington State Institute for Public Policy [official_report, primary] URL: https://www.wsipp.wa.gov/BenefitCost?topicId=2