GPS RESEARCH LIBRARY: Who Counts as a Victim? Georgia's Statutory Blindness to In-Custody Victimization — Research Foundation ============================================================ Georgia Prisoners' Speak — gps.press Generated: 2026-05-29 22:44:03 EDT Research Date: 2026-05-18 Topic: Victim Services & Statutory Definitions JSON: https://gps.press/research-data/who-counts-as-a-victim-georgias-statutory-blindness-to-in-custody-victimization-research-foundation/?format=json SUMMARY ---------------------------------------- This GPS research document establishes that Georgia's statutory definition of 'victim' categorically excludes incarcerated people from crime victims' compensation and advocacy, even as federal findings document pervasive constitutional violations including 142 homicides (2018–2023), 635 sexual-abuse allegations in 2022, and deliberate indifference to unsafe conditions across 24 GDC prisons. The document synthesizes foundational ACE science showing incarcerated populations report childhood trauma at multiples of the general-population rate, documents the empirically established victim-offender overlap, and demonstrates that Georgia's Parole Board Office of Victim Services has never publicly addressed in-custody victimization despite the October 2024 DOJ findings. GPS independently tracks 1,797 deaths in GDC custody since 2020. LEGAL FACTS (4) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] O.C.G.A. § 17-15-7(c) categorically bars compensation to incarcerated victims O.C.G.A. § 17-15-7(c) provides: 'No award of any kind shall be made under this chapter to a victim injured while confined in any federal, state, county, or municipal jail, prison, or other correctional facility' — a categorical statutory bar that excludes incarcerated people from Georgia's Crime Victims Compensation Program even when the harm they suffer would otherwise qualify. Tags: legal,policy,victims Sources: O.C.G.A. § 17-15-7(c) (Bar on Awards to Incarcerated Victims), Official Code of Georgia Annotated - [confirmed] O.C.G.A. § 17-17-3(11) excludes incarcerated surviving relations from victim definition O.C.G.A. § 17-17-3(11) defines 'victim' for the Crime Victims' Bill of Rights and expressly excludes any surviving relation who is 'in custody for an offense' from the universe of recognized secondary victims, creating a textual barrier that removes incarcerated family members from victim status. Tags: legal,policy,victims Sources: O.C.G.A. § 17-17-3 (Crime Victims' Bill of Rights – Definitions), Official Code of Georgia Annotated, as amended through 2024 - [confirmed] Marsy's Law elevated victim rights to constitutional status in Georgia The 2018 passage of SB 127 / SR 146 (effective January 1, 2019) elevated the rights articulated in O.C.G.A. § 17-17 to constitutional status under Article I, § I, Paragraph XXX of the Georgia Constitution — but did not extend the definition of 'victim' to incarcerated persons harmed in custody. Date: 2019-01-01 Tags: legal,policy,victims Sources: Georgia Constitution, Article I, § I, Paragraph XXX (Marsy's Law), ratified November 2018, effective January 1, 2019 - [confirmed] Federal Crime Victims' Rights Act also excludes incarcerated persons in practice The federal Crime Victims' Rights Act (18 U.S.C. § 3771) defines 'crime victim' as 'a person directly and proximately harmed as a result of the commission of a Federal offense' and excludes incarcerated victims in practice. Date: 2004-01-01 Tags: legal,victims Sources: 18 U.S.C. § 3771 (Federal Crime Victims' Rights Act), 2004 FINDINGS (6) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] DOJ finds Georgia deliberately indifferent to Eighth Amendment violations The October 1, 2024 U.S. Department of Justice findings letter concluded the State of Georgia is 'deliberately indifferent' to Eighth Amendment violations documented across 24 GDC prisons, including failures to protect incarcerated people from violence and sexual abuse. Date: 2024-10-01 Tags: violence,legal,investigations,conditions Sources: CRIPA Investigation of Georgia Prisons - [confirmed] DOJ: GDC fails to protect LGBTI incarcerated people The DOJ found that the State fails to adequately protect people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) from a substantial risk of serious harm from sexual violence and abuse by staff and other incarcerated people. Gangs that run housing units often target LGBTI individuals with physical and sexual violence. GDC houses transgender women with men based on their external genitalia despite the risk this poses to their safety. Date: 2024-10-01 Tags: violence,conditions,legal Sources: CRIPA Investigation of Georgia Prisons - [confirmed] DOJ: Parole Board functions only as passive PREA reporting entity The DOJ findings report (p. 12) notes that the Parole Board functions only as a passive 'reporting entity for sexual abuse allegations,' not as a victim-services provider to incarcerated people. Date: 2024-10-01 Tags: policy,legal,violence Sources: CRIPA Investigation of Georgia Prisons - [confirmed] Victim-offender overlap established as empirical regularity Lauritsen, Sampson, and Laub's foundational criminological work (1991) established the 'victim-offender overlap' — the empirical regularity that the same individuals appear in both categories at rates far higher than chance. Date: 1991-01-01 Tags: violence,victims Sources: The Link Between Offending and Victimization Among Adolescents, Lauritsen JL, Sampson RJ, Laub JH, Criminology 29(2):265-292, May 1991 - [confirmed] Childhood trauma established as dose-response driver of incarceration Childhood trauma is a primary, replicated, dose-response driver of later incarceration. Established by Felitti et al. (1998) and replicated by Hughes et al. (2017), Reavis et al. (2013), Baglivio et al. (2014), and Messina & Grella (2006) across general adult, juvenile-justice, and adult-prison populations. Tags: mental_health Sources: Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study, Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, Koss MP, Marks JS, American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14(4):245-258, May 1998; The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Hughes K, Bellis MA, Hardcastle KA, Sethi D, Butchart A, Mikton C, Jones L, Dunne MP, The Lancet Public Health 2(8):e356-e366, August 2017 - [confirmed] Georgia's official victim apparatus structurally blind to in-custody victimization Georgia's official victim-advocacy apparatus is structurally blind to in-custody victimization as a matter of statute, agency practice, and federal finding. This is documented by the DOJ October 2024 findings letter, O.C.G.A. § 17-15-7(c)'s categorical compensation bar, O.C.G.A. § 17-17-3's exclusion of incarcerated surviving relations, the Parole Board's public silence on in-custody harm, and the GPS-documented gap between PREA 'full compliance' audits and 'rampant' sexual abuse. Date: 2024-01-01 Tags: policy,legal,victims,violence Sources: CRIPA Investigation of Georgia Prisons; O.C.G.A. § 17-15-7(c) (Bar on Awards to Incarcerated Victims), Official Code of Georgia Annotated STATISTICS (33) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] 142 homicides in GDC prisons 2018–2023 Over the six-year period from 2018 through 2023, GDC reported a total of 142 homicides in its prisons, with 48 in the first three years and a 95.8% increase in the latter three years, with 94 homicides. Value: 142.0 homicides Tags: violence,death,investigations Sources: CRIPA Investigation of Georgia Prisons - [confirmed] 635 sexual-abuse allegations in GDC in 2022 GDC reported 635 sexual-abuse allegations in 2022 (the most recent year for which a systemwide PREA report is available), 639 in 2021, 702 in 2020, and 653 in 2019. Value: 635.0 sexual-abuse allegations Date: 2022-01-01 Tags: violence,conditions,investigations Sources: CRIPA Investigation of Georgia Prisons - [reported] GDC 2022 PREA report: 1,056 total allegations, 56 substantiated GDC's own 2022 PREA report documented 1,056 total allegations with only 56 substantiated. Value: 1056.0 PREA allegations (vs. 56 substantiated) Date: 2022-01-01 Tags: violence,conditions,policy Sources: 2022 Annual PREA Report, Georgia Department of Corrections - [reported] 1,797 deaths in GDC custody since 2020 Georgia Prisoners' Speak has compiled the most comprehensive mortality database for the state, tracking 1,797 deaths in GDC custody since 2020. Value: 1797.0 deaths Tags: death,conditions Sources: GPS Mortality Database - [confirmed] GDC CO vacancy rate 52.5% systemwide in 2023 GDC's average CO vacancy rate was 49.3% in 2021, 56.3% in 2022, and 52.5% in 2023. Value: 52.5 percent vacancy rate Date: 2023-01-01 Tags: staffing,conditions Sources: CRIPA Investigation of Georgia Prisons - [confirmed] GDC CO vacancy rate peaked at 60% in April 2023 with 2,800+ vacant positions Between 2018 and 2023, GDC staffing levels fell precipitously, reaching a systemwide CO vacancy rate of 60% in April 2023, with over 2,800 vacant officer positions. Twelve prisons had vacancy rates above 70%. Value: 60.0 percent vacancy rate (vs. 2800 vacant officer positions) Date: 2023-04-01 Tags: staffing,conditions Sources: CRIPA Investigation of Georgia Prisons - [confirmed] Georgia homicide rate in prisons nearly triple national average in 2019 The national average homicide rate in state prisons across the country for 2019 was 12 per 100,000 people. Georgia's rate in 2019 was almost triple, at 34 per 100,000 people. Value: 34.0 per 100,000 people (vs. 12 national average per 100,000) Date: 2019-01-01 Tags: violence,death Sources: CRIPA Investigation of Georgia Prisons - [confirmed] 18 confirmed or suspected homicides in first five months of 2024 In the first five months of 2024, there were 18 confirmed or suspected homicides in GDC custody. Value: 18.0 homicides Tags: violence,death Sources: CRIPA Investigation of Georgia Prisons - [confirmed] Felitti et al. ACE study: 4+ ACEs dramatically elevate risk Felitti et al. (1998) cohort: N = 9,508; people with ≥4 ACEs were 4.6× more likely to have used illicit drugs, 7.4× more likely to consider themselves alcoholic, and 12.2× more likely to have attempted suicide. Value: 9508.0 participants Date: 1998-01-01 Tags: mental_health,drugs Sources: Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study, Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, Koss MP, Marks JS, American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14(4):245-258, May 1998 - [confirmed] 4+ ACEs: 4.6x more likely to have used illicit drugs People with ≥4 ACEs were 4.6 times more likely to have used illicit drugs compared to those with zero ACEs. Value: 4.6 times more likely Date: 1998-01-01 Tags: drugs,mental_health Sources: Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study, Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, Koss MP, Marks JS, American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14(4):245-258, May 1998 - [confirmed] 4+ ACEs: 12.2x more likely to have attempted suicide People with ≥4 ACEs were 12.2 times more likely to have attempted suicide compared to those with zero ACEs. Value: 12.2 times more likely Date: 1998-01-01 Tags: mental_health,death Sources: Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study, Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, Koss MP, Marks JS, American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14(4):245-258, May 1998 - [confirmed] 63.9% of U.S. adults report at least one ACE Swedo et al. (CDC MMWR, 2023): 63.9% of U.S. adults report ≥1 ACE; 17.3% report ≥4 ACEs. Value: 63.9 percent (vs. 17.3 percent reporting 4+ ACEs) Date: 2019-01-01 Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Risk Factors for Negative Health and Social Outcomes — United States, 2019, Swedo EA, Aslam MV, Dahlberg LL, et al., Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) 72(26):707-715, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, June 30, 2023 - [confirmed] Hughes meta-analysis: 4+ ACEs yield OR 30.14 for attempted suicide Hughes et al. (2017): adults with ≥4 ACEs had OR = 7.51 (95% CI 5.7–9.9) for interpersonal violence perpetration and OR = 30.14 (95% CI 16.5–55.0) for attempted suicide. Value: 30.14 odds ratio for attempted suicide (vs. 7.51 odds ratio for violence perpetration) Date: 2017-01-01 Tags: mental_health,violence Sources: The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Hughes K, Bellis MA, Hardcastle KA, Sethi D, Butchart A, Mikton C, Jones L, Dunne MP, The Lancet Public Health 2(8):e356-e366, August 2017 - [confirmed] Reavis: male offenders' mean ACE score ~4x normative male sample Reavis et al. (2013) found that male offenders reported a mean ACE score of 3.7, approximately four times the male normative sample, with eight of ten ACE categories significantly elevated. Value: 3.7 mean ACE score Date: 2013-01-01 Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Criminality: How Long Must We Live before We Possess Our Own Lives?, Reavis JA, Looman J, Franco KA, Rojas B, The Permanente Journal 17(2):44-48, Spring 2013 - [confirmed] Messina/Grella: incarcerated women 45.1% childhood sexual abuse Messina and Grella (2006) found that incarcerated women reported childhood physical abuse at 30.6% and childhood sexual abuse at 45.1% — multiples of the general-population rates. Value: 45.1 percent childhood sexual abuse (vs. 30.6 percent childhood physical abuse) Date: 2006-01-01 Tags: mental_health,violence,demographics Sources: Childhood Trauma and Women's Health Outcomes in a California Prison Population, Messina N, Grella C, American Journal of Public Health 96(10):1842-1848, October 2006 - [confirmed] Wolff: 44.7% of male inmates report childhood physical victimization Wolff and colleagues at Rutgers documented childhood physical victimization rates of 44.7% in a male prisoner sample of approximately 4,100 men. Value: 44.7 percent Date: 2009-01-01 Tags: violence,mental_health Sources: Patterns of Victimization Among Male and Female Inmates: Evidence of an Enduring Legacy, Wolff N, Shi J, Siegel J, Violence and Victims 24(4):469-484, 2009 - [confirmed] Baglivio: 50% of juvenile justice youth had 4+ ACEs vs 13% in Kaiser sample Baglivio et al. (2014) found that 50% of justice-involved youth reported ≥4 ACEs vs. 13% in the Kaiser sample, and justice-involved youth were 13× less likely than the Kaiser cohort to report zero ACEs. Value: 50.0 percent with 4+ ACEs (vs. 13 percent in Kaiser sample) Date: 2014-01-01 Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: The Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) in the Lives of Juvenile Offenders, Baglivio MT, Epps N, Swartz K, Huq MS, Sheer A, Hardt NS, Journal of Juvenile Justice 3(2), 2014 - [confirmed] BJS Harlow: ~50% of women in state prison report prior abuse BJS Harlow (1999): approximately 50% of women in state prison and approximately 16% of men report prior physical or sexual abuse (widely understood to be underestimates). Value: 50.0 percent of women reporting prior abuse (vs. 16 percent of men reporting prior abuse) Date: 1999-01-01 Tags: violence,demographics Sources: Prior Abuse Reported by Inmates and Probationers (NCJ 172879), Harlow CW, Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, April 1999 - [confirmed] BJS NIS-4: 4.1% sexual victimization rate in adult prisons The most recent BJS National Inmate Survey (NIS-4, 2023–24, released December 2025) found that 4.1% of adult prison inmates reported sexual victimization during the prior year — 2.3% by another inmate, 2.2% by facility staff. Value: 4.1 percent Tags: violence,conditions Sources: Sexual Victimization in Prisons Reported by Inmates, 2023-24, BJS, NCJ 310544, December 9, 2025 - [confirmed] BJS SSV: 38,132 sexual victimization allegations nationally in 2019 BJS Survey of Sexual Victimization: 38,132 sexual victimization allegations reported by correctional administrators nationally in 2019; 36,264 in 2020. Value: 38132.0 allegations (vs. 36264 allegations in 2020) Tags: violence,conditions Sources: Sexual Victimization Reported by Adult Correctional Authorities, 2019-2020, BJS - [confirmed] Wolff: 35.3% of male residents reported physical victimization in past 6 months Wolff et al. found 35.3% of male incarcerated people reported physical victimization and 10.3% reported sexual victimization perpetrated by another resident or staff member within a 6-month window — rates approximately 10× the community victimization rate. Value: 35.3 percent physical victimization in 6 months (vs. 10.3 percent sexual victimization in 6 months) Tags: violence,conditions Sources: Patterns of Victimization Among Male and Female Inmates: Evidence of an Enduring Legacy, Wolff N, Shi J, Siegel J, Violence and Victims 24(4):469-484, 2009 - [confirmed] Hagan: 28% of recently released individuals screen positive for PTSD Hagan et al. (2018) found that 28% of recently released individuals screened positive for PTSD symptoms, rising to 43% among those with solitary-confinement exposure. Value: 28.0 percent PTSD positive (vs. 43 percent with solitary history) Date: 2018-01-01 Tags: mental_health,solitary,reentry Sources: History of Solitary Confinement Is Associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms among Individuals Recently Released from Prison, Hagan BO, Wang EA, Aminawung JA, et al., Journal of Urban Health 95(2):141-148, April 2018 - [confirmed] ASJ: Crime victims prefer rehabilitation over prison by 3-to-1 margin The Alliance for Safety and Justice's Crime Survivors Speak 2022 survey found that by a margin of 3 to 1, victims prefer holding people accountable through options beyond just prison, such as rehabilitation, mental health treatment, drug treatment, restorative justice, or community service. Approximately 7 in 10 victims prefer reducing jail populations. Value: 3.0 to 1 margin Date: 2022-01-01 Tags: policy,victims,reentry Sources: New National Survey of Crime Victims Reveals Critical Insights into Public Safety Debate — Crime Survivors Speak 2022, Alliance for Safety and Justice, 2022 - [confirmed] ASJ 2016: Over 60% of people victimized by crime in past decade ASJ Crime Survivors Speak 2016: Over 60% of people have been crime victims in the past decade; half of those were victims of violent crime. Value: 60.0 percent victimized in past decade Date: 2016-01-01 Tags: violence,victims Sources: Crime Survivors Speak: The First-Ever National Survey of Victims' Views on Safety and Justice, Alliance for Safety and Justice, 2016 - [confirmed] Sered: Only 45% of violent victimizations reported to police in 2017 Sered (2019), citing BJS data: in 2017, only 45% of violent victimizations were reported to police and only 8% of victims received any form of help from any public or private victim-services agency. Value: 45.0 percent reported to police (vs. 8 percent receiving help from victim-services agency) Date: 2017-01-01 Tags: violence,victims Sources: Until We Reckon: Violence, Mass Incarceration, and a Road to Repair, Sered D, The New Press, 2019 - [confirmed] Torrey/TAC: 3x more seriously mentally ill in jails/prisons than hospitals Torrey/TAC (2010): More than three times more seriously mentally ill persons are in jails and prisons than in hospitals; 16% of inmates have serious mental illness vs. 6.4% in a similar 1983 study. Value: 16.0 percent of inmates with serious mental illness (vs. 6.4 percent in 1983 study) Date: 2010-01-01 Tags: mental_health,conditions Sources: More Mentally Ill Persons Are in Jails and Prisons Than Hospitals: A Survey of the States, Torrey EF, Kennard AD, Eslinger D, Lamb HR, Pavle J, Treatment Advocacy Center and National Sheriffs' Association, May 2010 - [confirmed] Skiba: Black students 3.5x more likely to be suspended Skiba et al. (2011): Black students 3.5× more likely to be suspended than White students, controlling for socioeconomic status and infraction. Value: 3.5 times more likely Date: 2011-01-01 Tags: demographics,policy Sources: Race Is Not Neutral: A National Investigation of African American and Latino Disproportionality in School Discipline, Skiba RJ, Horner RH, Chung CG, Rausch MK, May SL, Tobin T, School Psychology Review 40(1):85-107, 2011 - [confirmed] Black male lifetime imprisonment risk peaked at 35.3% Pettit & Western (2004) / Robey et al. (2023): Black male lifetime imprisonment risk peaked at 35.3% for the 1975–79 birth cohort. Value: 35.3 percent lifetime imprisonment risk Tags: demographics Sources: A Generational Shift: Race and the Declining Lifetime Risk of Imprisonment, Robey JP, Massoglia M, Light MT, Demography 60(4):977-1003, August 2023 - [reported] Georgia racial disparity: Black Georgians 33% of population but 60.38% of prisoners Black Georgians are 33% of the state population but 60.38% of the prison population and approximately 72% of lifers. Value: 60.38 percent of prison population (vs. 33 percent of state population) Tags: demographics Sources: GPS Mortality Database - [reported] Victims Visitors' Days: 4,000+ victims since 2006 Victims Visitors' Days: 'more than 4,000 victims' attended face-to-face meetings since 2006 (Board figure). Value: 4000.0 victims attended (minimum) Tags: policy,victims Sources: Annual Report FY 2022, Georgia State Board of Pardons and Paroles (Digital Library of Georgia) - [reported] Victim Impact Sessions: 9 sessions statewide in FY 2024 Victim Impact Sessions were implemented in FY 2022; nine sessions were held statewide in FY 2024. Value: 9.0 sessions Tags: policy,victims Sources: Annual Report FY 2024, Georgia State Board of Pardons and Paroles - [reported] Crime Victims Compensation Program pays ~$11-14M per year, $0 to incarcerated victims The Crime Victims Compensation Program administered by Georgia's Criminal Justice Coordinating Council typically pays approximately $11–14 million per year in awards, but $0 of that is paid to incarcerated victims by statutory bar. Value: 0.0 dollars to incarcerated victims (vs. 14000000 approximate annual total awards (max)) Tags: budget,legal,victims Sources: Georgia Crime Victims Compensation Program, Criminal Justice Coordinating Council - [confirmed] GDC year-by-year homicide totals 2018-2023 DOJ documented GDC homicides year-by-year: 2018: 7, 2019: 13, 2020: 28, 2021: 28, 2022: 31, 2023: 35. Tags: violence,death Sources: CRIPA Investigation of Georgia Prisons TRENDS (3) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] 95.8% increase in GDC homicides between first and second halves of 2018–2023 GDC homicides increased 95.8% from 48 in the first three years (2018–2020) to 94 in the latter three years (2021–2023). Tags: violence,death,trend Sources: CRIPA Investigation of Georgia Prisons - [confirmed] GDC sexual abuse allegations 2019-2022 trend GDC reported 653 sexual-abuse allegations in 2019, 702 in 2020, 639 in 2021, and 635 in 2022. Tags: violence,conditions Sources: CRIPA Investigation of Georgia Prisons - [confirmed] GDC CO vacancy rate trend 2021-2023 GDC's average CO vacancy rate was 49.3% in 2021, 56.3% in 2022, and 52.5% in 2023, with the rate peaking at 60% in April 2023. Tags: staffing,conditions Sources: CRIPA Investigation of Georgia Prisons DATA GAPS (9) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Parole Board has issued zero press releases addressing in-custody victimization Board press releases addressing in-custody victimization (deaths, sexual abuse by staff, DOJ findings): zero documented as of May 18, 2026. The Parole Board's Office of Victim Services has never publicly addressed any in-custody victimization. Date: 2026-05-18 Tags: policy,victims Sources: Mission Statement and Values, Georgia State Board of Pardons and Paroles - [confirmed] No Georgia-specific ACE study of GDC population No Georgia-specific systematic ACE prevalence study of GDC's adult population has been published. Bureau of Justice Statistics has not conducted a Georgia-specific ACE-screened survey. Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: GPS Mortality Database - [confirmed] No facility-level NIS-4 PREA data released for Georgia Facility-level NIS-4 PREA prevalence data has not yet been released for Georgia specifically. PREA administrative-record substantiation rates underrepresent actual victimization because they depend on a complaint pipeline GPS has independently documented as broken. Tags: violence,conditions Sources: Sexual Victimization in Prisons Reported by Inmates, 2023-24, BJS, NCJ 310544, December 9, 2025 - [confirmed] GDC does not publicly release cause-of-death information GDC does not publicly release cause-of-death information; all GPS classifications are reconstructed from independent reporting. Tags: death,conditions Sources: GPS Mortality Database - [reported] DOJ has not yet filed CRIPA enforcement litigation against Georgia DOJ has not yet filed CRIPA enforcement litigation against Georgia as of May 18, 2026. Date: 2026-05-18 Tags: legal,investigations Sources: CRIPA Investigation of Georgia Prisons - [confirmed] No Georgia-specific replication of Crime Survivors Speak survey No Georgia-specific replication of Crime Survivors Speak has been conducted. Georgia's Criminal Justice Coordinating Council has not published comparable preference data for Georgians. Tags: victims,policy Sources: New National Survey of Crime Victims Reveals Critical Insights into Public Safety Debate — Crime Survivors Speak 2022, Alliance for Safety and Justice, 2022 - [reported] No bill introduced in past 5 sessions to amend Georgia victim definition for incarcerated persons No bill has been introduced in the past five sessions of the Georgia General Assembly to amend the definition of 'victim' to include incarcerated persons. Tags: legal,policy,victims Sources: O.C.G.A. § 17-17-3 (Crime Victims' Bill of Rights – Definitions), Official Code of Georgia Annotated, as amended through 2024 - [reported] Parole Board does not publish OVS budget, notification volume, or staffing The Parole Board does not publish a dedicated OVS budget line, annual victim-notification volume, or staffing headcount on its public-facing pages. Tags: policy,budget,victims Sources: Annual Report FY 2024, Georgia State Board of Pardons and Paroles - [reported] Georgia BRFSS ACE module data not consistently published Georgia's most recent BRFSS ACE module data is not consistently published. Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Risk Factors for Negative Health and Social Outcomes — United States, 2019, Swedo EA, Aslam MV, Dahlberg LL, et al., Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) 72(26):707-715, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, June 30, 2023 QUOTES (3) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] Sered: Nearly everyone who has committed harm has survived it Danielle Sered, in Until We Reckon (2019), synthesizes the criminological literature: 'nearly everyone who has committed harm has survived it, and few have received any formal support to heal.' Date: 2019-01-01 Tags: violence,victims,mental_health Sources: Until We Reckon: Violence, Mass Incarceration, and a Road to Repair, Sered D, The New Press, 2019 - [confirmed] Parole Board mission includes protecting victims' rights but silent on in-custody harm The Board's mission, verbatim: 'To serve the citizens of Georgia by exercising the constitutional authority of executive clemency through informed decision-making, thereby ensuring public safety, protecting victims' rights, and providing opportunities for positive change.' Comprehensive review finds OVS and Parole Board have never publicly addressed victimization of incarcerated people. Tags: policy,victims Sources: Mission Statement and Values, Georgia State Board of Pardons and Paroles - [confirmed] DOJ quote: State is deliberately indifferent to unsafe conditions DOJ findings (p. 3): 'The State is deliberately indifferent to these unsafe conditions. The constitutional violations are exacerbated by serious deficiencies in staffing and supervision…The State has known about the unsafe conditions for years and has failed to take reasonable measures to address them.' Date: 2024-10-01 Tags: conditions,staffing,legal Sources: CRIPA Investigation of Georgia Prisons POLICYS (1) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] OVS founded 2005; expanded 2015 The Georgia Office of Victim Services (OVS) was formed in 2005 when the Parole Board and Georgia Department of Corrections combined their victim-services offices and expanded in 2015 to include the Department of Community Supervision. Date: 2005-01-01 Tags: policy,victims Sources: Georgia Office of Victim Services landing page, Georgia State Board of Pardons and Paroles METHODOLOGY NOTES (1) ---------------------------------------- - [confirmed] ACE framework gap: original inventory from predominantly white middle-class population The original ACE inventory was developed in a predominantly white, middle-class HMO population; community-violence exposure, racial discrimination, and poverty are not directly captured. Date: 1998-01-01 Tags: mental_health,demographics Sources: Inside the Adverse Childhood Experience Score: Strengths, Limitations, and Misapplications, Anda RF, Porter LE, Brown DW, American Journal of Preventive Medicine 59(2):293-295, August 2020 CASE DETAILS (1) ---------------------------------------- - [reported] Rita Rocker appointed Director of OVS September 2020 Director of OVS: Rita Rocker, Deputy Executive Director of the Board, appointed September 2020. Date: 2020-09-01 Tags: policy,victims Sources: Georgia Office of Victim Services landing page, Georgia State Board of Pardons and Paroles DATASETS (4) ---------------------------------------- # GDC Homicides by Year 2018-2023 Year-by-year homicide counts in Georgia Department of Corrections prisons as documented by the DOJ October 2024 findings report Year Homicides ----------------- 2018 7 2019 13 2020 28 2021 28 2022 31 2023 35 # GDC Sexual Abuse Allegations by Year 2019-2022 Annual sexual-abuse allegation counts reported by GDC as documented in the DOJ findings report Year Sexual Abuse Allegations -------------------------------- 2019 653 2020 702 2021 639 2022 635 # GDC Correctional Officer Vacancy Rates 2021-2023 Average annual CO vacancy rates systemwide as documented in DOJ findings Year Vacancy Rate -------------------- 2021 49.3 2022 56.3 2023 52.5 # ACE Prevalence: Incarcerated vs. General Populations Comparison of ACE prevalence rates across different populations from multiple studies Study Population Key Metric Value ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Swedo et al. 2023 U.S. general adult population ≥1 ACE 63.9 Swedo et al. 2023 U.S. general adult population ≥4 ACEs 17.3 Reavis et al. 2013 Male offenders Mean ACE score 3.7 Baglivio et al. 2014 Juvenile justice youth ≥4 ACEs 50 Baglivio et al. 2014 Kaiser cohort comparison ≥4 ACEs 13 Messina & Grella 2006 Incarcerated women Childhood physical abuse 30.6 Messina & Grella 2006 Incarcerated women Childhood sexual abuse 45.1 Wolff et al. 2009 Male inmates (~4,100) Childhood physical victimization 44.7 Harlow/BJS 1999 Women in state prison Prior physical/sexual abuse 50 Harlow/BJS 1999 Men in state prison Prior physical/sexual abuse 16 KEY ENTITIES (21) ---------------------------------------- - Alliance for Safety and Justice [organization]: Organization whose research found most crime victims prefer prevention over incarceration. - Bureau of Justice Statistics [organization]: Federal statistical agency within DOJ that collected and published mortality in correctional institutions data from approximately 2000 until 2019. (aka: BJS) - CDC [organization]: Federal public health agency whose data documents incarcerated people are 6 times more likely to contract foodborne illness than the general public. (aka: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) - Common Justice [program]: One of the only restorative-justice alternatives-to-incarceration programs for violent felonies in the United States, led by Danielle Sered - Criminal Justice Coordinating Council [organization]: Georgia state agency administering the Crime Victims Compensation Program (aka: CJCC) - Danielle Sered [person]: Author of Until We Reckon (2019) and founder of Common Justice restorative-justice program - Equal Justice Initiative [organization]: Reported on FCC phone rate cap increases and their burden on poor families. (aka: EJI) - Georgia Crime Victims Compensation Program [program]: State program administered by CJCC paying ~$11-14M/year in awards; categorically bars awards to incarcerated victims under O.C.G.A. § 17-15-7(c) - Georgia Department of Corrections [organization]: State agency responsible for operating Georgia's prison system. Subject of federal DOJ investigation in 2022-2023 for constitutional violations including food-related deaths. (aka: GDC) - Georgia General Assembly [organization]: Georgia state legislature. Has not advanced legislation to address prison labor compensation or remove the state's slavery exception. A two-thirds vote in both chambers would be required to place a constitutional amendment on the ballot. - Georgia Office of Victim Services [organization]: Division of the Parole Board providing post-conviction services to crime victims. Represents the Parole Board, GDC, and DCS. (aka: GOVS) - Georgia Prisoners' Speak [organization]: Advocacy organization documenting conditions inside Georgia prisons through photos and insider accounts, including food inadequacy. (aka: GPS) - Georgia State Board of Pardons and Paroles [organization]: Georgia state agency responsible for parole decisions - Marsy's Law (Georgia) [legislation]: 2018 constitutional amendment (effective January 1, 2019) elevating Crime Victims' Bill of Rights to constitutional status; did not extend victim definition to incarcerated persons (aka: SB 127, SR 146, Georgia Constitution Article I § I Paragraph XXX) - O.C.G.A. § 17-15-7(c) [legislation]: Georgia statute categorically barring any compensation award to a victim injured while confined in any federal, state, county, or municipal jail, prison, or other correctional facility - O.C.G.A. § 17-17-3 [legislation]: Georgia Crime Victims' Bill of Rights definitions statute; excludes surviving relations who are 'in custody for an offense' from the definition of victim - Prevention Institute [organization]: Organization that developed the Adverse Community Experiences framework extending ACEs to community-level harm - Rita Rocker [person]: Deputy Executive Director appointed June 1, 2015. Also served as Director of Georgia Office of Victim Services from September 2020 to June 2024. - The GDC Accountability Project, Inc. [organization]: Corporate entity under which Georgia Prisoners' Speak (GPS) operates. - Treatment Advocacy Center [organization]: National nonprofit providing research on SMI prevalence in jails/prisons and psychiatric bed standards; predicts 8,000-10,700 SMI individuals in GDC. (aka: TAC) - U.S. Department of Justice [organization]: Federal agency that published October 2024 findings report on unconstitutional conditions in Georgia prisons. 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