Conditions & Operations
Georgia Prisons (NCJ 69997, 1976)
This 1976 Georgia Advisory Committee report to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights documents conditions in Georgia state prisons, finding systemic deficiencies in medical care, disciplinary procedures, legal services, education, recreation, and racial disparities in staffing. The report finds that while 60% of male and 65% of female inmates were Black, only 16% of correctional officers and counselors were Black, and that over 25% of prisoners were housed in county work camps. The document provides detailed findings on solitary confinement practices, noting that most institutions did not permit exercise for isolated inmates and that Chatham did not permit bathing at all.
Key Findings
The most impactful data from this research collection.
214
Nation's Highest Incarceration Rate
Statistic$3.00
$3 Daily Prisoner Care
StatisticNo Full-Time Prison Psychiatrist
Finding27%
27% Mentally Retarded Inmates
StatisticUnpaid Maids at Governor's Mansion
FindingAll Data Points
298 verified data points extracted from primary sources.
Georgia incarceration rate highest in nation, 1975 Statistic
Georgia had the highest inmate population in the nation -- 214 inmates per 100,000 residents.
214 inmates per 100,000 residents
Racial disparity in correctional staffing Finding
The Advisory Committee finds that although 60 percent of all male inmates and more than 65 percent of all female inmates are black, only 16 percent of correctional officers and counselors are black.
One-fourth of Georgia state prisoners housed in county facilities, October 1973 Statistic
In October 1973 when data for this report was first gathered, one-fourth of the State prisoners were not housed in State institutions but in 43 county correctional facilities throughout Georgia.
25%
Over 25 percent of prisoners housed in county work camps Finding
The Advisory Committee finds that most of the adult prisoners in the State penal system are kept in accommodations that are dehumanizing: most of the institutions house more inmates than the facilities were constructed to hold. Over 25 percent are h…
County facilities housing state prisoners range from 11 to 332 inmates Statistic
Prisoner populations of these county units range from 11 to 332.
11 inmates vs. maximum
Only 10 percent of inmates participating in work release Statistic
The Advisory Committee finds that the most productive and economical activity has been the work release program. Currently, only 10 percent of Georgia's inmates are participating.
10%
State paid counties $3 per day per prisoner for care Statistic
The State Board of Corrections sets living and working condition standards and pays the counties $3 a day for each prisoner's care.
$3.00
Only three institutions have full-time doctors or dentists Finding
The Advisory Committee finds that the medical services are inadequate. Only three institutions have full-time doctors or dentists. No full-time psychiatrist is employed.
492 prisoners in county facilities at time of Ault's freeze announcement Statistic
County correctional facilities were housing 492 prisoners at the time of Commissioner Allen L. Ault's announcement closing Georgia's State prisons to any increase in the total number of prisoners.
492 prisoners
No full-time psychiatrist employed in Georgia prisons Finding
The Advisory Committee finds that no full-time psychiatrist is employed in the Georgia prison system.
Commissioner Ault closed Georgia state prisons to new admissions, October 1975 Policy
On October 7, 1975, the Atlanta Journal reported that State Corrections Commissioner Allen L. Ault had closed Georgia's State prisons to any increase in the total number of prisoners. Inmates will be received only as others are released.
No full-time gynecologist at women's prison Finding
The Advisory Committee recommends particular attention needs to be given to the women's institution, where there is no full-time gynecologist or other medical doctor.
Two new state prisons planned for 1975 Policy
Two new State prisons were to be opened in 1975, a 300-bed facility for men and a new women's prison.
Central State Hospital will not perform abortions Finding
Central State Hospital will not perform abortions. Women who request them are taken to Augusta or Atlanta, but all the women who wish to have abortions do not get them.
Georgia Sheriff's Association criticized Ault's freeze Quote
The Georgia Sheriff's Association was grumbling about the 'unfairness' of Ault's decision. 'Dr. Ault says he ain't got enough bed space. Well, hell's bells, we ain't got it either,' a spokesman for the association said.
Inmate waited 2 years for front teeth replacement Case detail
Although State rules stipulate providing inmates with dentures, one inmate in the women's prison waited 2 years to have her front teeth replaced.
Typical Georgia prisoner profile described by Commissioner MacDougall Quote
Commissioner MacDougall described the typical prisoner in Georgia: '26 years old, black, doing 4 years, 11 months for property crime, with a grade level of 5.8.'
State menu rotated once every 14 weeks Policy
All wardens indicated they followed the 'State menu' which calls for a nutritionally balanced, varied diet for prisoners. Menus are to be rotated once every 14 weeks.
93 percent of Georgia prisoners have no saleable skills Statistic
Commissioner MacDougall said that 93 percent have no saleable skills and over 3,000 are totally illiterate.
93%
Reidsville herds to provide meat for all state institutions Finding
The director of food service for the Georgia prison system said in an interview in January 1974 that by the end of the year the swine and beef herds at Reidsville would be able to provide the meat required by all the State institutions.
Over 3,000 Georgia prisoners totally illiterate Statistic
Commissioner MacDougall said that over 3,000 are totally illiterate.
3,000 inmates
State menu calls for meat twice each day except Sunday Policy
The menu calls for meat twice each day except Sunday.
Georgia prison population 27 percent mentally retarded, 1968 HEW study Statistic
A nationwide testing of 90,000 inmates by the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare in 1968 revealed that approximately 10 percent of the nation's prison population was mentally retarded (IQ below 70). The figure for the South was 24 per…
27% vs. South average
Disciplinary committee composition specified by state rules Legal fact
State rules stipulate that punishment be handled by a disciplinary committee consisting of the chief correctional officer, another staff member, and a civilian staff member, 'preferably from the treatment staff.'
Most inmates had not received copies of rule handbooks Finding
Wardens at all the institutions except Putnam and Ware stated they had written rule books outlining rules of the institution. However, most inmates who were interviewed stated they had not received copies of the handbooks. Those who acknowledged rec…
South prison population 24 percent mentally retarded, 1968 Statistic
The figure for the South was 24 percent for mentally retarded prison population (IQ below 70), according to the 1968 HEW study.
24%
New handbook distributed to all inmates in spring 1975 Policy
Copies of a new handbook were distributed to all inmates in the spring of 1975. New grievance procedures, which were developed as part of the court order in the Guthrie v. MacDougall suit, are included in the handbook.
Cost to train a mentally retarded person to be a criminal estimated at $36,000 Statistic
Pat Norton, director of the Atlanta Association for Retarded Children's Project on mentally retarded persons in prison, said: 'It costs $36,000 to train a mentally retarded person to be a criminal.' Mr. Norton based this figure on the cost of arrest…
$36,000
Only Stone Mountain and Lowndes spell out specific penalties Finding
Only Stone Mountain and Lowndes spell out specific penalties for infractions. Specific rule infractions are not contained in the handbook publication.
Pat Norton on mentally retarded persons in prison Quote
Pat Norton said, 'Once the mentally retarded person is placed in the criminal justice process you can almost guarantee he will go to prison and come back to prison. Prison is the last place a person who's retarded needs to go. He's the guy who's goi…
Inmates in solitary to receive one regular meal per day Legal fact
Board of Corrections rules specify that inmates in solitary confinement are to receive one regular meal per day unless he or she continues to maintain 'a negative or deviant attitude.' Such behavior may result in the inmate's being placed on a restr…
Georgia Rehabilitation Center for Women housed 350 women prisoners in 1957 Statistic
The Georgia Rehabilitation Center for Women was refurbished and used to house 350 women prisoners in 1957.
350 women prisoners
Restricted diet in solitary: bread three times daily, one meal every 3 days Legal fact
Inmates in solitary confinement who maintain 'a negative or deviant attitude' may be placed on a restricted diet consisting of bread three times a day and one regular meal every 3 days.
Original women's prison building condemned, women moved March 1973 Finding
The original Georgia Rehabilitation Center for Women building was condemned and the women were moved in March 1973 into another old, inadequate structure which had been renovated by male prisoners to make it fit for habitation by the women.
Doctor examination required every 3 days for regular isolation Legal fact
According to the rules, an inmate on a regular isolation regimen must be examined by a doctor every 3 days. If the inmate is on a restricted diet as punishment, he or she is supposed to be examined by a doctor daily.
200 of 345 women inmates assigned work duties at women's prison Statistic
At the time of the investigative team's visit, 200 of the 345 inmates were assigned work duties--50 worked in the kitchen of the State mental hospital and others worked as nurses' aides and clerical and physical therapy assistants; 60 women were in …
200 inmates assigned work vs. total inmates
Dr. Lloyd Baccus doubts adequacy of solitary medical examinations Quote
Dr. Lloyd Baccus said, 'Although it is on paper, it does not mean it has done anything for the individual. Maybe the visitation is made but the examination cannot be performed adequately in that environment.'
60 women in vocational rehabilitation at women's prison Statistic
60 women were in vocational rehabilitation at the Georgia Rehabilitation Center for Women.
60 women
Dr. Baccus on physician-warden relationship and objectivity Quote
Dr. Lloyd Baccus said: 'I'm suggesting that you wouldn't necessarily get that protection from a physician who was hired by the warden either. There's a close relationship often between the physician and the warden and the degree of objectivity is no…
Women prisoners received no pay for work at Central State Hospital Finding
Inmates do not receive pay for their work but the prison receives food and lodging from the State mental facility in exchange for the women's labor.
Maximum solitary confinement length is 14 days Legal fact
State regulations say that the maximum length of time an individual can be detained in solitary confinement is 14 days. When questioned about that State regulation, wardens at all institutions indicated that they adhered to the statute.
10 women on work release paid regular salaries Statistic
The 10 women on work release are paid regular salaries but reimburse the department for their room and board.
10 women
Chatham warden had to consult rule book on solitary limits Finding
At Chatham, however, where inmates had expressed profound dread of this punishment, the warden had to consult the rule book before responding to the question about the 14-day solitary confinement limit.
Four women prisoners worked as maids at Governor's mansion without compensation Finding
The four women prisoners who work as maids live at the work release center in Atlanta. They are called upon to serve the Governor's dinner parties and receive no compensation.
Diagnostic Center checks solitary inmates hourly during day Policy
At institutions with full-time doctors, inmates in solitary confinement at the Diagnostic Center are checked every hour during the day and every half hour at night.
Over 65 percent of female inmate population black Statistic
Of the total female inmate population, more than 65 percent are black and most are under 30 years old.
65%
Lee and Putnam medical checks every 2 days in solitary Finding
Most of the other institutions provide a daily check by the medical technical assistant; at Lee and Putnam the medical technical assistant checks are made every 2 days.
All women inmates required to first work in kitchen or laundry at Central State Hospital Policy
All inmates at the women's prison, according to then Warden E. Laverne Ford, must first work in the kitchen or laundry at Central State Hospital. The prison has a contractual agreement stipulating that the hospital is to provide food for the prison …
Only Lowndes has no medical check in solitary Finding
Only Lowndes has no medical check at all for inmates in solitary confinement.
Walker Correctional Institution opened August 1972 Finding
Walker Correctional Institution, which opened in August 1972, represents a newer kind of institution designed especially for young offenders who, department officials believe, might profit best from rehabilitative programs.
Most institutions do not permit solitary inmates to exercise Finding
Most of the institutions do not permit inmates to leave their isolation cells for exercise.
Walker dormitories accommodate 220 people Statistic
The men at Walker Correctional Institution live in dormitories which can accommodate 220 people.
220 people
Lowndes permits only underclothing in solitary Finding
Most institutions permit inmates in solitary to wear regular prison clothing. Lowndes permits only underclothing.
Walker inmate advisor program has 16-member staff with caseloads of 10 inmates each Statistic
Walker has an inmate advisor program with a 16-member staff, including a superintendent, an assistant, and 14 advisors, each of whom carries a caseload of 10 inmates.
16 staff members
Lee allows solitary inmate to visit with wife and mother Finding
Lee Correctional Institution allows a man in solitary to visit with his wife and mother.
Walker work release earnings and reimbursements, 1974 Statistic
According to the department's 1974 Annual Report, 14 men in the work release program at Walker earned $39,830.10, out of which they paid $4,530.30 Federal income tax. The State was reimbursed $9,973.90 for upkeep.
$39,830
Six institutions allow only Bible as reading material in solitary Finding
Chatham, Lee, Putnam, Ware, Lowndes, and the Training Center allow a Bible as the sole reading materials in solitary cells. All others permit legal papers as well as the Bible.
Walker work release participants paid $4,530.30 federal income tax Statistic
14 men in the work release program at Walker paid $4,530.30 Federal income tax, according to the department's 1974 Annual Report.
$4,530
Chatham does not permit solitary inmates to bathe at all Finding
Most institutions allow inmates in solitary to bathe twice a week. Chatham does not permit men in solitary to bathe at all.
State reimbursed $9,973.90 for Walker work release upkeep Statistic
The State was reimbursed $9,973.90 for upkeep from Walker work release participants, according to the department's 1974 Annual Report.
$9,974
Four institutions serve three regular meals daily in solitary Finding
At Reidsville, Walker, Lowndes, and the women's prison, inmates in solitary receive three regular meals a day.
Montgomery Correctional Institution built to house 186 inmates Statistic
Montgomery Correctional Institution, which opened the same time as Walker, was built to house 186 inmates.
186 inmates
Four institutions serve one regular meal daily in solitary Finding
Montgomery, Chatham, Putnam, and Ware serve one regular meal a day in solitary; the rest usually serve one meal a day, but for sterner punishment use the State rule calling for one meal every 3 days with only bread and water in between.
Montgomery maximum capacity 218 with double-deck bunks Statistic
Montgomery Correctional Institution has two small dormitories, each with 26 men. The rest are housed in three dormitories with double-deck bunks which bring the institution's maximum capacity to 218.
218 inmates vs. original design capacity
Prisoners' Legal Counseling Project based at Diagnostic Center Policy
All State institutions rely on the legal services of the University of Georgia at Athens Prisoners' Legal Counseling Project, which is based at the Diagnostic Center. Established with funds made available by the University of Minnesota from a Law En…
Montgomery inmates between 20 and 25 years of age Finding
Inmates at Montgomery Correctional Institution are between 20 to 25 years of age. Although the inmate age range is from 19 to 25 years, the institution does not offer any vocational training.
Legal counseling project has three attorneys and two law students Statistic
In most instances inmates who want legal materials prepared depend on the prisoners' legal counseling project, which has a staff of three attorneys and two law students.
3 attorneys
Montgomery offered no vocational training Finding
Although the inmate age range is from 19 to 25 years, Montgomery Correctional Institution does not offer any vocational training.
No institutions have law libraries Finding
None of the institutions have law libraries and few even have legal references. In the regular libraries at Walker and Stone Mountain there is a small number of lawbooks.
Montgomery inmates not paid for work Finding
Inmates in Montgomery Correctional Institution are not paid for their work.
Reidsville legal materials removed between March and October 1973 Case detail
There was a rather comprehensive collection of legal materials at Reidsville when members of the Georgia Advisory Committee visited the institution in March 1973. However, when they returned in October, the books had been removed because -- accordin…
Work release programs planned for 40 Montgomery inmates Statistic
At the time of the investigation, work release programs were being planned for 40 inmates at Montgomery Correctional Institution.
40 inmates
Putnam warden would transfer jailhouse lawyers Finding
At Montgomery and Wayne jailhouse lawyers are permitted to prepare and type writs for other inmates, but at a few of the smaller facilities, notably Putnam and Chatham, wardens indicated a distaste for them. The warden at Putnam said he would try to…
Chatham warden displayed confiscated contraband including handmade guns and drugs Case detail
When the Georgia Advisory Committee members first visited Chatham Correctional Institution in March 1973, Warden Calvin Green had a glass-front cabinet hung on his office wall which contained items confiscated from inmates--handmade guns, rubber tub…
Inmates below grade 8 must attend 6 hours academic training weekly Legal fact
Board of Corrections rules state that inmates who 'function below grade 8.0 educationally, on a formalized test, must be permitted, encouraged and motivated to attend academic training 6 hours a week to achieve a minimum of an 8th grade educational …
Chatham warden beat inmate with billy stick over contraband cabinet Case detail
When asked why the cabinet had been moved, the warden said that one of the inmates had come into his office and tried to remove an instrument from the cabinet and that he had had to beat the inmate with a 'billy stick' to defend himself.
Approximately 1,230 inmates enrolled in academic courses in fiscal 1974 Statistic
According to Department of Offender Rehabilitation figures, approximately 1,230 inmates in State prisons were enrolled in academic courses in fiscal 1974.
1,230 inmates
Chatham dormitories house 16 to 70 inmates each Statistic
Each dormitory at Chatham Correctional Institution houses 16 to 70 inmates.
16 inmates vs. maximum
Only Alto has State Board of Education-operated educational program Finding
Although all institutions are obligated to work with local school systems in developing educational opportunities, only Alto has a State Board of Education-operated educational program -- a fully accredited high school offering the same courses as a…
Chatham work details: 9 at airport, 51 on county roads Statistic
At the time of the Advisory Committee's visit, nine inmates were on work detail at the airport that services Savannah. Three work details maintained the county roads. One detail had 18 men, one had 19 men, and the third had 14.
9 inmates at airport
467 Alto inmates in adult basic education as of June 1974 Statistic
As of June 1974, 467 Alto inmates were involved in the adult basic education program.
467 inmates
Chatham work details: 10 in laundry, 28 in kitchen Statistic
Ten men worked in the laundry; 28 men worked in the kitchen at Chatham Correctional Institution.
10 inmates in laundry vs. inmates in kitchen
Twenty Alto students received high school diplomas during the year Statistic
Twenty students received high school diplomas during the year at Alto.
20 students
12 Chatham men on work release earning at least $2 per hour Statistic
Twelve men were on work release for which they received not less than $2 per hour.
12 men
362 prisoners passed GED test in 1974 Statistic
A total of 362 prisoners in State institutions passed the general education equivalency test in 1974.
362 prisoners
15 Chatham inmates in vocational-technical school receiving $20 per week Statistic
Fifteen were involved in vocational-technical school and each was given $20 a week, out of which they paid transportation and lunch expenses.
15 inmates
750 vocational training positions available systemwide Statistic
Throughout the system there are 750 vocational training positions available to inmates -- most are used for youthful offenders at the Alto Georgia Industrial Institute and the Buford Georgia Training and Development Center.
750 positions
About 30 Chatham inmates on building maintenance staff Statistic
About 30 were assigned to the building maintenance staff at Chatham Correctional Institution.
30 inmates
Alto vocational program reaches 754 of approximately 1,000 inmates Statistic
According to Donald Parks, assistant supervisor, the vocational training program at Alto reaches '754 out of a population of approximately 1,000... We have one psychiatrist. And that is mainly our staff.'
754 inmates vs. total population
Chatham warden's racist comment about black staff hiring Quote
At one point in the interview, the warden pointed out that one of the reasons he could not get blacks on his staff was because black men prefer to live on food stamps and welfare. He said, 'Food stamps and welfare have ruined Savannah.'
More than 180 inmates took college level courses in 1974 Statistic
More than 180 inmates availed themselves of college level courses provided in several institutions in 1974.
180 inmates
Wayne Correctional Institution has no windows in inmate areas Finding
Although Wayne has overcome the climate by means of central air-conditioning, none of the areas occupied by the inmates has any windows. Unless assigned to maintain the front area, prisoners cannot tell day from night, winter from summer.
Tuition for educational release paid by families and VA Policy
A limited number of prisoners participate in educational release programs, i.e., inmates leave their respective prisons and go to the college where the courses are offered. Tuition is paid by inmates' families and the Veterans' Administration. In a …
Wayne described as modern dungeon atmosphere with total isolation Finding
Thus Wayne, offering not even visual contact with the outside world, totally isolates its inmates in a modern dungeon atmosphere.
Women's prison recreation director got movie budget from store account Quote
Vendya Burkes, recreation director at the women's prison for the past 3 years, told the Georgia Advisory Committee that she recently got a movie budget 'out of the store account.' The institution had been getting 'free movies from the Central State …
Wayne has about 45 men in each cell Statistic
There are about 45 men in each cell at Wayne Correctional Institution.
45 men per cell
Women's prison recreation halted due to inadequate staff Quote
Vendya Burkes said that although there was space for softball (a team from the prison played in the Milledgeville city league) and volleyball, 'right now we aren't going out at all simply because we do not have adequate staff... I used to take 25 in…
Wayne inmates not paid for work Finding
Inmates at Wayne Correctional Institution are not paid for the work they do.
Diagnostic Center has most comprehensive recreational program Finding
Dr. James Ricketts, now superintendent at the Diagnostic and Classification Center, designed the recreation program for the penal system. The Diagnostic Center is the exception: although a large institution, it has the most comprehensive recreationa…
Wayne has no vocational training or work release program Finding
There is no vocational training or work release program at Wayne Correctional Institution.
Former Reidsville inmate describes library censorship Quote
A white man who had been released from Reidsville in 1971 told the Georgia Advisory Committee that when he first arrived there the library was made up 'entirely of old school books, quite a few of them in foreign languages. A number of the guards co…
Colony Farm Correctional Institution established 1972 for approximately 185 men Statistic
Georgia's elderly and infirm male inmates are incarcerated in the Colony Farm Correctional Institution near Hardwick. This prison was established in 1972 to provide for approximately 185 men.
185 men
Former Reidsville inmate describes book selection committee results Quote
A former Reidsville inmate, a black man released in 1970 who is now teaching in the Atlanta public school system, said that in 1968 he had been on a committee to select books: 'We went throughout the institution, black and white, and found the prefe…
Colony Farm has 21 correctional officers Statistic
The institution has 21 correctional officers in addition to the superintendent and his deputy, the business manager, medical technical assistant, correctional counselor, and recreation director.
21 correctional officers
Only Chatham inmates have voice in book selection Finding
At most of the other institutions the warden participates in the selection of books for the library. Only at Chatham do inmates have a voice in book selection.
Colony Farm has no fences or gun towers Finding
The prison has no fences or gun towers.
Women's prison received 1,800 books from Atlanta book benefit Statistic
One teacher at the women's prison said that in the fall of 1973 her institution received 1,800 books from a 'book benefit' in Atlanta.
1,800 books
Stone Mountain average length of stay less than 16 months Statistic
Stone Mountain is for short-term prisoners. Average length of stay is less than 16 months.
16 months
Federal grant for system-wide librarian fell through Case detail
There is no librarian to supervise a system-wide program. A Federal grant would have provided one at State merit grade level 19, but the State Merit System refused to allow the Department of Offender Rehabilitation to hire anyone for that job at tha…
Stone Mountain houses felons including lifers, drug and sex offenders, murderers Finding
However, felons are also kept at Stone Mountain: 'lifers,' drug and sex offenders, and murderers.
Commissioner MacDougall skeptical of inmate councils Finding
Commissioner MacDougall, in an interview in late September 1973, was skeptical of the value of inmate councils. The possibility of certain strong inmates gaining too much control over the whole inmate population was a concern.
Stone Mountain dormitory capacities: two house 56 men each, two trustee dormitories house 15 each Statistic
There are five dormitories, two house 56 men each, two trustee dormitories house approximately 15 men each, and a separate structure houses inmates who work on kitchen detail.
56 men per dormitory
Dr. Ricketts planned inmate council with rotating leadership Finding
Dr. Ricketts, director of the Diagnostic Center, indicated the same concern about strong inmates gaining control but said he planned to initiate a type of inmate council at the Diagnostic Center which would feature frequent rotation of leadership.
Stone Mountain inmates maintain about 75 vehicles Statistic
Others are assigned to the printing plant, automotive maintenance shop (to maintain some 75 vehicles), Governor's mansion to maintain grounds, State Patrol Headquarters (where they install radios and maintain grounds and vehicles), and to the State …
75 vehicles
Only Walker has weekly inmate-counselor group meetings Finding
At Walker small groups of inmates meet weekly with counselors to discuss their problems. None of the other institutions have any kind of inmate organization.
Stone Mountain inmates not sent out if temperature below 28 degrees or raining Policy
Men are assigned to Stone Mountain Park to maintain the grounds and construct camp sites. They do not go out if it rains or if the temperature drops below 28 degrees.
Only Reidsville, Alto, and Diagnostic Center have newspapers Finding
Only Reidsville, Alto, and the Diagnostic Center have newspapers. Dr. Ricketts indicated that while copy was subject to administrative approval, 'just about anything' could be printed.
Stone Mountain gives certificates in 15 occupational categories Statistic
The institution gives certificates in 15 different occupational categories.
15 occupational categories
Alto newspaper printed Joan Baez song with prison abolition lyrics Case detail
Alto's newspaper The Beacon appears to have the same policy: the August 1973 issue carried a Joan Baez song which ended with the lines: 'We're gonna raze, Raze the prisons to the ground. Help us raze, Raze the prisons to the ground.'
10 Stone Mountain inmates in work release programs Statistic
Ten inmates were in work release programs at Stone Mountain Correctional Institution at the time of the study.
10 inmates
Finding 1: Inadequate staff and racial disparity in hiring Finding
The Advisory Committee finds that although 60 percent of all male inmates and more than 65 percent of all female inmates are black, only 16 percent of correctional officers and counselors are black. Further, the total staff assigned is inadequate to…
Finding 2: Dehumanizing accommodations and overcrowding Finding
The Georgia Advisory Committee finds that most of the adult prisoners in the State penal system are kept in accommodations that are dehumanizing: most of the institutions house more inmates than the facilities were constructed to hold. Over 25 perce…
Putnam Correctional Institution built 1955 with 120-man dormitory capacity Statistic
Putnam Correctional Institution, built in 1955 just outside rural Eatonton in central Georgia, is typical of the outmoded small institutions. Two dormitories with a 120-man capacity are in the rear, divided by a dining area.
120 men capacity
Finding 3: Inmates not afforded marketable skills except at largest institutions Finding
The Georgia Advisory Committee finds that except at the largest institutions -- Reidsville and Alto -- inmates are not afforded opportunities to learn marketable skills or trades. Most inmates are assigned to agricultural labor and institutional and…
Putnam has no solid doors in inmate areas Finding
There are no solid doors in any area occupied by the inmates at Putnam Correctional Institution.
Putnam commodes placed close to bunks causing discomfort Finding
In institutions with this kind of accommodations, the commodes are placed close to bunks which causes discomfort for bunk occupants as well as for inmates who have to use the commodes.
Finding 5: No consistent rules for specific penalties Finding
The Advisory Committee finds that there are no consistent rules regarding specific penalties for specific rule infractions. Disciplinary practices are left to the discretion of each warden.
9 Putnam men on work release to Georgia Pacific Corporation Statistic
Nine men were on work release to Georgia Pacific Corporation from Putnam Correctional Institution.
9 men
Finding 6: Legal services inadequate Finding
The Georgia Advisory Committee finds that the legal services provided are inadequate. The State assumes no responsibility for the provision of legal counsel after the inmates have been sentenced by the courts. Lawbooks are not available at most inst…
Putnam has no vocational training Finding
There is no vocational training at Putnam Correctional Institution. The sole activity, outside of television, is the meeting of Alcoholics Anonymous twice a week.
Finding 7: Academic training not encouraged Finding
The Advisory Committee finds that academic training is not encouraged. Education is treated as a special reward. Punitive prison work takes priority.
Georgia Department of Corrections operates 16 adult prisons and 4 special centers Statistic
In addition to the 16 adult prisons, Georgia's Department of Corrections now also incorporates four special centers: 2 work release, 1 pre-release, and 1 drug treatment.
16 adult prisons
Finding 8: Recreational programs inadequate at most institutions Finding
The Advisory Committee finds that recreational programs are inadequate at most institutions.
Georgia operates 2 work release centers, 1 pre-release, 1 drug treatment center Statistic
Georgia's Department of Corrections incorporates four special centers: 2 work release, 1 pre-release, and 1 drug treatment.
4 special centers
Recommendation: Recruit black staff proportionate to inmate population Policy
The Georgia Advisory Committee recommends that the Department of Corrections affirmatively recruit and employ blacks proportionate to the percent of black inmates. The Advisory Committee further recommends that adequate staff be hired to provide pro…
Ben Perry on county systems operating like feudal lords Quote
Ben Perry, public affairs director, WXIA-TV in Atlanta, urged the Georgia Advisory Committee to examine conditions in the county institutions at the public meeting. 'County systems are still operating... like feudal lords. These are the domains of t…
Recommendation: Replace dormitory accommodations and remove prisoners from county work camps Policy
The Georgia Advisory Committee recommends that the State Department of Offender Rehabilitation replace the dormitory-type accommodations by more appropriate housing facilities. The Advisory Committee recommends that State prisoners be removed from c…
Overcrowding driven by high arrest, conviction, and prison sentence rates Finding
Housing State prisoners in county jails is symptomatic of a problem in the penal system in Georgia: overcrowding of inadequate, antiquated State facilities, compounded by high rates of arrests, convictions, and prison sentences.
Recommendation: Expand work release centers in major cities Policy
The Advisory Committee recommends that the Department of Corrections provide more work release centers in or near major cities for male and female inmates.
Commissioner MacDougall on criminal justice system fragmentation Quote
Former Commissioner Ellis MacDougall said: 'We are faced now with more people in prison with longer terms. We have to look at the criminal justice system as one system, not three different systems: police, courts, and corrections. Unless we give a l…
Recommendation: Central location for specialized medical services Policy
The Georgia Advisory Committee recommends that the Department of Corrections provide a central location for specialized medical services. It is further recommended that more medical doctors be employed on a full time basis. Particular attention need…
MacDougall on LEAA funding increasing arrests and prison population Quote
Former Commissioner Ellis MacDougall said: 'I think there's a phenomenon happening in this Nation from LEAA (Law Enforcement Assistance Administration). It's a fact that we have put a lot of money in police. There are 300 more police officers in the…
Recommendation: Train inmates as paramedics Policy
The Advisory Committee recommends that some inmates at all institutions be given training as paramedics so that they can serve their fellow prisoners while acquiring practical skills for employment after release.
Board of Corrections regulations require able-bodied inmates to work Legal fact
According to Board of Corrections regulations: 'All able-bodied inmates of sound mind, not enrolled in a full-time academic vocational, or other similar program, shall be required to perform constructive and productive work essential to the operatio…
Recommendation: Publish standard rules handbook and monitoring system Policy
The Advisory Committee recommends that the Department of Corrections formulate and publish a handbook of standard rules regarding infractions and penalties to be furnished to inmates upon their entry to prison. The Department of Corrections should d…
Board of Corrections regulations on on-the-job training opportunities Legal fact
The rules further state that opportunities to learn trades or skills through on-the-job training 'shall be afforded those inmates who need and request such, and who by their attitude, conduct, and work record are deserving.'
Recommendation: General Assembly fund legal services for indigent inmates Policy
The Georgia Advisory Committee recommends that the General Assembly make available funds to provide legal services to indigent inmates.
Commissioner Ault: limited guards keep down number of men outside cells Finding
Commissioner Ault said in the July interview that a substantial portion of the prison population simply cannot be assigned to more sophisticated tasks because of the lack of properly trained personnel to supervise them. In fact, he said, the limited…
Recommendation: Education as a right, not a privilege Policy
The Georgia Advisory Committee recommends that the Department of Corrections and State-supported educational institutions make available to inmates opportunities for academic training at least through the completion of high school. It is further rec…
Board of Corrections regulations require licensed physician at each institution Legal fact
Board of Corrections regulations require each institution to employ a licensed physician on a full- or part-time basis. Institutions are also required to maintain space, equipment, and supplies for a doctor's examination of inmates and for first-aid.
Recommendation: Full-time recreation director for each institution Policy
The Advisory Committee recommends that the Department of Corrections actively recruit and employ a full-time recreation director for each institution, and that subsequently the recreation staffs be increased to accommodate the respective inmate popu…
Inmates entitled to free dental and optical treatment including dentures and glasses Legal fact
According to the regulations, all inmates have the right to receive dental and optical treatment 'including dentures and glasses, if required' without having to pay any portion of the expense.
State rules require inmates be informed of rules and regulations Legal fact
State rules specify that inmates must be 'thoroughly informed and instructed in the rules and regulations governing their stay, conduct, privileges, and responsibilities at the institution.'
Georgia law authorizes transfer of mentally ill inmates to Central State Hospital Legal fact
Georgia law authorizes the Board of Corrections to 'transfer mentally ill inmates from any institution operating under its authority to Central State Hospital for treatment.'
Inmates may prepare legal materials with attorney or inmate aid Legal fact
Board of Corrections regulations stipulate that inmates are to be allowed to prepare legal materials (writs). Inmates may do so themselves, with assistance from attorneys, or with the aid of another inmate.
Board of Examining Physicians composition for mental health referrals Legal fact
Inmates suspected of having severe mental problems are to be referred to a Board of Examining Physicians. This board is composed of a physician on the staff of Central State and a psychiatrist selected by the Commissioner of Corrections.
Board rules require recreation program under civilian specialist supervision Legal fact
Board of Corrections rules require all institutions to maintain a recreation program 'under discrete observation and supervision of a civilian recreational specialist or correctional officer.' They further state that 'appropriate outdoor and indoor …
Ill or injured inmates to be transferred to Reidsville, Talmadge Memorial, or local hospital Legal fact
The regulations also require that any inmate who becomes ill or is injured be transferred from his assigned institution to the central medical facility at Reidsville, or to Eugene Talmadge Memorial Hospital in Valdosta or to a local hospital.
Movies permitted only if carefully selected and of wholesome quality Legal fact
Board regulations permit movies to be shown at institutions 'if carefully selected and of wholesome quality,' a severe limitation in light of the fact that few 'G' (general-audience) films are produced.
Dr. Bernard Bridges on proposed medical standards as worthy ambitions Quote
Dr. Bernard Bridges, an internist, said that the proposed minimum standards regarding medical care were 'worthy ambitions for the whole society.'
Board rules require reasonable amount of current reading matter Legal fact
Board regulations charge wardens with the responsibility of providing 'a reasonable amount of current reading matter,' and suggested that each institution's library might be supplemented by books from the State Department of Education's bookmobile a…
Dr. Herbert Eber on frustration with medical standards Quote
Dr. Herbert Eber, who designed the diagnostic system now used in Georgia, commented, 'We don't do that well for health in a whole town. We don't do that well in our best hospitals... That's the overwhelming frustration I feel about this thing. That …
Board rules require wardens seek guidance from local school systems Legal fact
Board of Corrections rules charge all wardens with the responsibility of seeking guidance from local school systems in developing educational programs in their institutions.
Dr. Lloyd Baccus urged use of paraprofessionals in prison medical care Quote
Dr. Lloyd Baccus, who was the State prison medical director from June 1972 to August 1973, urged the use of paraprofessionals. 'You're not going to have the physicians, you're going to have to do something else. You don't need the physicians in all …
Vocational training under direct supervision of Board of Corrections Legal fact
The rules stipulate that vocational training shall be under the direct supervision of the Board of Corrections.
MacDougall on difficulty recruiting doctors to prisons Quote
Commissioner MacDougall indicated at the informal hearing that he had tried to place additional medical personnel, particularly medical doctors, in several institutions, but that it was difficult to entice doctors to work in prisons. 'Prisons are no…
All institutions except Ware offer remedial and adult basic courses Finding
All State institutions (except Ware) offer remedial and adult basic courses and high school preparatory studies for the general equivalency diploma examination.
Prison system employed 7 medical doctors and 4 dentists full-time, October 1973 Statistic
As of October 1973, the prison system employed seven medical doctors and four dentists on a full-time basis. Five of the doctors were at the central medical facility at Reidsville. The other two were at the Diagnostic Center and Alto.
7 medical doctors
State Department of Labor operates Buford Training Center program Policy
The State Department of Labor, using funds provided by the Federal Manpower Training Act, operates the training program at the Buford Training Center.
Prison system employed 4 dentists full-time, October 1973 Statistic
As of October 1973, the prison system employed four dentists on a full-time basis.
4 dentists
State Department of Vocational Rehabilitation operates Alto vocational program Policy
The State Department of Vocational Rehabilitation operates the vocational training program at Alto.
Only two institutions have full-time LPNs: women's prison and Lowndes Finding
Two of the institutions, Georgia Rehabilitation Center for Women and Lowndes, have full-time licensed practical nurses (LPN). At the women's prison the LPN is full-time because she is an inmate.
Alto has highest enrollment in educational and vocational programs below college level Finding
Alto also has the highest enrollment in educational and vocational programs below the college level.
Women's prison LPN is an inmate Finding
At the women's prison the LPN is full-time because she is an inmate.
Inmate appeal process: warden then Commissioner of Corrections Policy
All State institutions afford the inmate an appeal of the disciplinary committee's decision -- first to the warden, then to the Commissioner of Corrections.
Putnam relies on on-call physician only Finding
Only Putnam relies on an 'on-call' physician. Other State prisons have part-time medical doctors who come to the institutions once or twice a week.
Isolation cell furnishings: mattress, toilet, and basin Finding
At institutions with multiple-occupant cells or dormitories, the usual isolation cell furnishings are a mattress, a toilet, and a basin. At institutions where inmates are housed in individual cells on a daily basis, isolation cells have the same fur…
Women arrive at women's prison without medical records Finding
Women arrive at the women's prison without any medical records.
Inmates in solitary forfeit visitors, letters, library, and commissary Finding
Since visitors and letters are regarded as privileges, inmates in solitary forfeit them as well as visits to the library and the commissary.
Women's prison doctor visits 1 hour per day, 5 days per week Statistic
Women are given routine physicals by the doctor from Central State Hospital who comes for 1 hour a day, 5 days a week. During this hour he gives 10 to 12 physicals and tends to the daily sick call.
1 hour per day
Most institutions allow solitary inmates to bathe twice a week Finding
Most institutions allow inmates in solitary to bathe twice a week.
Women's prison doctor gives 10 to 12 physicals per hour Statistic
During the doctor's 1-hour daily visit at the women's prison, he gives 10 to 12 physicals and tends to the daily sick call.
10 physicals per hour vs. maximum
1973 Annual Report: basic education through 12th grade at each institution Finding
According to the 1973 Annual Report, the Department of Corrections has available at each institution basic educational development programs through the 12th grade level.
Women's prison psychiatrist visits 2 hours per week Statistic
The medical staff consists of the inmate nurse, a Cuban psychiatrist (with whom the prisoners said they had difficulty communicating) who visits the institution 2 hours a week, and a correctional officer who once worked in a drugstore.
2 hours per week
Department philosophy prioritizes work details over vocational education Finding
The basic philosophy of the department appears to give priority to institutional work details as the prime inmate activity rather than encourage vocational education.
Prisoners had difficulty communicating with Cuban psychiatrist Finding
The medical staff at the women's prison includes a Cuban psychiatrist with whom the prisoners said they had difficulty communicating.
Funds and personnel to expand rehabilitation programs are limited Finding
The Department of Corrections operates several rehabilitation programs. Funds and personnel to expand the programs are limited.
No routine gynecological exams for women prisoners Finding
There is no routine gynecological examination for medical purposes at the women's prison, although women working outside the institution receive daily vaginal examinations for the purpose of detecting contraband.
Libraries stocked primarily from donations and annual book fairs Finding
Libraries at all the institutions are stocked primarily from donations and annual 'book fairs' in metropolitan areas. Several wardens and one teacher attended the fall book fair in Atlanta and bought hundreds of books.
Women working outside receive daily vaginal examinations for contraband detection Finding
Women working outside the institution receive daily vaginal examinations for the purpose of detecting contraband.
Inmates painting large room for library at women's prison Finding
At the time of the visit by members of the Georgia Advisory Committee, inmates at the women's prison were painting a large room to be used as a library.
Pregnant women receive prenatal care, babies delivered at Central State Hospital Finding
Pregnant women receive prenatal care. Babies are delivered at Central State Hospital, which is listed as the place of birth on the birth certificate.
No data on birth control classes or information Data gap
There are no classes or information on birth control at the women's prison.
Georgia uses culture fair intelligence test, wide range achievement test, and 16 personality factors test Policy
The Georgia system uses the culture fair intelligence test, the wide range achievement test to measure ability, and the sixteen personality factors test to identify behavior patterns and psychopathology.
Wardens at other institutions impatient with state dental care provision Finding
Wardens at other institutions indicated impatience with the State's provision of dental care.
Dr. Eber on cultural bias in testing Quote
Asked whether the tests were culturally biased, Dr. Eber responded, 'There are no culturally free tests of any kind, nor will there ever be until such day as the issues no longer make a difference. At which point we can stop testing altogether.'
Few complaints from inmates about food Finding
There were few complaints from inmates at any institutions about food. There was some complaint that pork was served too frequently.
Dr. Eber suggested 'relatively most culture fair test' terminology Quote
Dr. Eber suggested the culture fair intelligence test might more accurately be called 'the relatively most culture fair test that anyone has yet to build on a large scale.'
Men admitted to Diagnostic Center or Alto receive routine physical examinations and testing Finding
Women inmates do not receive routine physical examinations and testing as do the men admitted to the Diagnostic Center or to Alto.
Alto detains misdemeanants; only felons sent to Diagnostic Center Finding
Alto detains misdemeanants, and only felons are sent to the Diagnostic Center.
Chatham, Ware, and Lowndes give routine physicals on admission Finding
Chatham, Ware, and Lowndes prisons give routine physicals when inmates are admitted.
All men received at Alto are examined Finding
All men received at Alto are examined because some admittees have not been processed at the Diagnostic Center.
Most felons receive initial physical examinations at diagnostic center Finding
Although most felons receive initial physical examinations at the diagnostic center, routine physicals are also administered at the other prisons.
Georgia State Prison work assignments: 316 agricultural, 320 correctional industries, 1,626 institutional maintenance Statistic
As of January 1974, Georgia State Prison had 316 inmates on agricultural details, 320 in correctional industries, and 1,626 in institutional maintenance.
316 inmates on agricultural details
Georgia Industrial Institute work assignments: 31 agricultural, 17 industries, 363 maintenance, 26 away, 23 work release Statistic
As of January 1974, Georgia Industrial Institute had 31 inmates on agricultural details, 17 in correctional industries, 363 in institutional maintenance, 26 on details away from institution, and 23 on work release.
31 inmates on agricultural details
Diagnostic Center work assignments: 82 institutional maintenance, 1 away Statistic
As of January 1974, the Diagnostic Center had 82 inmates in institutional maintenance and 1 on details away from institution.
82 inmates in institutional maintenance
Women's prison work assignments: 172 in kitchen Statistic
As of January 1974, the women's prison had 172 inmates assigned to kitchen work.
172 inmates in kitchen
Montgomery work assignments: 11 industries, 150 maintenance, 41 road, 5 away Statistic
As of January 1974, Montgomery Correctional Institution had 11 inmates in correctional industries, 150 in institutional maintenance, 41 on road details, and 5 on details away from institution.
11 inmates in correctional industries
Walker work assignments: 6 agricultural, 85 maintenance, 27 away, 15 work release Statistic
As of January 1974, Walker Correctional Institution had 6 inmates on agricultural details, 85 in institutional maintenance, 27 on details away from institution, and 15 on work release.
6 inmates on agricultural details
Chatham work assignments: 4 industries, 74 maintenance, 81 road, 15 away Statistic
As of January 1974, Chatham Correctional Institution had 4 inmates in correctional industries, 74 in institutional maintenance, 81 on road details, and 15 on details away from institution.
4 inmates in correctional industries
Training Center work assignments: 84 maintenance, 6 park, 16 away Statistic
As of January 1974, the Training Center had 84 inmates in institutional maintenance, 6 on park details, and 16 on details away from institution.
84 inmates in institutional maintenance
Wayne work assignments: 33 agricultural, 33 maintenance, 33 road, 2 away Statistic
As of January 1974, Wayne Correctional Institution had 33 inmates on agricultural details, 33 in institutional maintenance, 33 on road details, and 2 on details away from institution.
33 inmates on agricultural details
Stone Mountain work assignments: 8 industries, 46 maintenance, 60 park, 3 road, 15 away, 10 work release Statistic
As of January 1974, Stone Mountain Correctional Institution had 8 inmates in correctional industries, 46 in institutional maintenance, 60 on park details, 3 on road details, 15 on details away from institution, and 10 on work release.
8 inmates in correctional industries
Lee work assignments: 8 agricultural, 27 maintenance, 17 road, 28 away, 40 work release Statistic
As of January 1974, Lee Correctional Institution had 8 inmates on agricultural details, 27 in institutional maintenance, 17 on road details, 28 on details away from institution, and 40 on work release.
8 inmates on agricultural details
Putnam work assignments: 39 maintenance, 63 road, 16 away, 9 work release Statistic
As of January 1974, Putnam Correctional Institution had 39 inmates in institutional maintenance, 63 on road details, 16 on details away from institution, and 9 on work release.
39 inmates in institutional maintenance
Ware work assignments: 2 agricultural, 8 industries, 16 maintenance, 65 road, 16 away, 10 work release Statistic
As of January 1974, Ware Correctional Institution had 2 inmates on agricultural details, 8 in correctional industries, 16 in institutional maintenance, 65 on road details, 16 on details away from institution, and 10 on work release.
2 inmates on agricultural details
Lowndes work assignments: 8 industries, 42 maintenance Statistic
As of January 1974, Lowndes Correctional Institution had 8 inmates in correctional industries and 42 in institutional maintenance.
8 inmates in correctional industries
Total Georgia prisoner work assignments January 1974: 396 agricultural, 376 industries, 2,668 maintenance, 66 park, 308 road, 339 away, 110 work release Statistic
As of January 1974, total work assignments for Georgia prisoners were: 396 on agricultural details, 376 in correctional industries, 2,668 in institutional maintenance, 66 on park details, 308 on road details, 339 on details away from institution, an…
396 inmates on agricultural details
Most Georgia prisoner work has low marketability outside prison Finding
The Georgia Advisory Committee was told that one cause of recidivism was that most of the work done by Georgia prisoners has little or, at best, very low marketability outside prison: agricultural labor, prison, and highway maintenance.
Women's prison provides sanitary napkins but tampons must be purchased Finding
The institution provides: toothpaste, toothbrush, soap, sanitary napkins (tampons must be purchased), bed, mattress, pillow, pillowcase, sheets, blankets, underclothing, sleepwear, and uniforms.
No doors for privacy in Georgia penal institutions Finding
Like the other penal institutions in Georgia, there are no doors for privacy for the inmates at Walker Correctional Institution.
Walker uses closed circuit television and audio tapes for monitoring Finding
Closed circuit television monitors all parts of the institution and audio tapes can be used to record activity in the various parts of the institution at Walker Correctional Institution.
Walker deputy superintendent anticipated double-bunking due to overcrowding Finding
As the institution receives a larger number of inmates, the prevailing basis will be bed availability. The deputy superintendent indicated that they would have to start double-bunking the men.
Walker inmates can 'buy' a job after 90 days with earned points Policy
Men are assigned to work details according to the needs of the institution. After 90 days, however, an inmate can 'buy' a job, provided he has earned enough points.
Walker men earn points for each hour worked Policy
Men earn points for each hour they work at Walker Correctional Institution. In work release, however, they earn both points and money.
Men eligible for G.I. Bill or Manpower Training Development Act receive money and points Policy
Men eligible for the G.I. Bill or the Manpower Training Development Act program also receive both money and points.
Some Walker men attend Walker Technical School full time Finding
Some men attend Walker Technical School full time.
Chatham men must work 6 months on assigned detail before requesting change Policy
A man must work for 6 months on a detail assigned to him when he comes in. After that time, he can request a job change.
Chatham work release men work for Georgia Pacific Company and service stations Finding
Men in work release programs at Chatham work for the Georgia Pacific Company (where they learn to operate heavy, earth-moving equipment) and in service stations.
Putnam dormitory assignments based on inmate's sentence Policy
Dormitory assignments at Putnam are made by the warden and deputy warden on the basis of the inmate's sentence.
Putnam trustees operate heavy equipment for county and city Finding
Trustees at Putnam are heavy equipment operators for the county and city.
Putnam details determined by sentence and conduct Policy
Details, assigned by the warden, sergeant, lieutenant, and the deputy warden, are determined by the inmate's sentence and his conduct.
Putnam sole activity outside television is Alcoholics Anonymous twice weekly Finding
The sole activity, outside of television, is the meeting of Alcoholics Anonymous twice a week at Putnam Correctional Institution.
11 institutions described as representative of 16 facility types Methodology note
The 11 institutions described are representative of the 16 various types of minimum, medium, and maximum security facilities for adult prisoners in the Georgia penal system. (Lowndes, Lee, Ware, Georgia Training and Development Center, and Atlanta A…
Women's prison located on grounds of Central State Hospital Finding
In Hardwick, Georgia, on the grounds of Central State Hospital (one of the world's largest mental institutions) is the State's only women's prison--the Georgia Rehabilitation Center for Women.
Georgia Rehabilitation Center for Women is state's only women's prison Finding
The Georgia Rehabilitation Center for Women is the State's only women's prison.
Women's prison has four dormitories and four dayrooms Statistic
There are four dormitories and four dayrooms at the Georgia Rehabilitation Center for Women.
4 dormitories
Other women in state custody assigned to Fulton County, Central State, or Governor's mansion Finding
Other women in State custody are assigned to Fulton County Correctional Institution or to Central State Hospital's section for the criminally insane, or serve as maids at the Governor's mansion.
Walker located in area traditionally hostile to blacks Finding
Walker is in the extreme northwestern corner of the State, an area traditionally hostile to blacks.
Walker is one of two Georgia institutions with unique circular architectural design Finding
Walker is one of two institutions in Georgia that have a unique architectural design intended to facilitate security.
Montgomery is high-rise air-conditioned circular structure Finding
Built to house 186 inmates, Montgomery, like Walker, is a high-rise, air-conditioned, circular structure which affords windows to the outside, yet makes it easy to secure.
Montgomery has two small dormitories with 26 men each Statistic
There are two small dormitories, each with 26 men, at Montgomery Correctional Institution.
26 men per dormitory
Chatham is medium security facility near Savannah Finding
Chatham Correctional Institution, near Savannah, is a medium security facility.
Chatham has five dormitories Statistic
There are five dormitories at Chatham Correctional Institution.
5 dormitories
Chatham inmates secured in dormitories 11:00 p.m. to 5:30 a.m. Policy
Inmates are secured in their dormitories from 11:00 p.m. until 5:30 a.m. at Chatham Correctional Institution.
Wayne has four dormitories Statistic
Wayne Correctional Institution has four dormitories.
4 dormitories
Wayne located in rural Jesup known for hot climate Finding
Wayne Correctional Institution is in rural Jesup, a town known for its hot climate.
Wayne work assignments based on merit Policy
Work assignment requests at Wayne are honored based on merit.
Wayne only work available is building maintenance and kitchen details Finding
The ordinary building maintenance and kitchen details are the only types of work available in Wayne Correctional Institution.
Colony Farm houses elderly and infirm male inmates Finding
Georgia's elderly and infirm male inmates are incarcerated in the Colony Farm Correctional Institution near Hardwick.
Stone Mountain is medium security facility near Atlanta Finding
Prisoners at Stone Mountain Correctional Institution, a medium security facility near Atlanta, are engaged for the most part in maintaining Stone Mountain State Park and the grounds of the Governor's mansion.
Stone Mountain work assignments integrated with vocational training Policy
Work assignments at Stone Mountain are made by the treatment team and are integrated with vocational training.
Putnam built in 1955 outside rural Eatonton Finding
Putnam Correctional Institution, built in 1955 just outside rural Eatonton in central Georgia, is typical of the outmoded small institutions.
Putnam men sleep in narrow double-decked bunk beds Finding
Men at Putnam sleep in narrow, double-decked, bunk beds.
Putnam inmates work on county and city roads Finding
Inmates at Putnam work on county and city roads and provide prison maintenance.
Georgia State Prison work assignments made by classification committee Policy
Work assignments at Georgia State Prison are made by the classification committee.
Georgia Industrial Institute work assignments made by classification committee Policy
Work assignments at Georgia Industrial Institute are made by the classification committee.
Diagnostic Center work assignments made by classification committee Policy
Work assignments at the Diagnostic Center are made by the classification committee.
Montgomery work assignments made by classification committee Policy
Work assignments at Montgomery are made by the classification committee.
Walker work assignments made by classification committee Policy
Work assignments at Walker are made by the classification committee.
Chatham work assignments made by classification committee Policy
Work assignments at Chatham are made by the classification committee.
Wayne work assignments made by lieutenant of shift supervisor Policy
Work assignments at Wayne are made by the lieutenant of the shift supervisor.
Stone Mountain work assignments made by treatment team Policy
Work assignments at Stone Mountain are made by the treatment team.
Lee work assignments made by counsel Policy
Work assignments at Lee are made by counsel.
Putnam work assignments made by warden and deputy warden Policy
Work assignments at Putnam are made by the warden and deputy warden.
Ware work assignments made by warden Policy
Work assignments at Ware are made by the warden.
Lowndes work assignments made by deputy warden Policy
Work assignments at Lowndes are made by the deputy warden.
Women's prison work assignments made by classification committee Policy
The classification committee, composed of the assistant superintendent, the two counselors, the educational director, the vocational rehabilitation counselor and one representative of the security staff, makes the work assignments at the women's pri…
Women can request work assignments but granting depends on classification and qualification Policy
Women can make requests for work assignments but the granting of the request depends on the classification and qualification of the inmate.
Montgomery classification committee includes deputy warden, security officer, school superintendent, two counselors Policy
Assignments at Montgomery are made by the classification committee which includes the deputy warden, a security officer, the school superintendent, and the two counselors.
Montgomery work assignments divided into 9 categories Policy
Work assignments at Montgomery are divided into: kitchen, laundry, housekeeping, industry, school, clerical, common labor, barber, and patrol assignments.
Walker classification committee includes chief counselor, educational supervisor, security officer Policy
Work at Walker is assigned by the classification committee, comprised of the chief counselor, the educational supervisor, and a security officer.
Chatham housing assignments made by lieutenant and sergeant Policy
The lieutenant and the sergeant make the housing assignments at Chatham Correctional Institution.
Chatham work details made by lieutenant and sergeant Policy
Work details at Chatham are made by a lieutenant and a sergeant.
Wayne housing assignments made by correctional officer supervisor based on availability Policy
The correctional officer supervisor makes the housing assignments at Wayne on the basis of availability.
Walker housing assignments made by deputy superintendent according to work details Policy
Housing assignments at Walker are made by the deputy superintendent in accordance with work details.
Women's prison housing assignments made by supervising correctional officer Policy
Housing assignments at the women's prison are made by the supervising correctional officer.
Walker has open house time until 10:00 p.m. nightly Policy
After dinner, there is an 'open house' time until 10:00 o'clock each night at Walker, and men can watch television, read, or fraternize. The men are then secured in their dormitories until 8:00 a.m.
Walker provides television in each dormitory and two tables Finding
There is a television in each dormitory and two tables at Walker Correctional Institution.
Walker has facilities for television, indoor team sports, weight lifting, hobby crafts Finding
The institution has facilities for watching television, indoor team sports, lifting weights, and hobby crafts.
Walker counseling services provided by chaplain Finding
Counseling services at Walker are provided by the chaplain.
Walker advisory group recommendations have considerable impact on inmates' futures Finding
The recommendations made by this advisory group to the classification committee have considerable impact on the inmates' futures at Walker.
Montgomery each dormitory has television set Finding
Each dormitory at Montgomery has a television set.
Montgomery inmates allowed own radios preferably with earphones Policy
Inmates at Montgomery are allowed to have their own radios, preferably with earphones.
Chatham inmates may wear own shoes, pajamas, underclothing, socks Policy
Inmates at Chatham may wear their own shoes, pajamas, underclothing, socks, and have their own radios and photographs including pinups.
Chatham inmates may watch television past 11:00 p.m. with warden permission Policy
Inmates may watch television later than 11:00 p.m. if there is a special program and if the warden gives permission at Chatham.
Wayne inmates allowed family photographs, grooming articles, radios with earphones Policy
The inmates at Wayne are allowed to have photographs of their families, personal grooming articles, as well as radios with earphones.
Women inmates may use personal sleepwear, underclothing, jewelry, shoes, cosmetics Policy
The inmates at the women's prison may use their personal sleepwear, underclothing, jewelry (at their own risk), shoes, and cosmetics (not in glass or aerosol containers).
Women inmates allowed games, family photographs, two wigs maximum, short winter coat, cardigan sweaters, hair rollers Policy
Women inmates at the Georgia Rehabilitation Center for Women may have games, photographs (of family members only), two wigs (maximum), a short winter coat, cardigan sweaters, and hair rollers.
Walker provides bunk, locker, headboard, mattress, sheets, pillow, pillowcase, two blankets Policy
The institution provides at Walker: a bunk, a locker, a headboard, a mattress, sheets, one pillow, pillowcase, and two blankets.
Walker work release inmates live in mobile units on grounds Finding
Inmates on work release at Walker live in a few mobile units that are on the grounds.
Walker heating facility operates automatically, toilets flushed by inmates Finding
The heating facility at Walker operates automatically. Toilets can be flushed by the inmates.
Stone Mountain inmates assigned to State Patrol Headquarters and State Forestry Commission Finding
Stone Mountain inmates are assigned to State Patrol Headquarters (where they install radios and maintain grounds and vehicles), and to the State Forestry Commission.
Most Stone Mountain work details involve construction and maintenance Finding
Most work details at Stone Mountain involve construction and maintenance.
Details away from institution range from Governor's mansion service to pine beetle pesticide spraying Finding
Various activities are covered under the category 'details away from institution,' ranging from service at the Governor's mansion to spraying pesticides for pine beetles.
Warden Calvin Green interview at Chatham, October 5, 1973 Methodology note
Warden Calvin Green, interview at Chatham Correctional Institution, Savannah, Ga., Oct. 5, 1973.
Colony Farm staffing data from Department of Offender Rehabilitation Trend publication Methodology note
State of Georgia, Department of Offender Rehabilitation, Trend, Vol. 2, No. 1, p. 27, cited for Colony Farm staffing information.
Georgia State Prison work assignment data from January 1974 chart Methodology note
The chart shows how many inmates, as of January 1974, were assigned to various kinds of work, including those involved in full- or part-time vocational training programs and work release.
Sources
10 cited sources backing this research.
Primary
Official report
1973 Annual Report of the Georgia Department of Corrections
Secondary
Journalism
Atlanta Journal and Constitution article on Ault freeze ramifications
Secondary
Journalism
Atlanta Journal report on Ault prison freeze
Primary
Official report
Department of Offender Rehabilitation Trend, Vol. 2, No. 1
Primary
Official report
Georgia Department of Corrections 1974 Annual Report
Primary
Official report
Primary
Legal document
Rules of the State Board of Corrections
Primary
Legal document
Rules of the State Board of Corrections (August 1972 revised)
Primary
Official report
The Mentally Retarded Offender (HEW, HSM 72-9039)
Primary
Official report
Transcript of Georgia Advisory Committee Open Meeting (Vols. III-VI)
Key Entities
Organizations, people, facilities, and other named entities referenced in this research.
Allen L. Ault
[person]
Alto Correctional Institution
[facility]
Alto Georgia Industrial Institute
[facility]
Atlanta Advancement Center
[facility]
Atlanta Association for Retarded Children
[organization]
Ben Perry
[person]
Bernard Bridges
[person]
Buford Training Center
[facility]
Calvin Green
[person]
Central State Hospital
[facility]
Chatham Correctional Institution
[facility]
Colony Farm Correctional Institution
[facility]
Commissioner MacDougall
[person]
Donald Parks
[person]
Dr. James Ricketts
[person]
Dr. Lloyd Baccus
[person]
E. Laverne Ford
[person]
Ellis MacDougall
[person]
Eugene Talmadge Memorial Hospital
[facility]
Fulton County Correctional Institution
[facility]
Georgia Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
[organization]
Georgia Department of Corrections
[organization]
Georgia Department of Education
[organization]
Georgia Department of Labor
[organization]
Georgia Department of Offender Rehabilitation
[organization]
Georgia Department of Vocational Rehabilitation
[organization]
Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Center
[facility]
Georgia Diagnostic Center
[facility]
Georgia General Assembly
[organization]
Georgia Industrial Institute
[facility]
Georgia Pacific Corporation
[organization]
Georgia Rehabilitation Center for Women
[facility]
Georgia Sheriff's Association
[organization]
Georgia State Board of Corrections
[organization]
Georgia State Merit System
[organization]
Georgia State Prison
[facility]
Georgia State Prison (Reidsville)
[facility]
Georgia Training and Development Center
[facility]
Guthrie v. MacDougall
[case]
Herbert Eber
[person]
LaVerne Ford
[person]
Law Enforcement Assistance Administration
[organization]
Lee Correctional Institution
[facility]
Lloyd Baccus
[person]
Lowndes Correctional Institution
[facility]
Montgomery Correctional Institution
[facility]
Operation Ghost Guard
[operation]
Pat Norton
[person]
Prisoners' Legal Counseling Project
[program]
Putnam Correctional Institution
[facility]
State Board of Education
[organization]
Stone Mountain Correctional Institution
[facility]
The Beacon
[program]
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
[organization]
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
[organization]
University of Georgia
[organization]
Vendya Burkes
[person]
Walker Correctional Institution
[facility]
Walker Technical School
[facility]
Ware Correctional Institution
[facility]
Wayne Correctional Institution
[facility]
Related Topics
Research topics that draw on data from this collection.
Facility Conditions & Infrastructure
Georgia operates the fourth-largest state prison system in the United States, holding approximately 50,000 people across 85 correctional facilities that are failing faster than they can be repaired. Only three of 35 state prisons are fully air-conditioned, Autry State Prison is operating at more than double its design capacity, and nearly half of corrections officer positions sit vacant. The result is a system of buildings that injure, sicken, and kill the people inside them—even as a $634 million emergency spending package lacks the accountability measures to guarantee it addresses documented life-safety failures.
6,231 data points
Healthcare & Medical Neglect
Georgia runs a $1.8 billion prison system in which more than half of the custody population has no hepatitis C test result, food is funded at about $1.69 per person per day, and solitary confinement accounts for half of all prison suicides while housing only 6–8 percent of the population. GPS collections show how chronic undernutrition, untreated infection, an aging population, and an elected-coroner death certification system combine to deepen medical neglect and defeat accountability.
2,523 data points
Historical Context
Georgia’s prison system is rooted in the post-Civil War convict leasing regime that exploited Black labor under brutal, often lethal conditions, and it continues to operate as an engine of racial and economic exploitation into 2025. From lead poisoning’s hidden role in crime waves to the federal takeover of Georgia State Prison for unconstitutionally overcrowded conditions, this page traces how a crisis-ridden system repeatedly reforms only to regress, culminating in a $634 million spending infusion that still lacks independent oversight.
4,791 data points
Population & Demographics
Georgia operates one of the largest prison systems in the United States, holding roughly 53,000 people in GDC custody as of mid-2026 and supervising tens of thousands more on probation and parole. The population is aging, includes a large life-sentenced group, and women are incarcerated at a rate exceeding nearly every nation. Yet the state's own data paints conflicting pictures of the system's true size, and major demographic health gaps — including missing hepatitis C results for half of all incarcerated people — obscure who is actually behind bars.
8,681 data points
Prison Labor & Economics
Georgia's prison economy is an extraction machine: incarcerated people produce billions in goods and services while earning poverty wages, and families pay markups of up to 600% on commissary and communications. The state budgets roughly $1.8 billion a year for corrections, yet it relies on welfare funds drawn from captive spending to paper over gaps. From convict leasing to modern monopoly contracts, the same pattern persists: captivity is monetized and the cost is shifted onto the poorest households.
3,056 data points
Racial Disparities
Georgia operates one of the largest and most punitive carceral systems in the country: roughly 53,000 people are in state prisons, 95,000 are behind bars in Georgia on any given day, and as many as 102,000 Georgia residents are locked up across all systems. The most direct racial disparity in the extracted data sits at the front end of that system: Black Georgians are at least twice as likely as white Georgians to serve probation. Yet the racial composition of Georgia's prisons, jails, and long-sentenced population remains a significant data gap in the research GPS has assembled.
2,978 data points
Staffing Crisis
The Georgia Department of Corrections' correctional officer corps has collapsed: nearly half of all budgeted officer positions are vacant, and the armed workforce has shrunk by 56 percent since 2014 while the prison population stayed flat. Understaffing tracks with a documented surge in violence, homicide, overdose deaths, and staff criminality. The state has answered with historic spending increases, but without tying funds to verified staffing recovery, the crisis remains unresolved and underreported.
5,130 data points